The lost jewel of the Atlantic Forest: Kinglet Calyptura <i>Calyptura cristata</i> (Aves: Platyrinchidae) specimen inventory and plumage variation

Silva, Robson Silva e; Pacheco, José Fernando; Schweizer, Manuel; Kirwan, Guy M.

doi:10.11606/1807-0205/2023.63.038

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ARTICLE • Pap. Avulsos Zool. 63 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2023.63.038 copy

The lost jewel of the Atlantic Forest: Kinglet Calyptura Calyptura cristata (Aves: Platyrinchidae) specimen inventory and plumage variation

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Kinglet Calyptura Calyptura cristata is one of the great enigmas of the South American avifauna. Endemic to an apparently tiny area of south-eastern Brazil, in the Atlantic Forest biome, the species was not definitely seen between sometime in the second third of the 1800s and 1996, when it was briefly rediscovered in submontane forest north-west of Rio de Janeiro. Since then, C. cristata has been reported several times, but without documentation and always by single observers. It is currently considered Critically Endangered by BirdLife International, and various authors have speculated that the species might already be extinct. Given the extreme paucity of knowledge of this species, we provide a complete inventory of museum material for Kinglet Calyptura - more than 100 specimens are listed, the majority held in European collections, almost doubling previous estimates made in the literature. Several are held in relatively small institutions, thereby suggesting that yet more specimens might still be identified or found. In addition, with the benefit of this large sample of material, we discuss morphological variation in the species and we hypothesise particularly about the appearance of male, female and juvenile plumages.

Keywords
Atlantic Forest; Museum specimens; Endangered species; Collectors’ history; Type specimen; Original description

Country	Museums	Specimens
Germany	8	18
USA	7	17
France	5	13
UK	4	12
Switzerland	5	7
Russia	2	6
The Netherlands	1	5
Italy	4	5
Belgium	2	3
Austria	1	3
Finland	1	3
Sweden	2	3
Danmark	1	2
Norway	1	2
Portugal	1	2
Brazil	1	1
Poland	1	1
TOTAL	47	104

No.	Institution	Registration	Date	Locality	Sex/Age	Name	Trade?	SM	Source (specimen or collection)	Photo
1	AMNH	5156	1870 (C)	Guiana, Suriname	U	Wied¹	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 3.1
2	AMNH	43795	21 August 1889 (C)	No locality	♂	Bode²	Yes	Sk	Foster (1892Foster, L.S. 1892. The published writings of George Newbold Lawrence, 1844-1891. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 40(4): 1-124. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13445. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... )	Fig. 3.5
3	AMNH	494719	None	Brazil	♂	Whitely³	Yes	Sk	Rothschild (2008Rothschild, M. 2008. Walter Rothschild: the man, the museum and the menagerie. London, Natural History Museum.)	Fig. 3.4
4	AMNH	494720	None	Brasilia/Brazil	♂	Boucard⁴	Yes	Sk	Boucard (1876Boucard, A. 1876. Catalogus avium: hucusque descriptorum. Londini. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31757#page/5/mode/1up. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item... ), Rothschild (2008Rothschild, M. 2008. Walter Rothschild: the man, the museum and the menagerie. London, Natural History Museum.)	Fig. 3.3
5	AMNH	494721	None	Brasilia/Brazil	♂	Boucard⁴	Yes	Sk	Boucard (1876Boucard, A. 1876. Catalogus avium: hucusque descriptorum. Londini. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31757#page/5/mode/1up. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item... ), Rothschild (2008Rothschild, M. 2008. Walter Rothschild: the man, the museum and the menagerie. London, Natural History Museum.)	Fig. 3.2
6	ANSP	8366	4 June 1844 (D)	Brazil	♂	Wilson⁵	Yes	Sk	Anonymous (1844Anonymous . 1844. Stated meeting, June 4, 1844. Donations to museum. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphie,2: 66. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30491#page/80/mode/1up. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item... )	Fig. 3.6
7	ANSP	8367	None	[Brazil]	U	Wilson⁵	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 3.7
8	ANSP	8368	None	Brazil	♂	None	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 3.8
9	CCECL	41007379	August 1875 (A, D)	Am. merid.	U	Malmazet⁶	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 3.9
10	CUMV	48403	1860 (A)	Brazil	♂	Bryant⁷	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.26
11	IZH	V 3260	1850-1852 (I)	Brasil, Nova Friburgo	[♂]	Burmeister⁸	No	Ms	Burmeister (1856Burmeister, H. 1856. Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens: welche während einer Reise durch die Provinzen von Rio de Janeiro und Minas Geraës gesammlt oder beobachtet Wurden, Bd. 3. Berlin, G. Reimer.)	Fig. 2.1
12	LMNM	5741	None	Brasilien	U	None	Yes	Ms	Waldeck (2018Waldeck, M. 2018. The mysterious Kinglet Calyptura. Available: Available: http://thelittlestint.blogspot.com/2018/02/the-mysterious-kinglet-calyptura.html . Access: 06/05/2021. http://thelittlestint.blogspot.com/2018/... )	Fig. 2.18
13	LUOMUS	1573	None	Brasilia	U	None	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.2
14	LUOMUS	4949	1849-1851 (I)	Brasilia	U	Sahlberg⁹	No	Sk	Palmgren (1936Palmgren, P. 1936. Calyptura cristata von R.F. Sahlberg in der Gegend von Rio de Janeiro gefunden. Ornis Fennica, 13: 173.)	Fig. 3.13
15	LUOMUS	4950	1849-1851 (I)	Brasilia	U	Sahlberg⁹	No	Sk	Palmgren (1936Palmgren, P. 1936. Calyptura cristata von R.F. Sahlberg in der Gegend von Rio de Janeiro gefunden. Ornis Fennica, 13: 173.)	Fig. 3.12
16	MAB	None	None	Amerique du Nord	U	None	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.20
17	MCZ	75787	December 1838 (A)	Brazil, Rio de Janeiro	Ad	Peale¹⁰	No	Sk	Peale (1849Peale, T.R. 1849. United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Mammalia and ornithology. Philadelphia, C. Sherman. [Dating of this important work follows Bruce & Bahr, 2020].)	Fig. 3.10
18	MCZ	85035	None	Brazil	Ad	None	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 3.11
19	MHH	5665	None	Brasilien	♂	Brandt¹¹	Yes	Sk	Cabanis & Heine (1860Cabanis, J. & Heine, F. 1860. Museum Heineanum: Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Halbertstadt, R. Frantz.), Heine & Reichenow (1882-1890Heine, F. & Reichenow, A. 1882-1890. Nomenclator Musei Heineani Ornithologici: Verzeichniss der Vogel-Sammlung Königlichen Oberamtmanns Ferdinand Heine, auf Klostergut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Berlin, R. Friedländer & Sohn. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... )	Fig. 3.16
