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ABSTRACT The red algae, Pyropia has been one of the major edible marine algae in East Asian countries especially in China, Japan, and South Korea for several hundred years and it has recently become a global food ingredient. Cultivating methods have been developed along Pyropia’s unique life cycle and to improve harvest yield and product quality. Various red algal diseases are caused by oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, or diatoms. Outbreaks of red-rot disease, Olpidiopsis disease, green-spot disease, and diatom-related diseases such as diatom felt and diatom blooms have been reported as major concerns in Pyropia aquaculture, as they bring serious damage to sea farms by inhibiting crop growth, destroying thalli of Pyropia, and/or exhausting nutrients. In this study, we review the causative agents, infection or impacting processes, detection methods, influencing factors, prevention strategies, and treatments for these four major diseases, namely red-rot disease, Olpidiopsis disease, green-spot disease, and diatom-related disease, and discuss remaining knowledge gaps and related or additional issues.

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ABSTRACT Sea anemones have a wide range of reproductive modes, which may contribute to their broad distribution. Understanding reproductive traits and patterns, such as seasonality, is important to elucidate the evolutionary processes that shaped the current distribution of this group. However, data on the reproductive cycles and gametogenesis of sea anemones remain fragmented. In this scope review, we compile existing knowledge, highlight topics requiring further investigation, identify patterns in the available data, and discuss potential methodological limitations in previous studies. We used the same search terms across three indexed scientific databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) and Google Scholar. The obtained articles were filtered for replicates and relevance to the topic (i.e., studies that included a description of the gametogenic process, with or without temporal sampling). To find articles not captured in the initial search, we conducted a forward and backward citation tracking. A total of 65 articles were included. According to our findings, research on gametogenesis and reproductive cycles of sea anemones began in 1964 and peaked in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Studies have investigated the reproductive cycles/gametogenesis of 43 sea anemone species across 14 families, with Actiniidae being the most studied. Most articles were conducted in temperate regions, analyzed oocytes and spermatic cysts together, employed microanatomical methods, did not use a classification system for spermatic cysts, and did not measure abiotic variables (e.g., salinity or temperature). The reproductive peak seems to be more closely associated with geographic location than with phylogenetic traits. Our findings provide an overview of the current state of research on sexual reproduction and gametogenesis studies in Actiniaria. We hope this review will serve as a guide for future studies to address gaps and improve existing methodological approaches in this field.

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ABSTRACT The history of ocean circulation models utilizing sea water potential density as a vertical coordinate is described. After a brief review of several models belonging to this class, emphasis in this article shifts to the ocean models MICOM and HYCOM developed by the authors and others at the University of Miami during the period 1980 - 2010.

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Abstract Microplastics (Mps) are pervasive in the surface waters of the Santos Basin, a critical maritime zone along the Southeast coast of Brazil, vital to both fishing and oil production. This study sought to assess potential disparities in the abundance, types, colors, and sizes of microplastics in various locations and seasons near oil and gas exploration areas. Seven stations were sampled using Van Dorn-type bottles during two campaigns, in June 2020 and January 2021, encompassing winter and summer seasons. Concurrently, wind, current, and wave data were recorded to investigate their impact on microplastic distribution. Microparticles were meticulously assessed by counting, classifying, measuring, and photographing using an optical microscope. The results unveiled a considerable concentration of putative microplastics in the Santos Basin surface waters, identifying and collecting a total of 1,006 particles. All sampled stations exhibited some degree of microparticles contamination, with counts ranging from 67 to 272 particles per station. The average particulate concentration stood at 159.7 microparticles per liter (Mp/L). While concentrations varied across sampling points, statistical analysis indicated no significant differences (p = 0.5062 – ANOVA test p < 0.05). Fragmented pieces constituted most (51.8%) of putative microplastics, followed by films (24%) and fibers (16.4%), displaying diverse colors, with blue (31.11%) and transparent (27.63%) being the most prevalent. Particles measuring 50 μm or less comprised over 30%, while those smaller than 400 µm constituted about 90% of the total sampled microparticles. The microparticle concentration for the Santos Basin, 10.6 – 43.17 Mp/L, was surprisingly similar to other regions without oil and gas exploration. This study underscores the high prevalence of microparticles in the Santos Basin and highlights the role of oceanographic factors, including wind, waves, and currents, in shaping the dynamics of microplastic contamination in this economically and ecologically significant region.

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ABSTRACT Marine pigments are more commonly used in food, pharmaceuticals, aquaculture and cosmetics industries. Marine pigments have a significant economic importance, constituting a multimillion-dollar industry that is still growing. Considering this, we decided to conduct a descriptive study of the photosynthetic pigments in surface sediments from the continental shelf and slope of 14 sites located in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, obtained during October-November 2012. These pigments were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. At least one pigment was detected in 10 of the samples examined, and a total of six pigments were identified, including three photosynthetic pigments and three chlorophyll-a degradation products: pheophorbide-a, pyrophaeophytin-a and phaeophytin-a. The pigments with the highest concentration were β-carotene and pheophorbide-a. Significant pigment concentrations were observed in inshore areas exposed to the influence of river discharge (Bravo and Soto La Marina) and Laguna Madre. The pigment composition and concentration were influenced by depth, temperature, salinity, and nickel concentration. Finally, a correlation between Ni, an indirect hydrocarbon contaminant marker, and pigment concentrations was observed. A deeper understanding of marine pigments certainly will fuel advances in biotechnology and bioengineering. We find it crucial to recognize the interactions between marine pigments and other ecosystem components. Despite pigment diversity, exploration in this field is still in its first stages, with many marine compounds awaiting further exploration.

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ABSTRACT The Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai eruption of January 15th, 2022, was a rare geological event, resulting in atmospheric pressure waves being recorded around the world, along with sea level fluctuations. This research aims to analyze the tsunami and pressure waves observed in the Caribbean and adjacent regions, which were generated by this eruption. These kinds of perturbations are uncommon and have not been seen in many occurrences, let alone with global implications. Modern instrumentation in the Caribbean and adjacent regions, including both barometers and sea level stations, provided a unique opportunity to observe and analyze this event. A comprehensive review of the observations recorded in the Caribbean and adjacent regions linking the barometric observations to sea level perturbations, including observations of the lead/lag relative to the barometric pressure spikes and the frequency content of observable sea level perturbations, will be shown in this study. For instance, most of the stations in this study recorded six barometric spikes, of which the first two generated a significant sea level observation. Circumstances complicating observations, such as interference from factors, e.g. a strong cold front and lack of standardization, will also be discussed. This study, which will integrate observations from across the Caribbean and adjacent regions, aims to better understand the nature of this unique event and how it was observed in the region. As such, this research can offer insight into the factors that may influence volcanic tsunamis, which is invaluable for developing tsunami warning and response protocols.

