| Conwell et al. USA |
To test hypotheses on the risk of suicide associated with access to and storage of firearms. |
86 suicide victims aged 50 years and above. Cross-sectional study of psychological autopsy. |
The presence of firearms in households was associated with increased suicide risk. The storage of unlocked and loaded guns increased suicide risk. |
Social: possession of firearm. |
Suicide |
White (2002White, M. D. (2002). Identifying situational predictors of police shootings using multivariate analysis. Policing: An International Jornal, 25(4), 726-751. doi:10.1108/13639510210450659
https://doi.org/10.1108/1363951021045065...
) USA |
To identify situational predictors of police shootings involving suspected gun robberies. |
Shooting data of the Philadelphia Police Department from 1970 to 1978 and 1987 to 1992. Cross-sectional study. |
The situational determinants related to armed suspects, robbery, and public disturbances showed a strong association with the lethal use of force by police officers. |
Social: situational and occupational. |
Police use of force |
Mahon et al. (2005Mahon, M. J., Tobin, J. P., Cusack, D. A., Kelleher, C., & Malone, K. M. (2005). Suicide among regular-duty military personnel: A retrospective case-control study of occupation-specific risk factors for workplace suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(9), 1688-1696. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1688
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1...
) Ireland |
To examine specific risk factors for suicide among regular duty military personnel. |
Retrospective case control study of all individuals who died by suicide (N=63). |
Firearms caused 53% of suicides. Psychiatric illnesses, self-mutilation, being in a military place with access to guns, and recent medical consultation configure risk factors. |
Social: occupation and access to firearms. Individual: psychiatric diagnoses. |
Suicide |
Sarma and Kola (2010Sarma, K., & Kola, S. (2010). Firearm suicide decedents in the Republic of Ireland, 1980-2005. Public Health, 124(5), 278-283. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2010.02.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.02.0...
) Ireland |
To compare the sociodemographic characteristics of people who committed suicide with firearms with those who committed suicide by other methods. |
Database with a record of 9,674 suicides. Cross-sectional study. |
Men living in rural areas, employed in agriculture and aged between 20 and 25 years tend to be responsible by a higher proportion of suicide by firearms than other methods. |
Social: occupation and access to firearms. Individual: demographic - age, gender, and rural location. |
Suicide |
Johnson et al. (2012Johnson, S. D., Cottler, L. B., Ben Abdallah, A., & O’Leary, C. (2012). Risk factors for gun-related behaviors among urban out-of-treatment substance using women. Substance Use & Misuse, 47(11), 1200-1207. doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.694132
https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2012.69...
) USA |
To examine the association between gun carrying and risk factors in women using psychotropic substances and out of treatment. |
858 women using psychotropic substances (alcohol, heroin, cocaine, or amphetamines). Cross-sectional study. |
Illegal activities to obtain income and victimization were the most significant predictors of gun carrying. Antisocial personality behaviors were associated with gun possession. |
Social: unemployment. Individual: psychiatric diagnoses, lifestyle, and gender. |
Mental health |
Bangalore and Messerli (2013Bangalore, S., & Messerli, F. H. (2013). Gun ownership and firearm-related deaths. The American Journal of Medicine, 126(10), 873-876. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.04.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.04...
) USA |
To assess the relation between the prevalence of gun possession and the number of firearm deaths in 27 countries. |
Secondary data analysis. Cross-sectional study. |
Among 27 developed countries, gun possession rate was a strong and independent predictor of firearm-related deaths. |
Social: access to firearm. |
Gun possession |
Siegel et al. (2013Siegel, M., Ross, C. S., & King, C., 3rd. (2013). The relationship between gun ownership and firearm homicide rates in the United States, 1981-2010. American Journal of Public Health, 103(11), 2098-2105. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301409
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301409...
) USA |
To examine the relation between the rates of domestic possession of firearms and homicide rates by firearms. |
Longitudinal study of 30 years. Secondary data analysis. |
Gun possession was a significant predictor of homicide rates by firearms |
Social: access to firearm. |
Gun possession |
Anestis et al. (2015Anestis, M. D., Khazem, L. R., Law, K. C., Houtsma, C., LeTard, R., Moberg, F., & Martin, R. (2015). The association between state laws regulating handgun ownership and statewide suicide rates. American Journal of Public Health, 105(10), 2059-2067. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302465
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302465...
) USA |
To examine the association between laws requiring license to buy and possess firearms and suicide-related outcomes. |
Cross-sectional analyses of secondary data from 2010. Total number of suicide deaths in the U.S. |
Specific laws regulating the possession of firearms are associated with lower suicide rates. |
Social: access to gun and absence of restriction laws |
Legislation |
Ladapo et al. (2016Ladapo, J. A., Elliott, M. N., Kanouse, D. E., Schwebel, D. C., Toomey, S. L., Mrug, S., … Schuster, M. A. (2016). Firearm ownership and acquisition among parents with risk factors for self-harm or other violence. Academic Pediatrics, 16(8), 742-749. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2016.05.145
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2016.05.1...