20	MHH	5666	None	Brasilien	♂	None	Yes	Sk	Cabanis & Heine (1860Cabanis, J. & Heine, F. 1860. Museum Heineanum: Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Halbertstadt, R. Frantz.), Heine & Reichenow (1882-1890Heine, F. & Reichenow, A. 1882-1890. Nomenclator Musei Heineani Ornithologici: Verzeichniss der Vogel-Sammlung Königlichen Oberamtmanns Ferdinand Heine, auf Klostergut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Berlin, R. Friedländer & Sohn. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... )	Fig. 3.15
21	MHH	5667	None	Brasilien	♀	None	Yes	Sk	Cabanis & Heine (1860Cabanis, J. & Heine, F. 1860. Museum Heineanum: Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Halbertstadt, R. Frantz.), Heine & Reichenow (1882-1890Heine, F. & Reichenow, A. 1882-1890. Nomenclator Musei Heineani Ornithologici: Verzeichniss der Vogel-Sammlung Königlichen Oberamtmanns Ferdinand Heine, auf Klostergut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Berlin, R. Friedländer & Sohn. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... )	Fig. 3.14
22	MHNC-UP	AVE-001125	None	No locality	U	Braga Júnior¹²	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.33
23	MHNC-UP	AVE-001126	None	Brésil	♂	Braga Júnior¹²	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.34
24	MHNGr	OR.8050	None	No locality	Ad	None	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.6
25	MHNMON	O.2426	None	No locality	U	Mathieu¹³	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.16
26	MHNMON	O.2427	None	No locality	U	Mathieu¹³	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.15
27	MHNN	92 6029	None	Brésil	U	Tschudi¹⁴	No	Ms	-	Fig. 2.3
28	MHNN	92 6030	None	Brésil	U	Tschudi¹⁴	No	Sk	-	Fig. 4.27
29	MHNVT	R1-E6-C151-0001	None	No locality	U	None	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.7
30	MHNVT	R1-E6-C151-0002	1843 (C)	Amerique	U	None	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.8
31	MM	B6327	1911 (C)	S.E. Brazil	♂	None	Yes	Sk	McGhie (2005McGhie, H.A. 2005. Specimens of extinct and endangered birds in the collections of the Manchester Museum. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club , 125(4): 247-252.)	Fig. 4.28
32	MM	B6328	1868 (C)	South-East Brazil	♂	None	Yes	Sk	McGhie (2005McGhie, H.A. 2005. Specimens of extinct and endangered birds in the collections of the Manchester Museum. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club , 125(4): 247-252.)	Fig. 4.29
33	MNHN	ZO-MO-2004-300	1816 (I)	Brésil [Rio de Janeiro]	Ad	Delalande¹⁵	No	Sk	Vieillot (1818Vieillot, L.P. 1818. Oiseaux. In: Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle. Nouvelle édition. Paris, Deterville. v. 24.), Hellmayr (1929Hellmayr, C.E. 1929. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands. Part 6. Oxyruncidae, Pipridae, Cotingidae, Rupicolidae, Phytotomidae. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (Zoological Series. Publication 266).)	Fig. 1
34	MNHN	ZO-MO-2000-2154	1830 (A)	Brazil/Brésil	Ad	Leadbeater¹⁶	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 3.19
35	MNHN	ZO-MO-2000-2155	1831-1851 (C)	Brasilia	♂ ad	Delattre¹⁷	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 3.18
36	MNHN	ZO-MO-2002-661	1849 (A)	Brésil	Ad	Castelnau¹⁸	No	Sk	-	Fig. 3.17
37	MNHN	ZO-MO-1854-440	1854 (C)	Brésil, Rio de Janeiro	♂ ad	Peichoto¹⁹	No	Sk	-	Fig. 3.22
38	MNHN	ZO-MO-2000-2153	1905 (C)	Brasilia	♂ ad	Boucard⁴	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 3.20
39	MNHN	ZO-MO-1931-1285	1931 (C)	Brésil	Ad	Bouvier²⁰	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 3.21
40	MNHN	3137	1824 (A)	Brésil, Rio de Janeiro	U	Ménestrier (sic)²¹	No	Ms	-	Fig. 2.4
41	MNRJ	33299	None	Brazil	Ad	Salvin & Godman²²	Yes	Sk	Sclater (1888Sclater, P.L. 1888. Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum. London, Trustees of the British Museum. v. 14.)	Fig. 4.15
42	MPUW	203024	None	No locality	U	None	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.14
43	MSNT	None	1857	Rio di Janiero	U [♂]	Coll. Novara²³	No	Ms	-	Fig. 2.10
44	MSNTP	AV3081	None	Nuova Olanda	♀	None	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.28
45	MSNTP	AV3082	None	Brasile	♂	None	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.26
46	MSNTP	AV3083	None	Nuova Olanda	[♂]	Biagini²⁴	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.27
47	MWNH	AV 5323	None	Brasilien	♂	None	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.14
48	MZLU	Aves L848/6080	1848 (D)	No locality	♂ ad	Gyllenkrok²⁵	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.11
49	MZS	Ave 08286	1850 (C)	Brésil	U	None	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.12
50	MZUT	AV16101	None	Brasile	U ad	None	Yes	Sk	Ghiraldi & Aimassi (2019Ghiraldi, L. & Aimassi, G. 2019. Extinct and endangered (‘E&E’) birds in the ornithological collection of the Museum of Zoology of Torino University, Italy. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club , 139(1): 28-45. https://doi.org/10.25226/bboc.v139i1.2019.a2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25226... )	Fig. 3.28
51	NHMO	BI-66671/1-P	1885 (C)	Brazil	U	None	Yes	Sk	From NHMUK (BM); see footnote 8 to Table 3	Fig. 4.16
52	NHMO	BI-66672/1-P	1890 (C)	Brazil	U	None	Yes	Sk	From NHMUK (BM)	Fig. 4.17
53	NHMUK	1881.5.1.3739	1881 (C)	Brazil	♂	Gould²⁶	Yes	Sk	Sclater (1888Sclater, P.L. 1888. Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum. London, Trustees of the British Museum. v. 14.)	Fig. 3.27
54	NHMUK	1888.1.13.1675	1881 (C)	Brazil	Ad	Argent²⁷	Yes	Sk	Sclater (1862Sclater, P.L. 1862. Catalogue of a collection of American birds. London, N. Trubner & Co. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13323. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... , 1888)	Fig. 3.26
55	NHMUK	1888.1.20.972	1888 (C)	Brazil, Novo Fribourgo	Ad	Youds²⁸	Yes	Sk	Sclater (1888Sclater, P.L. 1888. Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum. London, Trustees of the British Museum. v. 14.)	Fig. 3.25
56	NHMUK	1895.4.1.730	1895 (C)	Rio de Janeiro	♂	Fry²⁹	No	Sk	-	Fig. 3.24
57	NHMUK	1895.4.1.731	1895 (C)	Rio de Janeiro	♀	Fry²⁹	No	Sk	-	Fig. 3.23
58	NMB	2041	1857	Cantagalo	♂	Euler³⁰	No	Ms	-	Fig. 2.30
59	NMB	2042	1857	Cantagalo	♀	Euler³⁰	No	Ms	-	Fig. 2.29
60	NMBE	1033790	None³¹	Südost-Brasilien	U	None	Yes	Ms	-	Fig. 2.19