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Abstract Exotic and invasive species are considered the second major cause of biodiversity loss in the world. In addition to damage to native biodiversity, impacts caused by exotic species can affect ecosystem services and socioeconomic activities. The Patos-Mirim lagoon system (PMLS) has great ecological importance and supports important socioeconomic activities in southern Brazil. This study aimed to compile historical records of the occurrence of exotic aquatic species in PMLS and to synthesize this bioecological information, means of introduction of such species, main impact mechanisms, and undertaken management measures. The data were obtained by a bibliographical review using the official list of Invasive Exotic Species of the Rio Grande do Sul State, the National Base of Invasive Exotic Species (Hórus Institute), and scientific information. We found records of 26 exotic aquatic species in the PMLS. Actinopterygii was the most representative (11 species), followed by Hydrozoa (three), Malacostraca (two) and Bivalvia (two), and other eight classes with only one species each. In total, nine species that had been registered in the study area were ignored by the official list of exotic species for the region. The main ways of introduction were associated with socioeconomic activities, such navigation and aquaculture. The main impact mechanisms of exotic aquatic species refer to competition (85% of species) and habitat modification (46% of species). Despite the undertaken management measures, occurrence of exotic aquatic species is growing and may seriously threaten native biodiversity and its ecosystem services.

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Abstract Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication mechanism between bacteria, mediated by signals released at high cell densities, which regulates bioluminescence, virulence, and biofilm formation. By inhibiting QS, these processes can be controlled when they become undesirable, as in infectious diseases and during biodeterioration of materials. In this context, this study investigated the Quorum Sensing Inhibition (QSI) activity in 60 strains of marine Gammaproteobacteria isolated from samples of the South Atlantic Ocean. Initially, the bacterial strains were screened using plaque assays, with Chromobacterium violaceum LAMA 0447 and Serratia marcescens LAMA 1170 as indicator strains. Subsequently, seven selected bacteria were further evaluated via luminescence test with Aliivibrio fischeri, considering both cultivation time and mixed cultures with A. fischeri. Later, three strains were investigated regarding the chemical nature of their substances with QSI activity via ultrafiltration and proteinase K treatments. Finally, the genome of one of these strains was examined for the identification of genes related to QSI activity. In total, 16 strains exhibited QSI activity in plaque assays, and the activity of seven of these strains was further assessed in quantitative assays. Higher activity was observed in supernatants obtained after 48 hours of cultivation for six strains and from mixed cultures with A. fischeri. Treated supernatants of three strains allowed us to infer that, for Halomonas olivaria LAMA 0626, the substances responsible for QSI are probably enzymes. For the other two strains, belonging to the Marinobacter genus, more than one type of substance seems to be involved: (1) at least one enzyme and (2) non-protein low molecular weight molecules (< 10 kDa). Genes identified in M. excellens LAMA 0842 support this hypothesis. In summary, marine bacteria from the Gammaproteobacteria class can disrupt the communication of other bacteria, which could form the basis for the development of novel microbial control products.

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Abstract This study assesses the offshore wave climate of the Pará-Maranhão Basin on the Amazonian continental shelf, a crucial region for its environmental and economic activities, including fishing and extractive activities, potential oil exploration, and complex landscape marked by extensive mangrove systems comprising protected areas and touristic coastal cities in an accelerated stage of development that face significant challenges with coastal erosion. Despite the region’s relevance, studies on wave climate are scarce. To address this gap, this research provides a detailed assessment of the offshore wave climate of the North Brazilian Coast, particularly the Pará-Maranhão sector. This quantitative assessment allowed a comprehensive characterization of the wave climate in the region. Such detailed understanding is essential for various stakeholders involved in coastal management, marine transportation and environmental protective initiatives. To do so, long-term (27-year) datasets of wave parameters (Hs, Tp, DirTp) were analyzed by bivariate histograms, using WAVERYS model, which after an in-depth comparison with ERA-5 and WW3 was found to represent local wave conditions most accurately. The study’s results also showed the greatest joint occurrence of waves is observed when peak periods vary between six and eight seconds, predominantly originating from the east-northeast (ENE) to the east-southeast (ESE) directions (local wind-generated waves associated with trade winds), accounted for approximately 41% of occurrences, with higher occurrences from E (25%). Additionally, waves with peak periods longer than 20 seconds predominantly originate from directions spanning north-northeast (NNE) to east-northeast (ENE) (swell waves from the Northern Hemisphere). Moreover, this study holds the promise for replication in other regions with similar data constraints and can contribute to the future implementation of a refraction-diffraction model, essential for the design of coastal infrastructures. Thus, subsidizing informed decision-making for sustainable coastal development in the Amazon littoral.

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Abstract Plastic pollution in the ocean has reached alarming levels, being found deposited on the seafloor, floating on the water column, or stranded in beaches. It has been reported in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, forming new sedimentary rocks assuming the appearance of rocky material after being burned, cooled, and transported. Here, we report the first occurrence of plastiglomerates (Pgl) and plastistones (Pst) on the continental shoreline of Brazil, and the first record in a coastal lagoon ecosystem worldwide is reported in the present study. In total, one Pgl (Pgl1) and three Pst (Pst1, Pst2, and Pst3) were macro- and microscopically described according to their components and characteristics, and polymers were identified using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI-NIR). Pgl1 showed bivalve shells, metal, and wood as its framework and melted plastic as its cement and matrix. Vesicles (0.5-10 mm) could be observed. Plastistones showed different shapes, textures, roundness, sphericity, and encrusted bryozoans. Pgl1 (margins of a coastal lagoon) consisted of polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Pst1 and Pst2 (sandy beach) consisted of polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS), respectively. Finally, Pst3 (sandy beach) consisted of PS, PE, and PET. The results highlight that human-caused pollution is becoming part of the geological record and reinforces the inclusion of novel plastic debris forms in marine pollution monitoring programs worldwide.