) USA |
To assess associations between owning or acquiring firearms, mental illness, and substance use in North american families. |
5,147 father-son dyads. Longitudinal study. |
Families with parents with a history of depression and use of alcohol and drugs are modestly more likely to have guns than families without these risk factors. |
Individual: depression, alcohol/drug use. Social: access to gun |
Mental health |
Tripp et al. (2016Tripp, J. C., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., & Henschel, A. V. (2016). Firing a weapon and killing in combat are associated with suicidal ideation in OEF/OIF veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(5), 626-633. doi:10.1037/tra0000085
https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000085...
) USA |
To analyze the relations among combat experiences, suicidal ideation, and PTSD in veterans with alcohol abuse. |
68 veterans with dangerous alcohol use. Cross-sectional study. |
Killing or believing having killed the enemy and firing a gun at the enemy in combat predicted the suicidal ideation of male veterans. |
Social: occupation and war experience. Individual: having killed someone, alcohol use, MD. |
Suicide |
Díez et al. (2017Díez, C., Kurland, R. P., Rothman, E. F., Bair-Merritt, M., Fleegler, E., Xuan, Z., … Siegel, M. (2017). State intimate partner violence-related firearm laws and intimate partner homicide rates in the United States, 1991 to 2015. Annals of Internal Medicine, 167(8), 536-543. doi:10.7326/M16-2849
https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2849...
) USA |
To study the association between state gun laws related to intimate partner violence and intimate partner homicide rates. |
50 U.S. states. Panel study. |
Laws prohibiting people who are subject to restraining orders to own guns and require them to be handed over were associated with 9.7 homicide rates by firearms and was 14% lower than in lawless states. |
Social: absence of restriction laws |
Legislation |
Calhoun et al. (2017Calhoun, P. S., Van Voorhees, E. E., Elbogen, E. B., Dedert, E. A., Clancy, C. P., Hair, L. P., ... Kimbrel, N. A. (2017). Nonsuicidal self-injury and interpersonal violence in US veterans seeking help for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 247, 250-256. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016....
) USA |
To examine the association between non-suicidal self-injuries and interpersonal violence in veterans with PTSD. |
729 U.S. veterans. Cross-sectional study. |
Non-suicidal self-harm in the form of cuts or burns has been linked to gun-related violence, including gun threats and actual violent acts involving guns. |
Individual: non-suicidal self-injury. Social: occupation |
Mental health |
Houtsma and Anestis (2017Houtsma, C., & Anestis, M. D. (2017). Practical capability: The impact of handgun ownership among suicide attempt survivors. Psychiatry Research , 258, 88-92. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.064
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017....
) USA |
To examine the impact of gun possession on the relation between ideation and the perceived probability of suicide attempt among suicide survivors. |
123 adults with at least one previous suicide attempt. Cross-sectional study. |
Among suicide survivors, gun possession increases the probability of predicting engagement in future suicidal behaviors. |
Social: possession of firearms. |
Suicide |
Delaney et al. (2018Delaney, E., McLay, R. N., Nikkhoy, M., Kurera, H., Tuttle, R., Webb-Murphy, J., … Johnston, S. (2018). Predicting firearms performance based on psychiatric symptoms and medication usage. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 49(3), 227-233. doi:10.1037/pro0000189
https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000189...
) USA |
To determine whether the use of psychiatric medication affects performance in decision-making with firearms in a video game simulation. |
147 participants. Cross-sectional study of simulation with a video game. |
Individuals with faster reactions performed better in the firearm simulation. Those who used psychiatric medication and/or had more severe anxiety performed worse. |
Individual: use of psychiatric medication, severity of anxiety |
Mental health |
Wintemute et al. (2018Wintemute, G. J., Wright, M. A., Castillo-Carniglia, A., Shev, A., & Cerdá, M. (2018). Firearms, alcohol and crime: Convictions for driving under the influence (DUI) and other alcohol-related crimes and risk for future criminal activity among authorised purchasers of handguns. Injury Prevention: Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 24(1), 68-72. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042181
https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-...
) USA |
To examine the association between previous convictions for alcohol-related crimes and the risk of further arrest for violent crimes or those with firearms. |
5,923 people who bought firearms in California in 1977. Longitudinal study. |
Prior convictions for drunk driving have been associated with a four- to five-fold increase in the risk of future arrest for violent or firearm-related crime among gun owners. |
Individual: alcohol abuse, previous convictions for alcohol-related crimes |
Mental health |
Abaza et al. (2020Abaza, R., Lukens-Bull, K., Bayouth, L., Smotherman, C., Tepas, J., & Crandall, M. (2020). Gunshot wound incidence as a persistent, tragic symptom of area deprivation. Surgery, 168(4), 671-675. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2020.05.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2020.05.0...
) USA |
To assess the demography of gunshot wounds in the last 20 years and create a risk map model. |
2,188 participants injured by firearms. Cross-sectional study. |
Areas with the highest per capita incidence of gunshot wounds were strongly correlated with rates of area deprivation. |
Social: poverty, education, housing, and employment |
Armed violence |
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