61	NML-VZ	1980-70a	None	No locality	U	None	Yes	Sk	Fisher (1981Fisher, C.T. 1981. Specimens of extinct, endangered or rare birds in the Merseyside County Museums, Liverpool. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, 101(2): 276-285.)	Fig. 3.33
62	NML-VZ	3029	15 June 1849 (A, C)	[Bogota]	U	Warwick³²	Yes	Sk	Fisher (1981Fisher, C.T. 1981. Specimens of extinct, endangered or rare birds in the Merseyside County Museums, Liverpool. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, 101(2): 276-285.)	Fig. 3.32
63	NML-VZ	5055a	None	No locality	U	Derby³³	Yes	Sk	Fisher (1981Fisher, C.T. 1981. Specimens of extinct, endangered or rare birds in the Merseyside County Museums, Liverpool. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, 101(2): 276-285.)	Fig. 3.31
64	NMSG	5741	1873 (D)	Neu Freiburg (Bras.)	♂	David³⁴	No	Ms	Wartmann (1874Wartmann, F.B. 1874. Jahresbericht, erstattet in der 54. Hauptversammlung (21 October 1873) von Rector Dr. Wartmann. Bericht über die Thäiigkeil der St. Gallischen naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft während des Vereinsjahrcs, 1872-73: 1-53.)	Fig. 2.13
65	NMW	17349	1844 (A)	Brasilien	♀	Natterer³⁵	Yes	Sk	Pelzeln (1870Pelzeln, A. von. 1868-1871. Zur Ornithologie brasiliens: Resultate von J. Natterers reisen in den Jahren 1817-35. Wien, A. Pichler’s Witwe & Sohn. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3654. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... )	Fig. 3.30
66	NMW	17350	1840 (C)	Brasilien	♂	Brandt³⁶	Yes	Ms	Pelzeln (1870Pelzeln, A. von. 1868-1871. Zur Ornithologie brasiliens: Resultate von J. Natterers reisen in den Jahren 1817-35. Wien, A. Pichler’s Witwe & Sohn. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3654. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... )	Fig. 2.9
67	NMW	17351	1844 (A)	Brasilien	Ad	Natterer³⁵	Yes	Sk	Pelzeln (1870Pelzeln, A. von. 1868-1871. Zur Ornithologie brasiliens: Resultate von J. Natterers reisen in den Jahren 1817-35. Wien, A. Pichler’s Witwe & Sohn. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3654. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... )	Fig. 3.29
68	NRM	535288	1849 (A)	Brasilien, Rio de Janeiro	U	Danckwardt³⁷	No	Ms	-	Fig. 2.5
69	NRM	90127687	1864 (A)	S. Brasilien	U	Hyltén-Cavallius³⁸	No	Sk	-	Fig. 4.30
70	RBINS	10126B	Before 1842 (I)	Brésil	♂	Selys³⁹	Yes	Sk	Fraipont (1910Fraipont, J. 1910. Oiseaux. Bulletin de l’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. Catalogue systématique et descriptif des collections zoologiques du Baron Edmond de Selys Longchamps. Systematische en beschrijvend catalogus van zoölogische collecties van Baron Edmond Selys Longchamps. Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, 31: 2-130.)	Fig. 3.35
71	RMNH	AVES.172607	9 May 1842 (C)	Mexique	U	Temminck⁴⁰	Yes	Ms	Purcell (1999Purcell, R.W. 1999. Swift as a shadow: extinct and endangered animals. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co.)	Fig. 2.21
72	RMNH	AVES.172608	1883 (C)	Brésil	U	Frank⁴¹	Yes	Ms	Purcell (1999Purcell, R.W. 1999. Swift as a shadow: extinct and endangered animals. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co.)	Fig. 2.25
73	RMNH	AVES.172609	None	Brésil	♂	Verreaux⁴²	Yes	Ms	Purcell (1999Purcell, R.W. 1999. Swift as a shadow: extinct and endangered animals. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co.)	Fig. 2.24
74	RMNH	AVES.172610	1863 (C)	Brésil	♂	Verreaux⁴²	Yes	Ms	Purcell (1999Purcell, R.W. 1999. Swift as a shadow: extinct and endangered animals. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co.)	Fig. 2.23
75	RMNH	AVES.172611	1863 (C)	Brésil	♂	Verreaux⁴²	Yes	Ms	Purcell (1999Purcell, R.W. 1999. Swift as a shadow: extinct and endangered animals. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co.)	Fig. 2.22
76	SMF	41364	February 1879 (C)	Südbrasilien	♂ ad	Schneider⁴³	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 3.34
77	SMNG	A07725a	1878-1879 (C)	Brasilien, Neu-Freiburg	♂	Schneider⁴³	Yes	Ms	(Peck, 1878Peck, R. 1878. Verzeich niss der in dem Gesellschaftsjalire 1878-1879 als Geschenke und durch Ankauf für die Sammlungen eingegangenen Gegenstände. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Görlitz, 17: 264-266.)	Fig. 2.31
78	SMNS	33477	None	SO Brasilien	♂	Stephan/Fischer⁴⁴	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.3
79	SMNS	33478	None	SO Brasilien	♀	Fischer⁴⁴	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.4
80	SMNS	38253	October 1856 (A)	Brasilien	♂	Douglas⁴⁵	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.2
81	SMNS	114246	1851 (C)	None	U	Verreaux⁴²	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.5
82	UMMZ	134367	Before 1913	Brazil	♂	None⁴⁶	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.6
83	UMZC	27/Cot/4/a/1	None	Brazil	U	None⁴⁷	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.31
84	UMZC	27/Cot/4/a/2	1838 (A)	Brazil	U	Strickland⁴⁷	Yes	Sk	Salvin (1882Salvin, O. 1882. A catalogue of the collection of birds formed by the late Hugh Edwin Strickland. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.29379. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... )	Fig. 4.1
85	USNM	A15195	None	Brazil	U	None⁴⁸	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.10
86	USNM	A15224	None	Brazil	U	None⁴⁸	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.11
87	USNM	33161	None	Brazil	♂	None⁴⁸	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.8
88	USNM	33162	None	Brazil	U	None⁴⁸	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.9
89	USNM	145362	None	Brazil	U	None	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.12
90	ZISP	117201	1842 (A)	Brasil	♂	Demidoff⁴⁹	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.7
91	ZISP	117202	1842 (A)	Brasil	♀	Demidoff⁴⁹	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.32
92	ZISP	117203	1842 (A)	None	[♂]	Kuprianow⁵⁰	Yes	Sk	Bakkal (2018Bakkal, S.N. 2018. [Johann von Tschudi (1818-1889) and the South American bird collections of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Russia]. Russkii ornitologicheskii zhurnal, 27(1601): 1963-1990. (in Russian))	Fig. 4.33
93	ZISP	117204	None	None	[♂]	Wosness⁵¹	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.13
94	ZISP	1819	1842 (A)	Brasilia	♀	Kuprianow⁵⁰	Yes	Ms	Bakkal (2018Bakkal, S.N. 2018. [Johann von Tschudi (1818-1889) and the South American bird collections of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Russia]. Russkii ornitologicheskii zhurnal, 27(1601): 1963-1990. (in Russian))	Fig. 4.2