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Abstract As the coastal zone is dynamic and subject to change from both natural and anthropogenic drivers, coastal vulnerability assessment is an essential tool for marine spatial planning, adaptation and mitigation of impacts. The eastern coastal environments of Marajó Island, the largest river-estuarine island in the world, are partially anthropized and vulnerable to erosion due to global (changes in sea level) and local (high-energy conditions on a tide-dominated coast) processes. It hosts diverse traditional communities which rely on the ecosystem services provided by the coast, as well as growing touristic activity and urbanization on the east coast. Here, vulnerability to erosion (Low: 0 to 5; Moderate: 6 to 10; High: 11 to 16) and risk level was assessed on two distinct estuarine beaches on the eastern coast of Marajó Island: Praia Grande and Barra Velha. A semi-quantitative analysis considered human occupation and natural parameters using remote sensing and in situ data collection techniques. Results indicated that Barra Velha beach has moderate vulnerability to erosion (value 10) in the northwestern sector and high vulnerability (value 11) in the southeastern sector, due to high erosion rates. These results were more evident by a shoreline analysis over a 16-year period (2003 to 2019: ~10 m/year). Praia Grande has moderate vulnerability to erosion (value 9) and is a more stable beach. Coastal risk to property and infrastructure was low at Praia Grande and at the southeastern sector of Barra Velha, where urbanization is incipient (15% to 17%; and absent, respectively). Moderate coastal risk was detected for the northwestern sector of Barra Velha where coastal development takes the form of controlled occupation (7% occupancy) due to its location in an environmental conservation area.

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Abstract Considering that most solid waste reaching the ocean originates from activities on land and flows and flushes through rivers and estuaries to the sea, downstream strategies to intercept marine litter input, such as traps, booms, and boats, have grown in popularity over the past years. However, with the growing interest from the public and private sectors to expand and finance the interception of marine litter, it is essential to assess the existing initiatives, their operational capacity, and challenges. Thus, the present study sought to take an initial step toward this goal by identifying and mapping current marine litter interception initiatives in Brazil, often referred to as ecobarriers and ecoboats, characterizing them according to their level of maturity, type of ecosystem in which they operate, the structures used, how long the operation has been in place, which partnerships enable the operation, the indicators to measure effectiveness, general financial cost, and current demands for the operation to continue/to be implemented, comparing their occurrences with hotspots of marine litter input reported in the literature. A two-phase online survey contacted over 200 stakeholders who could provide information on the issue. A total of 19 boom and boat initiatives were identified, of which 11 could be accurately mapped, most concentrated in the Brazilian Southeast and at an initial phase of their operation (e.g., planned/being planned or raising funds but not fully implemented). All initiatives reported a demand for resources to implement/continue their operations. A mismatch was observed between the location of the initiatives mapped and the occurrence of marine litter hotspots, although these gaps should be interpreted with caution, considering plastic leakage estimates and sub-representation of initiatives. Finally, we highlight several aspects that should be considered before designing and implementing litter booms and other interception strategies.

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ABSTRACT The waterline position derived from publicly available satellite imagery has been an increasingly used method to acquire high spatial-temporal scale and enough data to study shoreline behavior. In this study, to enhance the understanding of shoreline behavior and evolution of beach systems adjacent to Babitonga bay inlet, SC, Brazil, the CASSIE platform was used to generate ~40 years of satellite-derived waterline position data. Shoreline behavior and evolution of these systems were investigated through Hovmoller diagram interpretation, beach systems sectorization and shoreline change rate of the identified sectors. The Hovmoller diagram was drawn up using the annual average shoreline position. The beach systems sectorization was made up with the Hovmoller diagram interpretation allied to Hierarchical Clustering analysis. The shoreline change rate of each sector was conducted for the average transect data that make up the sectors. Results revealed the occurrence of sedimentary pulses on Enseada and Forte beaches, which starts at headland and propagates along Enseada beach and Forte-Capri beach system. Also, significant erosion trends were identified on the border of Ponta do Sumidouro and Forte beach, at second sector of Forte-Capri beach system, with Linear Regression Rate (LRR) of -4.11 m/year (CI = ±0.59 m/year), at the second and third sector of Pontal-Itapoá beach system with LRR of -1.61 m/year (CI = ±0.31 m/year) and -0.90 m/year (CI = ±0.18 m/year), respectively. The remaining sectors embodying beach environments were classified as stable state.

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ABSTRACT This study addresses the critical need for accurate bathymetric data in coastal and nearshore zones, which are essential for ecological balance and resource management. Traditional depth measurement methods are costly, labor-intensive, and spatially limited, further complicated by environmental factors. Remote sensing technologies, particularly the Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, offer a promising solution for efficient and extensive data acquisition. This research evaluates the impact of three atmospheric correction (AC) methods-FLAASH, Sen2Cor, and ACOLITE-on depth estimation accuracy using Sentinel-2 imagery over Kish Island, a biodiverse coral reef habitat in the Persian Gulf. Field measurements at 932 points around the island were used to train and test the performance of the AC methods. An integrated linear and ratio transformation model, utilizing green and blue bands of Sentinel-2, was applied to derive depth values. Statistical analyses, including the coefficient of determination (R²), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), indicate that ACOLITE consistently outperforms the other methods, achieving R² values often exceeding 0.8, the lowest RMSE values of ~ 1.41 m, and a MAPE of ~ 41.56%. In contrast, Sen2Cor exhibits greater variability, with an R² of up to 0.78 and an RMSE of up to 1.75 m and MAPE of 47.10%, while FLAASH offers stable but less precise performance, with R² values ~ 0.74, RMSE ranging from 1.70 m to 1.91 m, and MAPE up to 50.26%. Thus, ACOLITE emerges as the most accurate and reliable method for atmospheric correction, enhancing the accuracy of bathymetric data and aiding the conservation and management of coastal environments.

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ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze the use of drones to measure surface currents and make it accessible via package of routines generated using free software. Validation was performed in a complex environment comparing the results with currents measured by acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and dye tracers. Then, we assessed the performance of the method at various altitudes and image resolutions. We found equivalent values obtained by the drone with dye tracers and ADCP, confirming the efficiency of the technique. However, best agreement with the dye tracer, as it provide velocity near the surface, which is more compatible with the data generated by the drone. On the other hand, ADCPs generate measurements around 1 m below the surface due to acoustic signal interference near the surface and the level of the transducers. The use of drones showed promise, agreeing with direct observations, and low sensitivity for video recordings at lower resolutions, thus reducing processing time. The implementation of the technique in Python enables its use on free software. Based on the comparisons, we highlight the need for future studies to test the efficiency of the drone method at different altitudes and camera inclination angles, which would enable larger data collection areas.

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Abstract Optical remote sensing for estuarine surface salinity relies on correlation with water color parameters, facing limitations in spectra, resolution, and hydrodynamics, particularly in multi-outlet estuaries. In this study, Sentinel-2 images with 10m resolution were selected, and geographic coordinates, imaging date and band combinations were incorporated as inputs for a neural network model to capture spatiotemporal salinity distribution. By repeatedly constructing the model with varied inputs to mitigate the impact of input sample variations and ensure robustness, the final model, N2L-3, achieved high accuracy (R2 = 0.916 and overall RMSE below 1.5 PSU) and was chosen to estimate the estuarine surface salinity in the Pearl River Estuary. Our results revealed high-salinity offshore water intruding the eastern estuary channel during flood tides, gradually merging upstream with freshwater. Low-salinity water reached the Pearl River Front Channel and East River North Branch. During ebb tides, due to estuarine outflows, low-salinity water spread through river mouths and shifted eastward near Humen.

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ABSTRACT Tropical marine habitats are among the most biodiverse on Earth but are facing accelerated local and global threats. Well-planned marine protected areas (MPAs) are a countermeasure for biodiversity loss and an alternative to maintain ecosystem services and their sustainable uses. Despite the need to improve the ecological representativeness of the Brazilian system of MPAs, basic information on spatial patterns of species distribution and richness is still lacking for several regions. The Abrolhos Region and Vitoria-Trindade Seamount Chain (Abrolhos Seascape) are among the biologically richest marine areas in the Southern Atlantic, and expanding the protection of key habitats in this region can aid Brazil to achieve its national and international conservation goals. This study updated the habitat map and the potential distribution of 546 species of fishes, invertebrates, cetaceans, seabirds, and sea turtles, and identified biodiversity hotspots in the Abrolhos Seascape. Habitat classes were defined based on the probability of occurrence and a comprehensive updated database. Potential species occurrence models and the weighted endemism method, with additional weight to the threatened species, were combined to identify biodiversity hotspots. Our results indicate that although some habitats (e.g. shallow reefs, mangroves, estuaries, and deep ocean), are relatively well represented in the current MPAs, a large portion of habitats with high biodiversity and concentration of endemic and threatened species (e.g. rhodolith beds, mesophotic reefs, slopes and sinkholes), have very low or no representativeness in the current MPAs. Our analysis provides important insights for future conservation planning exercises and highlights the urgent need to effectively protect high biodiverse marine habitats, not only to conserve biodiversity, but also to maintain key ecosystem services in the Abrolhos Seascape.

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ABSTRACT Advances in high-resolution satellite sensors and merged multi-sensor ocean colour products have improved the detection of submesoscale features and enhanced the continuity of ocean surface measurements. This has enabled more detailed observations of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) growth rates, biomass and biogeochemical fluxes. Chl-a, a photosynthetic pigment in marine autotrophs, is used as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity. The accurate estimation of surface chl-a via remote sensing is key to improving coastal ocean process modelling. We compared chl-a products from sensors of multiple spatial resolutions, including Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Imager (OLCI), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (Aqua) (MODIS Aqua), the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on Suomi NPP and the Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) V6 product to two in situ datasets (M1 and C1) in Monterey Bay, California, USA. Sentinel-3 consistently performed well under the Inverse Modelling Technique - Neural Network chl-a algorithm, performing slightly better at station M1 RM12=0.85, RC12=0.80. The Ocean Colour for MERIS algorithm performed better at offshore station M1 RM12=0.87 and yielded no matchups at C1. MODIS Aqua and VIIRS performed poorly RM1, MODIS2=0.32, RM1, VIIRS2=0.02, RC1, MODIS2=0.08, RC1, VIIRS2=0.25, likely inhibited by calibration to global as opposed to regionally adapted datasets. OC-CCI, though blended for greater continuity, produced fewer matchups at a higher accuracy RM1, OC-CCI2=0.66, RC1, OC-CCI2=0.63 than MODIS Aqua or VIIRS alone, but still less so than Sentinel-3 OLCI. All sensors either over- or under-estimated chl-a at all concentrations, apart from OC-CCI, likely due to the complex coastal optical properties of the area. Our results highlight the need for regional algorithm development and show the potential effectiveness of Sentinel-3 and OC-CCI products for future submesoscale process studies.

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ABSTRACT Phosphorus (P) is found in estuarine sediments, which belong to the biogeochemical cycle of this element in aquatic environments. This study examines the distribution of P in different chemical speciations in surface sediments at 14 stations in the southern region of the Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon Complex. P chemical fractions were determined using a sequential extraction method of fractional extraction that measures five P forms: (i) exchangeable P (Pexch), loosely adsorbed or exchangeable; (ii) P-Fe (P-Fe), P-bound Fe oxyhydroxides; (iii) authigenic P (P-CFAP), including carbonate fluorapatite, biogenic apatite (fish debris), and P-bound calcium carbonate; (iv) detrital P (P-FAP), igneous or metamorphic apatites; (v) organic P (Porg); and (vi) total P (Ptotal). The P fractions associated with the sedimentary properties of grain size and organic content can be used as a proxy for understanding environmental conditions. The average percentage of each P fraction of the surface sediments in this region follows the sequence: P-Fe (38%) > Porg (32%) > Pexch (14%) > P-FAP (9%) > P-CFAP (7%). In all stations, P-Fe and Porg were the main fractions of P in the sediments. CaCO3 accounted for less than 30% of it, essentially indicating lithoclastic characteristics, whereas organic carbon (Corg) showed values below 2%. Finally, Ptotal showed concentrations that are consistent with an unpolluted environment, with values below 16 µmol g-1.