95	ZMB	2305	1818-1820 (I)	Brasilien	U	Sellow & Olfers⁵²	No	Sk	*Stopiglia et al.* (2009**Stopiglia, R.; Straker, L.C. & Raposo, M.A. 2009. Kinglet Calyptura Calyptura cristata (Vieillot, 1818): documented record for the state of São Paulo and taxonomic status of the name Pipra tyrannulus Wagler, 1830. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club , 129(3): 185-188.)	Fig. 4.22
96	ZMB	2306	1819-1820 (I)	Brasilien, San Paulo	♀	Sellow & Olfers⁵²	No	Sk	Wagler (1830Wagler, J. 1830. Revisio generis Pipra. Isis von Oken, 35: 928-943.), *Stopiglia et al.* (2009**Stopiglia, R.; Straker, L.C. & Raposo, M.A. 2009. Kinglet Calyptura Calyptura cristata (Vieillot, 1818): documented record for the state of São Paulo and taxonomic status of the name Pipra tyrannulus Wagler, 1830. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club , 129(3): 185-188.)	Fig. 4.23
97	ZMB	7567	1817-1820 (I)	Brasilien	U	Theremin⁵³	No	Sk	-	Fig. 4.24
98	ZMB	2000.12101	c. 1847 (I)	Brasilien, Rio	U	Behn⁵⁴	No	Sk	Pacheco (1999Pacheco, J.F. 1999. Galleria biographica IV: o Professor Wilhelm Behn (1808-1878) e a ornitologia brasileira. Atualidades Ornitológicas, 92: 6.)	Fig. 4.18
99	ZMB	2000.12102	1856	None	U	Boie⁵⁵	Yes	Sk	-	Fig. 4.19
100	ZMB	2000.12103	c. 1847 (I)	Brasilien, Rio	[♂]	Behn⁵⁴	No	Sk	Pacheco (1999Pacheco, J.F. 1999. Galleria biographica IV: o Professor Wilhelm Behn (1808-1878) e a ornitologia brasileira. Atualidades Ornitológicas, 92: 6.)	Fig. 4.20
101	ZMB	2000.12104	c. 1847 (I)	Brasilien, Rio	U	Behn⁵⁴	No	Sk	Pacheco (1999Pacheco, J.F. 1999. Galleria biographica IV: o Professor Wilhelm Behn (1808-1878) e a ornitologia brasileira. Atualidades Ornitológicas, 92: 6.)	Fig. 4.21
102	ZMMU	R525	None	None	Ad	None	Yes	Sk	Smirnov (2018Smirnov, P.A. 2018. [Poster: Extinct and probably extinct birds in the collection of the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov]. First All-Russian Ornithological Congress, Tver, January 29-February 4, 2018. Available: Available: https://istina.msu.ru/download/100034719/1lec9O:9mcwOeL2keMc0O59Pcjeh7lCNYY . Access: 06/05/2021. (in Russian) https://istina.msu.ru/download/100034719... )	Fig. 4.25
103	ZMUC	105508	1 August 1827	Rosário, Novo Friburgo	♂ ad	Lund⁵⁶	No	Sk	Krabbe (2007Krabbe, N. 2007. Birds collected by P.W. Lund and J.T. Reinhardt in south-eastern Brazil between 1825 and 1855, with notes on P.W. Lund’s travels in Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 15(3): 331-357.)	Fig. 4.34
104	ZMUC	105507	3 January 1828	Rosário, Novo Friburgo	♂ imm	Lund⁵⁶	No	Ms	Krabbe (2007Krabbe, N. 2007. Birds collected by P.W. Lund and J.T. Reinhardt in south-eastern Brazil between 1825 and 1855, with notes on P.W. Lund’s travels in Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 15(3): 331-357.)	Fig. 2.32

Notes:
¹Maximilian Collection/Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prinz zu Wied-Neuwied (1782-1867), German explorer, ethnologist and naturalist, who led an expedition to south-east Brazil (in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and Bahia) in 1815-1817, initially with Sellow (see note 51), and subsequently published a travelogue, Reise nach Brasilien, containing descriptions of new birds, as well as his Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien. His zoological collections, among them many avian type specimens, but also including material from North America (which he visited in 1832-1834), were sold in Paris three years after his death, and purchased by AMNH (Allen, 1889Allen, J.A. 1889. On the Maximilian types of South American birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2(19): 209-276.). This specimen was incorporated into Wied’s collections after his trip to Brazil. Despite his having remained in Rio de Janeiro, the species is not mentioned in his works.
²Lawrence Collection/George Newbold Lawrence (1806-1895), New York businessman and ornithologist, whose collection totalling 8,000 bird specimens was sold to AMNH in 1887 (Mearns & Mearns, 1992Mearns, B. & Mearns, R. 1992. Audubon to Xantus. The lives of those commemorated in North American bird names. San Diego, Academic Press.); for an obituary, see Elliot (1896Elliot, D.G. 1896. In memoriam. George Newbold Lawrence. Auk , 13: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2307/4068733.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/... )/John L. Bode (d. 1866) was an award-winning New York taxonomist of German extraction.
³Henry Whitely (1844-1893), English naturalist and explorer, who visited Japan in 1864, and subsequently, in 1867, travelled in Peru and across northern South America, eventually residing in what is now Guyana until his death; there is no evidence that he visited south-east Brazil, so the ultimate provenance of this specimen is quite unknown (Sclater,1893[Sclater, P.L.] 1893. Obituary: Henry Whitely. Ibis , (6)5: 287-289.).
⁴Boucard Collection/Adolphe Boucard (1839-1905), French ornithologist and trader in specimens who collected extensively in Middle America, concentrating on hummingbirds, selling bird skins to museums and private individuals such as P.L. Sclater, as well as supplying the plume trade; he spent the last few years of his life in England (see Kofoid, 1923Kofoid, C.A. 1923. A little known ornithological journal and its editor Adolphe Boucard, 1839-1904. Condor, 25(3): 85-89. https://doi.org/10.2307/1362665.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/... ).
⁵Rivoli Collection/François Victor Masséna, Duke of Rivoli (1799-1863), an amateur French ornithologist, who amassed a collection of c. 12,500 bird specimens, many of them from the New World. He sold his collection in 1846/Thomas Bellerby Wilson (1807-1865), natural history collector and influential patron of ANSP, purchased the Duke of Rivoli’s collection and donated it to the Philadelphia museum. The many types included therein were studied first by Stone (1899Stone, W. 1899. A study of the type specimens of birds in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with a brief history of the collection. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 51(1): 5-62.).
⁶Malmazet Collection/Jean-André Malmazet (1808-1877); for an obituary, see Mulsant (1878Mulsant, E. 1878. Notice sur Jean-André Malmazet. Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon et des Société Botanique de Lyon, Société d’Anthropologie et de Biology de Lyon réunies, 25: 75-82.). We have no information as to where he may have acquired this specimen.