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ABSTRACT This study evaluated the economic feasibility of scallop monoculture (Nodipecten nodosus) in six 100-meter longlines, monoculture of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in twelve 565.5 m3 net cages, and the integrated multitrophic aquaculture system (IMTA) with both species, in four longlines and six net cages of the same dimensions, in an area of 5,000 m2, on the southeastern coast of Brazil. This study aimed to determine whether this approach could provide greater profitability and resilience than traditional monocultures. Investments, operating costs, and profitability were estimated for the three production systems according to the variation in survival, productivity, and market prices. The financial indicators showed positive values for the three systems evaluated. There was a reduction of US$ 1.88 per dozen scallops from scallop monoculture to IMTA and US$ 0.22 per kg of cobia from cobia monoculture to IMTA. However, comparatively, scallop monoculture had the worst results. For this system, although the IRR (35.03%) and MIRR (19.37%) are above the MRA (12%), the NPV, ANPV, and PP (US$ 69,785.07, US$ 12,350.85 and 3.71 years, respectively), had lower economic attractiveness when compared to the other two systems evaluated. Between cobia monoculture and IMTA, there is a certain proximity of results. The IMTA system showed a slight advantage in terms of the highest market prices. The diversification of production is an interesting option even with the greater associated investment, which can favor economic returns and mitigate the risks of small-scale systems dedicated to monocultures.

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ABSTRACT La Union is renowned as one of the major tourist destinations in the Philippines, primarily the City of San Fernando, which houses a vast stretch of pristine coastal and wetland ecosystem that includes tropical beach and lush mangrove forests. However, despite the beneficial services mangal ecosystem provides for the coastal communities of San Fernando City, La Union, they remain vulnerable to risk caused by anthropogenic stressors in exchange for growing economic development. To ascertain this observation in the region, it is urgent that an evidence-based decision framework for the habitat risk of the remaining patches of the mangal ecosystem in smaller districts (barangays) of the whole municipality be established. Hence, this study was conceived by employing a mangal assessment based on exposure and consequence scores from anthropogenic stressors using the InVEST Habitat Risk Assessment model. Key findings showed the following: (1) the business-as-usual scenario configures a high cumulative risk due to road structures and other concrete pavements, (2) in a controlled and protected scenario, the mangal ecosystem will likely shift from medium to low risk, and (3) a reduction in cumulative risk for the mangal ecosystem is expected under public-private partnership intervention scenario. Nevertheless, the remaining sites in which the mangal ecosystem thrives must be targeted for intense active intervention and management from private and public stakeholders. This study serves as the basis for data-driven policies, highlighting the importance of adequately implementing management strategies to protect a critical wetland habitat.

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ABSTRACT This study examines the length-weight relationship (LWR), growth patterns, and relative condition factor (Kn) of the Omani abalone (Haliotis mariae), using data collected over 12 months from key fishing areas in Dhofar, Oman. The primary aim is to establish LWR equations and assess growth dynamics across size classes to enhance fishery management practices. The LWR equations derived were W = 0.000046 x L3.2417 for total weight and W = 0.000019 x L3.2764 for foot weight, both showing a high correlation between weight and shell length, indicating reliable predictive strength for estimating abalone size from weight. Growth analysis revealed isometric growth (in which body proportions remain constant with size) in smaller and larger abalones, whereas medium-sized individuals showed positive allometric growth (in which weight increases faster than length), likely reflecting changes associated with maturation stages. Kn values ranged from 1.003 to 1.011 throughout the study period and were consistently above or near one across the locations, highlighting stable condition and general health, with minor variations among regions. The findings provide a basis for estimating harvestable biomass and applying size-based monitoring in Omani abalone fisheries. Implementing LWR-based methods can strengthen regulatory enforcement and help sustain abalone populations, with broader implications for ecological and socioeconomic resilience. Future studies may build upon such findings by incorporating environmental parameters to further explore their influence on growth dynamics and health status.

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ABSTRACT Several hydrodynamic models have been applied to the Amazonian Estuary, but its complex shape makes the grid definition difficult when a structured grid is used. This research aims to implement a hydrodynamic model for this estuary based on a flexible mesh grid system and then analyze the results. The methodology is based on Delft3D FM, and the model domain encompasses the low course of the Amazon, Tapajos, Xingu, Tocantins, and Para rivers, Guajara and Marajo bays, and Breves Strait, as well as the floodplain areas and the adjacent continental shelf. The model simulation performs well against the observed tidal water levels and instantaneous transport since Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed more significant values than 95% for both, and root mean square error (RMSE) showed smaller values than 5% for water levels and 15% for instantaneous transport. This also performs well in simulating scenarios representing different tide and instantaneous transport conditions.

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ABSTRACT The comet assay with sentinel organisms has been employed to determine the genotoxicity of water samples for environmental risk or hazard assessment. Methodologies with diverse sensitivities have been proposed to elucidate the sources of genetic damage, thereby enhancing environmental assessment and informing decision-making processes. The conventional method and the modified conventional method with the DNA excision enzyme formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG) were used to evaluate DNA damage in oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) hemocytes. The oysters were exposed for seven days to water samples from three estuarine regions with different degrees of impact on the Brazilian equatorial margin: (1) Carimã Island, which is distant from the main industrial activities of Maranhão Island (reference area), (2) Itaqui Port, and (3) Bacanga Lagoon. Genetic damage tests were performed in parallel with an early-stage assay using oyster embryos. The results revealed that the degree of genetic damage varied depending on the water sampling location and genetic damage method used. Regarding sampling sites, the frequency of anomalies in embryos/larvae and genotoxic damage increased as follows: Carimã Island<Itaqui Port<Bacanga Lagoon. Regarding the method, the total genetic damage index was 58%, 69%, and 41% greater when the FPG comet assay was used than when the conventional comet assay was used for samples from Carimã Island, Itaqui Port, and Bacanga Lagoon, respectively. However, it was only 13% in samples of the positive control group (Carimã Island+H2O2). Furthermore, a stronger correlation (R=0.8) was observed between the frequency of anomalies in embryos/larvae and the genotoxic damage measured via the FPG comet assay than via the conventional comet assay (R=0.4). Therefore, the FPG comet assay was a more sensitive method, which enabled a better classification of environmental risks because of the teratogenic and genetic effects observed in oysters.