⁷Henry Perkins Bryant (1820-1867), American physician and naturalist, who collected in the USA and on various islands in the West Indies, and travelled to France in 1865 to purchase the Lafresnaye Collection on behalf of the Boston Society of Natural History, who he had served as Curator of Ornithology since 1854 (for an obituary, see Abbot, 1867Abbot, S.L. 1867. Account of the life and scientific career of the late Dr. Henry Bryant. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 11: 205-215.)/ex-Lafresnaye Collection 2210/Baron Nöel Frédéric Armand André de Lafresnaye (1783-1861), French aristocrat, ornithologist and collector, amassed a collection of more than 8,000 bird specimens. Following its purchase by Bryant, these birds eventually passed to MCZ in 1914.
⁸Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister (1807-1892), a German naturalist of wide-ranging interests and a professor of zoology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg; he visited Brazil between 1850 and 1852, principally the area around Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro), where he acquired specimens from another German, C.H. Bescke, and further north (outside the known range of C. cristata) around Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais), where he met Lund and Reinhardt (Sick, 1997Sick, H. 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro, Editora Nova Fronteira.: 54). Following a visit to Argentina during 1857-1860, he returned to the latter country in 1861, making a significant contribution to the development of the natural sciences in his adopted home.
⁹Reinhold Ferdinand Sahlberg (1811-1874), a Finnish naturalist, participated in a circumnavigatory expedition between 1839 and 1843, visiting Brazil (for three weeks, in 1839), Chile and Alaska, and returned to Brazil in November 1849-January 1851, during which period he was based in Petrópolis and visited Rio de Janeiro, Sumidouro, Cantagalo, Boa Sorte and Ouro Preto (Lima, 2005Lima, L.M. 2005. O acervo ornitológico brasileiro do Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finlândia. In: Congresso Brasileiro de Ornitologia, Belém, 13º. Resumos. Belém, Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia. p. 160.). His collections reside in LUOMUS and NRM.
¹⁰Titian Ramsay Peale (1799-1885), an American ornithologist and explorer from Philadelphia, was a member of the United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842, which circumnavigated the globe. His ship, the Peacock, reached Rio de Janeiro on 21 November 1838 and remained there until 6 January 1839 (Peale, 1849; Poesch, 1961Poesch, J.P. 1961. Titian Ramsay Peale and his journals of the Wilkes Expedition. Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society.). Most specimens from this expedition, including additional C. cristata, are held at USNM.
¹¹Johann G.W. Brandt (fl. 1830-1860), a German natural history dealer based in Hamburg, and brother of Johann Friedrich Brandt (1802-1879) (Jobling, 2010Jobling, J.A. 2010. The Helm dictionary of scientific bird names. London, Christopher Helm .).
¹²Specimens acquired by José Teixeira da Silva Braga Júnior (1844-1904) for his private collection in Porto, Portugal, from the Maison Deyrolle, in Paris, founded in 1831 by Jean-Baptiste Deyrolle (Ricardo Lopes in litt., 2023, et al.,). Achille Deyrolle (1813-1865), son of Jean-Baptiste, visited Brazil mainly to collect insects for the Brussels museum (Moret, 2012Moret, P. 2012. La péninsule ibérique et l’entomologie européenne au xixe siècle. In: Lemps, X.H. & Luis, J.-P. (Ed.). Sortir du labyrinthe, Madrid. p. 479-502. (Collection de la Casa de Velázquez, 131). https://doi.org/10.4000/books.cvz.24064.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4000/... ).
¹³The two specimens were purchased from a certain Mr. Mathieu in July 1842 (Aude Medina, in litt., 2019).
¹⁴Johann Jakob von Tschudi (1818-1889), Swiss naturalist and diplomat, visited Brazil (and other countries in South America) between 1857 and 1859 (Straube & Pacheco, 2011Straube, F.C. & Pacheco, J.F. 2011. O naturalista Tschudi e a imigração suiça. Educação em Linha, 6(17): 27-29.). He returned to Brazil in 1860, as the Swiss ambassador to the country, remaining until 1868, and sending specimens (mainly plants) to museums in Neuchâtel, Glarus and Freiburg.
¹⁵Pierre Antoine Delalande (1787-1823), French naturalist and taxidermist, became an assistant to Augustin François César Prouvençal de Saint-Hilaire (1779-1854), and the two of them visited the environs of Rio de Janeiro in 1816 collecting on behalf of MNHN; Saint-Hilaire remained in Brazil until 1822, meeting Natterer (see below) at Ypanema, in São Paulo (Sick, 1997Sick, H. 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro, Editora Nova Fronteira.: 51-52). Subsequently, Delalande collected in South Africa with his nephew Jules Verreaux between 1818 and 1821. Type of Pardalotus cristatusVieillot (1818Vieillot, L.P. 1818. Oiseaux. In: Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle. Nouvelle édition. Paris, Deterville. v. 24.).
¹⁶Benjamin Leadbeater (1773-1851) was a well-known merchant of natural history materials based in London/Thomas Campbell Eyton (1809-1880), English naturalist and regular correspondent of Darwin/Adolphe Boucard (1839-1905) (Beolens & Watkins, 2003Beolens, B. & Watkins, M. 2003. Whose bird? Common bird names and the people they commemorate. London, Christopher Helm.).
¹⁷Adolphe Delattre (1805-1854), a French ornithologist with a particular interest in hummingbirds, who made several visits to South America between 1831 and 1851. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Delattre.
¹⁸François Louis Nompar de Caumont La Force, Comte de Castelnau (1810-1880), a French naturalist, was a member of the four-man Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud, 1843-1847, which traversed South America from Rio de Janeiro to Lima (Peru), and whose material was studied by des Murs, Menegaux and, ultimately, Hellmayr (Sick, 1997Sick, H. 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro, Editora Nova Fronteira.: 54).
¹⁹Antonio José Peixoto (1816-1864). Brazilian orthopaedic doctor (et al.,) who sent bird skins from Rio de Janeiro to Paris.
²⁰Bouvier Collection/Aimé Bouvier (1844-1919) founded the Société zoologique de France in 1876 (Beolens & Watkins, 2003Beolens, B. & Watkins, M. 2003. Whose bird? Common bird names and the people they commemorate. London, Christopher Helm.).
²¹Jean Moris Édouard Ménétries (1802-1861), a French naturalist, joined the Russian Consul-General Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff (1774-1852) expedition to Brazil, between 1822 and 1825, visiting various localities in the Serra do Mar near Rio de Janeiro, including Nova Friburgo, and subsequently Minas Gerais. In 1826, on Langsdorff’s recommendation Ménétries became Curator of Zoology in St. Petersburg. He did not return to South America (Pacheco, 2004Pacheco, J.F. 2004. Pílulas históricas VI Sabará ou Cuiabá? O problema das localidades de Ménétriès. Atualidades Ornitológicas , 117: 4-5.).
²²Salvin & Godman Collection/The English ornithologists and naturalists Osbert Salvin (1835-1898) and Frederick du Cane Godman (1834-1919) are best known for co-authoring the 52-volume, encyclopaedic Biologia Centrali-Americana (1879-1915); their huge joint collections of Nearctic and Neotropical birds (totalling 52,120 specimens) were eventually donated to what is now NHMUK in 1885 (Sharpe, 1906Sharpe, R.B. 1906. The history of the collections contained in the natural history departments of the British Museum, vol 2. Birds. London, Trustees of the British Museum . https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14168.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... : 366).
²³Coll. Novara/SMS Novara was a frigate that completed an around-the-world voyage during 1857-1859 at the behest of the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph (1832-1867), bringing back large collections for NMW and other museums in Wien; one of the expedition’s first ports of call was Rio de Janeiro, where its members remained almost the entire month of August 1857, during which time they certainly visited Petrópolis, in the Serra dos Órgãos. Some of the material collected during the Novara Expedition was deposited in Trieste, where the circumnavigation terminated in August 1859. A popular account of the expedition was published in English by Scherzer (1861-1863Scherzer, K. 1861-1863. Narrative of the circumnavigation of the globe by the Austrian frigate Novara: undertaken by order of the imperial government, in the years 1857, 1858, & 1859, 3 vols. London, Saunders, Otley & Co.).
²⁴Collezione Biagini/Carlo Biagini (fl. 1830-50).
²⁵Axel Gustaf Gyllenkrok (1783-1865), member of the Swedish aristocracy, collector and philanthropist, whose collections were donated to the Lund museum in 1845 (Löwegren, 1968Löwegren, Y. 1968. Zoologiska museet och institutionen vid Lunds universitet. Ur Lunds universitets historia, del 6. Lund, Gleerups.).
²⁶Gould Collection/John Gould (1804-1881), one of the most famous and most productive ornithologists (and artists) of the 19^th century, never visited South America but published monographs on several New World families, among them hummingbirds (Trochilidae) and toucans (Ramphastidae), and possessed a huge network of contacts with whom he exchanged specimens, e.g., Bonaparte, Swainson, Jardine, Natterer, and many others (Sauer, 1995Sauer, G.C. 1995. John Gould the bird man: associates and subscribers. Mansfield Centre, CT, Maurizio Martino.). This specimen presumably formed part of the balance of his private collection (6,315 skins), which was purchased by British Museum in 1881 (Sharpe, 1906Sharpe, R.B. 1906. The history of the collections contained in the natural history departments of the British Museum, vol 2. Birds. London, Trustees of the British Museum . https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14168.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... : 375).
²⁷Sclater Collection/Philip Lutley Sclater (1829-1913), English lawyer and ornithologist, whose c. 9,000 specimen collection specialised (at least 4,100 specimens) in the Americas (Sclater, 1862) and included material from diverse collectors such as Natterer; it was eventually donated to what is now NHMUK in 1886/Little is known about the London-based natural history dealer James Argent (fl. 1840-60).
²⁸Salvin & Godman Collection. See note 21/John Youds (perhaps fl. 1860-1890?).
²⁹Alexander Fry (1821-1905), born in England, moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1838 to work in his father’s business, where he remained near-constantly until 1854, but even after his return to England he continued to visit Brazil periodically (Burr, 1905Burr, M. 1905. Obituary. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, Second Series, 16(41): 119-120.). Primarily an entomologist, who ultimately bequeathed a huge collection to what is now the Natural History Museum, in London, his interests extended to ornithology, for example providing advice to P.L. Sclater in the latter’s capacity as editor of Ibis (see Series 5, vol. 7 (1899): 436). He presented some 947 birds, nests and eggs to the then British Museum in 1895 (Sharpe, 1906Sharpe, R.B. 1906. The history of the collections contained in the natural history departments of the British Museum, vol 2. Birds. London, Trustees of the British Museum . https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14168.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... : 277, 355).
³⁰Carl Hieronymus Euler (1834-1901), a Swiss ornithologist, born in Basel, who travelled to Rio de Janeiro, in 1853, and married Madeleine Guerrini-Girrard (1822-1904), who owned a large farm near Cantagalo. He became the Swiss Vice-Consul, but studied birds in his spare time, publishing various observations, especially on bird breeding biology, in the Journal für Ornithologie, and also sending specimens to both ZMB and MNRJ (Minvielle, 1981Minvielle, M.E. 1981. Carlos Euler, origens, vida e obras: um engenheiro na “idade de ouro” da Central do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Gráfica do Livro.).
³¹This specimen must have been integrated into the NMBE collection between 1872 and 1880; it is not mentioned in a catalogue completed in 1872, but does appear in that prepared in 1879/1880 (MS pers. obs.).
³²John Edington Warwick (1793-1874), a ‘naturalist’ employed by the Royal Surrey Zoological Gardens in Walworth, London (Grigson, 2016Grigson, C. 2016. Menagerie: The history of exotic animals in England, 1110-1837. Oxford, Oxford University Press.). 13^th Earl of Derby Collection (Mus. Derbianum)/Edward Smith-Stanley, 13^th Earl of Derby (1775-1851), politician and one of the great naturalist accumulators, whose collection was housed at Knowsley Hall, and bequeathed to the nearby city of Liverpool on his death; his specimens, and those of another great accumulator Canon Henry Baker Tristram (1822-1906), formed the nucleus of what is now the bird collection at NML-VZ (Fisher, 1981Fisher, C.T. 1981. Specimens of extinct, endangered or rare birds in the Merseyside County Museums, Liverpool. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, 101(2): 276-285.; Mearns & Mearns, 1998Mearns, B. & Mearns, R. 1998. The bird collectors. London, Academic Press .).
³³See previous note.
³⁴Herrn. Kons. David/Niklaus Heinrich David (1823-1867), General Consul of Switzerland in Rio de Janeiro, between 1856 and 1859 (Fluck, 2004Fluck, M.R. 2004. Basler Missionare in Brasilien: Auswanderung, Erweckung Und Kirchenwerdung Im 19. Jahrhundert. Berlin, Peter Lang Gmbh Verlag.).
³⁵Bought by Johann Natterer (1787-1843), an Austrian naturalist who (financed by the first emperor of Austria, Francis I, 1768-1835) spent 18 years in Brazil (1817-1835), travelling virtually throughout the country, although because Natterer never published an account of his travels and his notebooks and diary were lost in a fire in 1848, many of his innumerable discoveries were only fully detailed by the then-curator of NMW, Pelzeln (1868-1871), more than 40 years later. Natterer spent the remainder of his life in Europe, living in Vienna (Vanzolini, 1996Vanzolini, P.E. 1996. A contribuição zoológica dos primeiros naturalistas viajantes no Brasil. Revista USP, 30: 190-238. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9036.v0i30p190-238.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11606... ).
³⁶Purchased by Johann Natterer (1787-1843)/Johann G.W. Brandt (fl. 1830-1860).
³⁷Jean Carlos Danckwardt (1818-1901), Brazilian captain of Swedish origin residing in Rio de Janeiro. https://www.geni.com/people/Jean-Carlos-Danckwardt/6000000005729662001.
³⁸Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius (1819-1889), a Swede, had a varied career, but was employed as a diplomat in Brazil between 1860 and 1864, as the Chargé d’affaires in the Swedish consulate in Rio de Janeiro (et al.,).