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ABSTRACT Length-weight relationships (LWRs) and relative condition factor (Kn) of some commercially-important fish and invertebrate species including Atule mate (Cuvier, 1833), Dendrophysa russelii (Cuvier, 1829); Encrasicholina heteroloba (Rüppell, 1837); Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849); Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831); Nemipterus mesoprion (Bleeker, 1853); Pennahia anea (Bloch, 1793); Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851); Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849); Saurida elongata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846); Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848); Scolopsis taenioptera (Cuvier, 1830); Upeneus tragula (Richardson, 1846); Sepiella inermis (Van Hasselt, 1835); Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo (Alcock, 1905); Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) were determined using 12,727 specimens collected from two fisheries independent surveys and monthly port sampling between November 2022 to October 2023. The slope (b) values of the LWRs ranged from 2,613 for S. inermis to 3,528 for R. brachysoma. Eleven species exhibited positive allometric growth, three had negative allometric growth and two had isometric growth.

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Abstract This study presents new data on the paleoenvironmental evolution of the southernmost portion of the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul (CPRS) to understand how regional and local paleovegetation responded to climatic and environmental changes during the Holocene. Palynomorphs and diatoms from a 44 cm-thick peat profile collected at Hermenegildo Beach (Santa Vitória do Palmar, RS) were analyzed. The top and base of the peat profile were radiocarbon-dated, enabling the construction of an age-depth model. The data indicate the presence of a paleolagoon between 4321 and 3903 calibrated years before present (cal yrs BP) (Late Holocene), with three phases: from 4321 to 4206 cal yrs BP, warm and humid conditions with high precipitation favored the development of forest vegetation and a local herbaceous marsh. The paleolagoon was characterized by brackish-to-freshwater conditions. From 4206 to 4018 cal yrs BP, regional and local vegetation declined, indicating drier climatic conditions. Changes in the paleolagoon’s salinity were evidenced by the presence of marine-brackish diatoms. From 4018 to 3903 cal yrs BP, the regional vegetation, composed of forest and grassland taxa, expanded again. However, indicators of the local herbaceous marsh decreased in expression. The paleolagoon returned to brackish-to-freshwater conditions. After 3903 cal yrs BP, the paleolagoon and its associated local vegetation were buried by eolian deposits, interrupting the vegetation succession process. The results highlight the importance of integrating palynological and diatom microfossil analyses to better understand the dynamics of coastal paleoenvironments and the impacts of climatic events during the Holocene.

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ABSTRACT The accumulation and export of microplastics are associated with growing negative socio-environmental impacts, which are intensified in coastal and estuarine areas. The Santos Estuarine System is the most populous estuarine region and the largest seaport in Brazil, where the movement and accumulation of microplastics is an integrated effect of diverse hydrodynamic conditions. To identify the vulnerability of pollution by microplastics in extreme conditions of sea surface elevation, the coupling between Lagrangian and Eulerian modelling was employed, an approach that has become popular in the study of ocean movements. The trajectories of microplastics from potential sources were modelled using Opendrift, forced by currents from the Eulerian model Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Model (ECOM), and waves from Wavewatch III. Particle concentrations and three-dimensional stochastic probability of contact with the continent were evaluated, demonstrating that, regardless of the sea surface elevation condition, microplastics are more exported to the South Brazilian Bight than accumulated on the margins and/or bottom of the system. There is a greater accumulation of microplastics on the estuary margins during higher elevations of the sea surface, with spring tide promoting faster accumulation. Although the entire coastline of Santos and adjacent beaches are prone to the largest accumulations, portions further to the Northeast of the estuary have not shown the propensity to be contaminated with microplastics released into estuarine channels. The highest concentrations are actively drifting in the system’s water column.

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ABSTRACT Coral reefs in Wakatobi National Park, located within the Indonesian Coral Triangle, are a vital marine ecosystem with significant ecological and economic importance. However, they face increasing threats from direct human activities and climate change. This study aims to predict the habitat suitability of the dominant coral species, Acropora spp., in Wakatobi National Park under various climate change scenarios projected for 2050. A Habitat Suitability Model (HSM) was developed using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) approach. Occurrence data for Acropora spp. were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), while current and future environmental variables (based on Representative Concentration Pathways/RCP 2.6, 6.0, and 8.5) were obtained from Bio-Oracle 2.2 and the Global Marine Environmental Dataset (GMED). These variables included sea surface temperature, salinity, surface water velocity, dissolved oxygen, euphotic layer depth, pH, primary productivity, and chlorophyll concentration. The results forecasted changes in the suitable habitat area for Acropora spp. Currently, 578.5 km2 of coastal waters are classified as “suitable” habitat, with 69.7 km2 designated as “very suitable.” However, under the 2050 RCP projections, a significant reduction is expected. “Very suitable” zones are projected to disappear entirely, while the “suitable” area is anticipated to decrease, from 487.9 km2 (RCP 8.5) to 550.6 km2 (RCP 2.6). The most pronounced reductions are expected around Kaledupa Island and the northern part of Tomia Island. Chlorophyll concentration was identified as a key factor influencing optimal habitat for Acropora spp. Since chlorophyll levels are often linked to nutrients from anthropogenic runoff, the combination of nutrification and climate change are likely to significantly affect Acropora spp. Therefore, wastewater management is a crucial priority to enhance their resilience and reduce its vulnerability to climate change.

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ABSTRACT This study investigates the role of stable isotope analysis in unconsolidated sediment coastal systems, focusing on scientific production and research trends over time. Existing literature was analyzed to identify knowledge gaps and highlight the importance of stable isotope techniques in understanding coastal ecosystems. A comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database to collect and categorize relevant publications on stable isotope ecology. Key indicators-including publication trends, authorship patterns, and the geographic distribution of research-are shown. The temporal scope of studies was systematically assessed, with particular attention to methodological approaches employed. Co-authorships networks and co-occurring keywords were examined to explore the intellectual structure of the field and identify collaborative patterns among authors. Over 140 publications were identified, authored by over 400 researchers, with interest increasing significantly over time, particularly in trophic studies involving macrobenthos. Mudflats emerged as a focal point, receiving more attention than sandy beaches. The analysis indicates that seasonality is the predominant temporal scale, while mesoscale studies dominate spatial investigations. A plateau in publication growth appears to coincide with the emergence of alternative methodologies for trophic ecology studies. Major contributions come from France, the United States, and Australia. Co-authorship analysis revealed fragmented collaboration networks, with limited international engagement among developing nations. Overall, the importance of stable isotopes in understanding coastal ecosystems is underscored, while the need for methodological diversity and increased collaboration in future research is highlighted.