³⁹de Selys Collection/Baron Michel Edmond de Selys-Longchamps (1813-1900), Belgian politician and scientist, was a great expert on Odonata (Wasscher & Dumont, 2013Wasscher, M. & Dumont, H. 2013. Life and work of Michel Edmond de Selys Longchamps (1813-1900), the founder of odonatology. Odonatologica, 42(4): 369-402.), but also assembled a large collection of birds, most of which is now at RBINS (Fraipont, 1910Fraipont, J. 1910. Oiseaux. Bulletin de l’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. Catalogue systématique et descriptif des collections zoologiques du Baron Edmond de Selys Longchamps. Systematische en beschrijvend catalogus van zoölogische collecties van Baron Edmond Selys Longchamps. Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, 31: 2-130.).
⁴⁰Label is in the handwriting of Coenraad Jacob Temminck (1778-1858), Dutch aristocrat, ornithologist and first director of the Leiden museum (Beolens & Watkins, 2003Beolens, B. & Watkins, M. 2003. Whose bird? Common bird names and the people they commemorate. London, Christopher Helm.).
⁴¹Acquired in 1883 from G.A. Frank Jr./Gustav Adolph Frank Jr. (1844-1921), son of the famous Gustav Adolph Frank (1809-1880), an Amsterdam-based dealer in natural history specimens who had worldwide trade connections (et al.,).
⁴²Verreaux, J.; Verreaux, E./Jules Pierre Verreaux (1807-1873); Jean Baptiste Édouard Verreaux (1810-1868). continued the natural history dealership, the Maison Verreaux, founded by their father Jacques Philippe Verreaux, in Paris. Specimens traded by the firm are now widely scattered across the Western world (Mearns & Mearns, 1988Mearns, B. & Mearns, R. 1988. Biographies for birdwatchers. The lives of those commemorated in Western Palearctic bird names. London, Academic Press.; Beolens & Watkins, 2003Beolens, B. & Watkins, M. 2003. Whose bird? Common bird names and the people they commemorate. London, Christopher Helm.).
⁴³Gustav Schneider (1834-1900), German taxidermist and dealer in Basel, Switzerland, as conservator and taxidermist at the Natural History Museum in 1858.
⁴⁴Frank (Francisco) Stephan (fl. 1840-1860)/Anton Fischer (1876-1957) spent his entire life around Augsburg and apparently never travelled abroad, but he acquired specimens, including South American material (e.g., various hummingbirds from Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil), from a variety of contacts; his skins and eggs are scattered across various museums, including SMNS, which has almost 9,900 specimens from his collection (F. Woog in litt., 2022).
⁴⁵Untraced.
⁴⁶Original collector unknown but the specimen was formerly held in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Ohio (CMNH 23974), it came to UMMZ as part of a permanent exchange in 1953 (B. Benz in litt., 2023). We suspect, but cannot prove, that this is the same specimen as that originally in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh (CM P918), which on 12 March 1913 was exchanged with Henry Kelso Coale (1858-1926), an American amateur ornithologist and bird collector with a private collection. There is an older Coale label still attached to the UMMZ specimen (catalog number 16526). He acquired many of the birds in his collection through exchange with foreign collectors. In 1936 the Field Museum of Natural History, in Chicago, acquired a great portion of his specimens.
⁴⁷Nathaniel Constantine Strickland (1792-1886), a cousin of Hugh Edwin Strickland (1811-1853), whose specimens are also largely held at UMZC (Benson, 1999Benson, C.W. 1999. Type specimens of bird skins in the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, United Kingdom. British Ornithologists’ Club Occasional Publications, 4: 1-221.). H.E. Strickland purchased c. 1,200 specimens from his cousin in 1838, but these were originally assembled from dealers in England and Scotland, and ‘captains of merchantmen’ (Salvin, 1882Salvin, O. 1882. A catalogue of the collection of birds formed by the late Hugh Edwin Strickland. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.29379.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... : 13-14). UMZC 27/Cot/4/a/1 seems likely to be one of the two Swainson specimens previously thought to be missing (see footnote 9 to Table 3).
⁴⁸See note 10.
⁴⁹Anatoliy Nikolayevich Demidov [alt. Demidoff] (1812-1870), Russian traveller and patron of the arts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Demidov,_1st_Prince_of_San_Donato.
⁵⁰Ivan Antonovich Kupriyanov [alt. Kuprianow] (1794-1857), Russian naval officer, who participated in two circumnavigations, in 1819-1821 (commanded by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, 1778-1852) and 1822-1825 (under the leadership of Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, 1788-1851). Kupriyanov was briefly in Rio de Janeiro in 1819 and 1823 (Debenham, 1945Debenham, F. (Ed.). 1945. The Voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, 1819-1821. London, Hakluyt Society.; Barratt, 2011Barratt, G. 2011. Russia in Pacific Waters, 1715-1825. A Survey of the Origins of Russia’s Naval Presence in the North and South Pacific. Vancouver, UBC Press.).
⁵¹Ilya Gavrilovich Voznesensky [alt. Wosness] (1816-1871), a Russian explorer and naturalist who collected in the Russian Far East as well as North and South America, and subsequently became a custodian of ZISP; his work in ‘Russian America’ was described by Feklova (2014Feklova, T.Y. 2014. The expedition of Ilya G. Voznesensky to Russian America in 1839-1849 and the formation of the American collections in St. Petersburg academic museums. Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum, 2(2): 55-69. https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2014.2.04.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11590... ), but his travels in South America appear to have received no contemporary attention.
⁵²Friedrich Sellow (1789-1831), German naturalist, who arrived in Brazil (at the invitation of Langsdorff, see note 20) in 1814 and remained there until his death by drowning; he was active around Rio de Janeiro, joining Wied (see note 1) as far as Bahia, and subsequently (until mid 1819) crossing the Serra dos Órgãos from Rio de Janeiro to Minas Gerais, thereafter continuing to São Paulo with another German, the diplomat Ignaz Franz Werner Maria von Olfers (1793-1871) (see Stresemann, 1948Stresemann, E. 1948. Der Naturforscher Friedrich Sellow († 1831) und sein Beitrag zur Kenntnis Brasiliens. Zoologische Jahrbücher Jena Systematik, 77: 401-425.; et al.,; et al.,). His scientific material was sent variously to London, Berlin and Vienna. Sellow’s contributions to botanical knowledge, especially, were discussed by, among others, Urban (1893Urban, I. 1893. Biographische Skizzen. 1. Friedrich Sellow (1789-1831). Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 17: 177-198.) and Krausch (2002Krausch, H.-D. 2002. Friedrich Sello, ein vergessener Pflanzensammler aus Potsdam. Zandera, 17(2): 73-76.).
⁵³Karl Wilhelm Theremin (1784-1852), a German painter, diplomat and businessman spent several years in Brazil, around Rio de Janeiro, between 1817 and at least 1820 (Peixoto, 1989Peixoto, M.E.S. 1989. Pintores alemães no Brasil durante o século XIX. Rio de Janeiro, Pinakotheke.).
⁵⁴Wilhelm Friedrich Georg Behn (1808-1878), a German zoologist, participated in the Danish Galathea circumnavigation (1845-1847), which called at Rio de Janeiro en route home in 1847 (see Pacheco, 1999Pacheco, J.F. 1999. Galleria biographica IV: o Professor Wilhelm Behn (1808-1878) e a ornitologia brasileira. Atualidades Ornitológicas, 92: 6.).