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ABSTRACT The conservation of marine biodiversity faces significant challenges, especially with the introduction of exotic species such as Tubastraea corals, which can significantly impact ecosystems. This study was conducted in Todos-os-Santos Bay, Brazil, between 2019 and 2023 and investigated how different Tubastraea coverage levels influence the diversity and composition of molluscan micro- and macrofauna. Ten subtidal sampling stations with artificial substrates were surveyed, and Tubastraea coverage was classified into four categories: “Absent”, “Low”, “Medium”, and “High”, using quadrats for evaluation. We collected all organisms that could easily be removed from substrates within quadrats, and the delimited area was scraped. After quantifying and identifying the organisms in the laboratory, we used ecological descriptors involving univariate and multivariate analyses to verify the influence of coral cover on mollusc assemblages. We collected 9,085 specimens belonging to 81 taxa and 46 families of Bivalvia, Gastropoda, and Polyplacophora, with greater diversity and abundance of bivalves and gastropods such as Chama, Isognomon, and Caecum. Although the generalized linear mixed model showed no significant variations in ecological descriptors across categories, PERMANOVA analysis revealed differences in mollusc assemblage structures based on composition and abundance. Despite the expected negative impact of sun coral on benthic invertebrate diversity, no significant changes were observed in mollusc species richness, abundance, or diversity. While community structure was altered, the presence of Tubastraea spp. did not appear to have affected the malacofauna, which possibly benefited from the heterogeneity of the substrate provided by the corals. However, space competition among sessile species could intensify long-term threats to bivalves. We also highlight the need to define clear metrics to assess the impact of sun coral on local biodiversity and to adopt diversified methodological approaches that account for marine invertebrate groups with different lifestyles and sizes.

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ABSTRACT Cigarette butts (CBs) were among the most prevalent types of litter found on tourist beaches, showing high persistence and toxicity. This study analyzed their spatial and temporal distribution on the mesotidal beach of Pehuen Co (Argentina), integrating environmental variables, recreational use, and social perception. Twelve monthly CB collection campaigns were conducted, and surveys were administered to beach visitors. Via multivariate analysis, three environmental scenarios were identified based on the interaction between tourist pressure, natural removal, and CB accumulation. The Cigarette Butts Pollution Index (CBPI) was also applied. The service zone showed the highest levels of pollution, while tidal action reduced accumulation in the intertidal areas. Visitors’ perceptions highlighted the lack of infrastructure for proper CB disposal. These findings support a scenario-based approach and highlight the CBPI as a valuable tool for coastal management, especially in highly seasonal tourist settings.

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ABSTRACT The Southern Santos Basin (Southwestern Atlantic margin) is characterized by the Santos Bifurcation (SB), where the intermediate South Equatorial Current splits into northward (Intermediate Western Boundary Current) and southward (Brazil Current) branches. Despite previous studies on sediment dynamics north of 24°S, there is a lack of knowledge about the southern sector. This study investigates grain-size variability in 19 sediment cores from the continental slope, here divided into shallow (from the shelf break to 600 m), middle (600-1400 m), and deep (1400-2000 m) sectors. Using CM diagrams and end-member analysis, we identified three distinct sediment transport modes: (1) shallow sediments, dominated by coarser fractions (very fine sand) and graded suspension, linked to Brazil Current influence; (2) middle and deep sediments; finer (silt-dominated) and deposited via uniform and pelagic suspension, reflecting weaker hydrodynamic conditions near the SB; and (3) localized turbidite deposits in the middle sector, evidenced by anomalously high coarse fractions. These findings highlight a bathymetric control on sediment distribution, with hydrodynamic regimes shaping depositional processes. The study provides new insights into sediment transport dynamics in the understudied southern Santos Basin, confirming the interplay of contouritic and gravitational processes in the region.

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Abstract This study provides an in-depth examination of the ecological interaction between the non-native Diadumene lineata (Verrill, 1869) sea anemone, and the Polysyncraton amethysteum Van Name, 1902 colonial ascidian. We documented the nature of their interactions using systematic field observations carried out in their natural habitat along the rocky shores of Ubatuba, located on the northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. Our findings reveal that these two species engage in a complex relationship that may offer several adaptation strategies and ecological benefits, such as increased habitat stability and enhanced nutrient availability. We discuss how the presence of ascidians may provide shelter for the sea anemone. Furthermore, this study highlights broader implications of non-native species on rocky shore ecosystems. The introduction of non-native species can disrupt existing relationships between native organisms, potentially altering community structures and ecological balances.

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Abstract The ingestion of microplastics (particles smaller than 5 mm) by bivalves in the environment is already well established, but more laboratory studies are still needed to enable the assessment of the impacts of these particles in these organisms. In this sense, this study aimed to verify the ingestion of microplastics by bivalves in different experimental environments. For this, 60 specimens of the mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) were exposed to different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 MPs.L-1), sizes (1 to 2; 2.5 to 3.5; and ≥ 5 mm), and thicknesses (thick: 0.2 mm, polyethylene; and thin: 0.03 mm, polyester) during 24 h. The results showed that organisms prefer thin particles, and it was found that only one thick fiber was retained, while 23 thin particles were ingested. On the other hand, no significant differences in the uptake of fibers at different concentrations and sizes were identified, showing low concentrations of particles regardless of the treatment. We concluded, via this study, that mussels can ingest fibers of different sizes, thicknesses, and concentrations in the experimental environment, even over a short period of time (24 h). Moreover, it was observed that thickness probably was the main factor for fiber ingestion by mussels, with the thinner particles being preferentially ingested. Therefore, we suggest that new physiological studies employ fiber thickness as a preponderant factor for the ingestion of microplastics in bivalves and also that they choose sizes and concentrations similar to those found in the environment, enabling more robust and accurate results.

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ABSTRACT The frequency, duration, and intensity of Marine Heatwaves (MHWs) have been increasing, with a notable trend in the South Atlantic. This study investigates MHW occurrences over the past five years (August 2019 to April 2024) using sea surface temperature (SST) data from the Tracker tool and the SiMCosta BA01 buoy, located in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Tracker identified 23 MHW events, while the SiMCosta buoy revealed 42 events, indicating greater variability due to local dynamics. A particularly significant event occurred in March 2024, with a maximum SST anomaly of 2.61ºC. The onset of this warming coincided with an extreme El Niño in the Tropical Pacific, suggesting a possible interaction between global climate patterns and local extremes. The identification and analysis of MHW events using the SiMCosta buoy highlight the need for continuous and detailed monitoring of meteorological and oceanographic data to better assess and understand local climatic extremes and their impacts, especially on marine ecosystems and regional economic activities.

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ABSTRACT This study documents the southern expansion of Serrasalmus maculatus and the first record of Pygocentrus nattereri in the central portion of Patos Lagoon, Brazil. Four individuals of S. maculatus were caught in the central and southern areas of the lagoon, whereas one sexually mature P. nattereri was found in its central region. Both species occur naturally in the Uruguay River basin and are considered allochthonous in the Patos Lagoon. Their presence in this lagoon could have been facilitated by artificial water channels associated with agricultural activities and exacerbated by high rainfall and river discharge, which are triggered by the El Niño phenomenon. Such predatory species pose a potential threat to local biodiversity due to their adaptable diets and the lagoon’s habitat diversity, which is potentially suitable for such invaders.

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ABSTRACT Feeding preferences of benthic marine herbivores provides insight into their ecology, as well as their trophic relationships and potential impact on seaweeds. We present evidence of feeding preferences in Aplysia brasiliana and A. juliana sea hares, collected from two distinct locations along the Brazilian coast, based on laboratory experiments. Aplysia brasiliana from Forno Beach primarily consumed Laurencia dendroidea, a red seaweed known for its chemical defenses against herbivory, whereas A. juliana from Boa Viagem predominantly fed on Ulva fasciata, a palatable green seaweed. These results suggest that A. brasiliana has evolved dietary counteradaptations to chemically defended seaweeds, while A. juliana displays a more generalized preference for palatable seaweeds commonly consumed by several marine herbivores.

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ABSTRACT This study compared the size and composition of humpback whale groups estimated from boat-based observations and drone video analysis during the 2022 and 2023 breeding seasons in Ilhéus, Brazil. Data from 43 groups showed that drone consistently recorded larger group sizes than boat-based observations, with a strong positive correlation between the two methods (r=0.94, p<0.001). Drone also enabled more accurate identification of group composition, detecting additional individuals and more complex group types - such as large competitive groups - than the boat-based method. A significant association between method and group composition was found (p<0.001), with drones identifying more groups composed of four or more adults or a mother-calf pair with several escorts. These findings underscore the advantages of drone-based surveys for improving assessments of group structure, contributing to more accurate data to monitor and conserve cetacean populations.

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ABSTRACT Microplastics (MPs) pose a growing threat to marine ecosystems, yet their accumulation in tropical ascidians remains understudied. This study investigated MPs in the digestive tract of Phallusia nigra from 15 sites along the Brazilian coast (75 individuals). Tissues were digested by alkaline solution, and MPs were quantified, measured, and characterized via microscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. MPs were detected in 64% of individuals (mean: 1.21 particles/individual), predominantly as fragments (63%) and fibers (37%), with an average of 0.77±0.81 MP/g. The most abundant polymers were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and nylon (PA), consistent with global coastal pollution trends. The prevalence of PE, PP, and PA, polymers widely linked to fishing gear, packaging, and sewage, underscores the role of anthropogenic sources in tropical marine pollution. Besides these findings, this study emphasizes the need for standardized methodologies to assess MPs impacts on understudied filter-feeders and the urgency of extending monitoring efforts to tropical ecosystems.

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ABSTRACT Maritime shipping has been recognized as the main pathway of species transference throughout the world. Ballast water or fouling on vessels have become the main vectors of aquatic species transportation between coastal marine ecosystems, which can lead to significant social, economic, and ecological negative impacts. Approximately 55% of non-indigenous marine species can be associated with vessel biofouling. However, acting to prevent, detect, manage, and control bioinvasion via biofouling is relatively recent. To improve non-indigenous marine species management, several risk assessment frameworks have been proposed. This research undertook a systematic bibliographic review to investigate whether and how risk assessment has been used to manage marine bioinvasion via biofouling. We analyzed 410 scientific studies published until December 31, 2023, via the Scopus database, filtering them by keywords, title, and abstract. This study describes the parameters and methodologies to assess bioinvasion risks. Furthermore, it discusses the incorporation of risk assessments into global, regional, and country-level public policies, the latter based on countries that publish the most on the topic. This research highlights the scarcity of mandatory measures to manage biofouling, as well as the urgent need to standardize risk assessment methodologies and to incorporate the effects of climate change into these assessments. The development of advanced data analysis tools and a unified strategy to effectively address the complex challenge of marine bioinvasions is also suggested.

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Abstract Sandy beaches are ecologically important coastal ecosystems that are increasingly threatened by plastic pollution. This pollution disrupts their ecological balance and reduces their ability to provide ecosystem services. This study case at Joaquina Beach, Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil, aimed to assess the spatiotemporal contamination by macro and mesoplastics concerning meteorological and anthropogenic variations, and to identify potential plastic sources for the region. Over 18 months (December 2018 to March 2020), monthly collections of macroplastics and mesoplastics were performed at 12 fixed sampling points. The amount of mesoplastics found was 216 items, with an average of 2.18 items m-2 (range: 0-17.33 items m-2), a higher density than that of macroplastics, of which, 1069 items were found, at an average of 0.32 items m-2 (range: 0-2.2 items m-2). Fragments were the predominant plastic type in both size categories. The region was assessed as “very clean” only once during the monitoring, with the Clean-Coast Index classifying it as “clean” in 59% of the months. March 2019 had the highest macroplastic amount, followed by April 2019 and February 2020. Meanwhile, mesoplastic quantity was highest in April 2019, December 2018, and January 2019. For both categories, beach users were identified as the main possible source of plastic litter, with a smaller contribution from fishing activities. However, meteorological conditions, like wind direction, can also contribute to plastic accumulation in the area. The months with the highest concentration of macro and meso occurrences had a prevailing pattern of southern winds. This study contributes to the knowledge addressing macro and mesoplastics, providing useful information to bridge scientific and management gaps regarding the distribution of different plastic sizes.