⁵⁵Friedrich Boie (1789-1870), a German naturalist who specialised in entomology and birds; he had contacts with ornithologists elsewhere in Europe including Temminck (see note 39) and Gould (see note 25); see obituary by Möbius (1870Möbius, K. 1870. Friedrich Boie. Nekrolog. Journal für Ornithologie , 18: 231-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02249927.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... ).
⁵⁶Peter Wilhelm Lund (1801-1880), a Danish palaeontologist and zoologist, who spent most of his life in Brazil, initially around Rio de Janeiro between 1825 and 1828, where he collected mainly birds, plants and insects; he returned to the country in 1832, eventually settling at Lagoa Santa, in Minas Gerais (see Sick, 1997Sick, H. 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro, Editora Nova Fronteira.: 53; Krabbe, 2007Krabbe, N. 2007. Birds collected by P.W. Lund and J.T. Reinhardt in south-eastern Brazil between 1825 and 1855, with notes on P.W. Lund’s travels in Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 15(3): 331-357.).

	Collection/specimen	Date	Locality	Age/Sex	Name	Remarks
1	AMNH 5155	None	No locality	U	None	Trade out/misplaced/mislabelled (Jason Sheldon, Curator, 23 Oct 2019)
2	Burmeister collection	1850-1852	Brasilien. Neu-Freiburg	U	Hermann Burmeister	Burmeister (1856Burmeister, H. 1856. Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens: welche während einer Reise durch die Provinzen von Rio de Janeiro und Minas Geraës gesammlt oder beobachtet Wurden, Bd. 3. Berlin, G. Reimer.); at least a second specimen
3	Descourtilz collection	Before 1852	Brasil	U	J.T. Descourtilz¹	Descourtilz (1852Descourtilz, J.T. 1852. Ornithologie Brésilienne, ou histoire des oiseaux du Brésil remarquables par leur plumage, leur chant ou leurs habitudes. Rio de Janeiro, Thomas Reeves.); at least one specimen
4	Gould Collection	Before 1881	South America	M	Gould²	Sclater (1888Sclater, P.L. 1888. Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum. London, Trustees of the British Museum. v. 14.): specimen “e”⁷
5	MNRJ	Before 1876	Brasil	U	None	At least one specimen (Anonymous, 1876Anonymous .1876. Computo geral das collecções zoológicas existentes no Museu Nacional. Archivos do Museu Nacional, 1: 101-132.)
6	MZUF	None	None	U	None	Hume & Walters (2012Hume, J.P. & Walters, M. 2012. Extinct birds. London, T. & A.D. Poyser.); (Fausto Barbagli, Curator, 21 Oct 2019)
7	NLMH 1562	Before 1882	Brasilien	U	Tölsner³	Anonymous (1897Anonymous .1897. Katalog der systematischen Vogelsammlung des Provinzial-Museums in Hannover. Hannover, Wilhelm Riemschneider. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/259199#page/5/mode/1up. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item... ); (Chistiane Schilling, Curator, 4 Oct 2019)
8	Swainson collection	1818	Brazil	M	W. Swainson⁴	Swainson (1841Swainson, W. 1841. A selection of the birds of Brazil and Mexico: the drawings. London, H.G. Bohn. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49941. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... )
9	Swainson collection	1818	Brazil	F	W. Swainson⁴	Swainson (1841Swainson, W. 1841. A selection of the birds of Brazil and Mexico: the drawings. London, H.G. Bohn. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49941. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5962/... )⁸
10	ZIMG	Before 1855	Brasilien	U	None	At least one specimen (Berthold, 1855Berthold, A.A. 1855. Königlishes akademishes Museum. Nachrichten von der Georg-Augusts-Universität und der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, 6: 65-100.)
11	ZMB	Before 1874	Brasilien, Cantagallo	M	Karl Euler⁵	Cabanis (1874Cabanis, J. 1874. Uebersicht der von Herrn Carl Euler im District Cantagallo, Provinz Rio de Janeiro, gesammelten Vögel. Journal für Ornithologie, 22: 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02004174. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... ); destroyed
12	ZMK	None	None	U	None	Hume & Walters (2012Hume, J.P. & Walters, M. 2012. Extinct birds. London, T. & A.D. Poyser.); (Malte Seehausen, Curator, 20 Mar 2023)
13	ZMUC	15 June 1828	[Rosário]	M	P.W. Lund⁶	Lost specimen (Krabbe, 2007Krabbe, N. 2007. Birds collected by P.W. Lund and J.T. Reinhardt in south-eastern Brazil between 1825 and 1855, with notes on P.W. Lund’s travels in Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 15(3): 331-357.)
14	ZMUL R.E. 205	1856	Brasil	U	None	Marie Bournonville, Curator, 1 Feb 2023

¹Jean-Theodore Descourtilz (c. 1796-1855) was a French naturalist, painter and draftsman who lived for about 30 years in Brazil. The only contemporary account of Calyptura cristata is provided by this author (Descourtilz, 1852; Lambert & Kirwan, 2010Lambert, F. & Kirwan, G.M. 2010. The twice-vanishing ‘pardalote’: what future for the Kinglet Calyptura? Neotropical Birding, 6: 4-17.).
²See note 25 (Table 2).
³Karl August Tölsner (1805-1882) was a Swiss doctor who lived in Nova Friburgo and in southern Bahia (Benchimol, 2013Benchimol, J.L. 2013. O Brasil e o mundo germânico na medicina e saúde pública (1850-1918): uma história a voo de pássaro. História, São Paulo, 32(2): 105-138. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-90742013000200007.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... ).
⁴William John Swainson (1789-1855) a British naturalist, travelled to Brazil, between 1816 and 1818, for a total of 18 months, including three months in Rio de Janeiro (Bethell, 2021Bethell, L. 2021. William Swainson: um naturalista britânico no Brasil (1817-1818). Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, 182(487): 103-120. https://doi.org/10.23927/issn.2526-1347.RIHGB.2021(487):103-120.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23927... ). Swainson (1841) provided the first published illustration of Calyptura cristata.
⁵See note 29 (Table 2).
⁶See note 54 (Table 2).
⁷This seems likely to be one of the specimens now held in Oslo (NHMO) which were sent to Norway after the publication of Sclater (1888Sclater, P.L. 1888. Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum. London, Trustees of the British Museum. v. 14.).
⁸One of these specimens is probably UMZC 27/Cot/4/a/1 in Cambridge, UK, especially as the script on what is evidently the oldest label appears to be in Swainson’s hand (based on comparison with labels provided as exemplars by Benson (1999Benson, C.W. 1999. Type specimens of bird skins in the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, United Kingdom. British Ornithologists’ Club Occasional Publications, 4: 1-221.). Furthermore, the annotation “Very rare” is one that Swainson made on some of his other specimens, including types of his from Brazil., e.g., that (UMZC 27/Tyr/28/a/1) of Lepturus ruficeps (a synonym of Fulvous-crowned Scrub-Tyrant Euscarthmus meloryphus).

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