Migration of phthalates and 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene from cellulose food packaging

Coltro, Leda; Saron, Elisabete Segantini; Pessoa, Thiago Ivan; Morandi, Julia; Silva, Bruna Santos

doi:10.1590/0104-1428.02321

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Polímeros 31 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.02321 copy

Migration of phthalates and 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene from cellulose food packaging

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Recycling systems are unable to remove efficiently all potential contaminants acquired along the recycling chain. Therefore, contaminants may potentially exist in recycled food packaging. The safety of recycled cellulose food-contact materials depends on the toxicity and the ability of post-consumer contaminants to be absorbed by recycled fibers released by the packaging and ultimately absorbed by the food. Furthermore, the migration of different contaminants is related to their levels of contamination, structures and chemical affinity with cellulose fibers. In this study, twenty samples of cellulose packages available in the Brazilian market were evaluated regarding migration of phthalates (dibutyl phthalate – DBP, diisobutyl phthalate – DIBP and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate – DEHP) and 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene – DIPN into fatty food simulant using GC-FID. Fifty percent of the cellulose packaging samples showed no migration of DIPN or of any phthalates evaluated, whereas 20% showed migration of DIBP, 15% migration of DBP and 40% migration of DEHP.

Keywords:
cellulose packaging; contaminants; phthalates; migration; recycled fibers

Sample code	Description	Type of packaging/paper	Grammage (g m^-2) ^* * Average ± Standard Deviation relating to 10 specimens.	Thickness (µm) ^ Average ± Standard Deviation relating to 20 measures.
1-p	Paper package of wheat flour A – white, printed	Primary	82 ± 2	84 ± 4
2-p	Paper package of wheat flour B – white, printed	Primary	82 ± 1	92 ± 6
3-p	Paper package of wheat flour C – white, printed	Primary	80 ± 2	96 ± 3
4-p	Paper package of bread	Primary	36 ± 1	60 ± 0
5-p	Paper package of powdered chocolate B	Primary	66 ± 1	84 ± 5
6-p	Paper packaging of cornstarch– white	Primary	56 ± 2	82 ± 2
7-c	Cardboard of powdered chocolate A – printed	Secondary	263 ± 2	425 ± 5
8-c	Cardboard of powdered chocolate B – printed	Secondary	263 ± 10	363 ± 15
9-c	Cornstarch cardboard – printed	Secondary	236 ± 2	330 ± 2
10-c	Cookie cardboard – printed	Secondary	255 ± 3	346 ± 5
11-c	Cardboard package of oatmeal – printed	Secondary	234 ± 3	393 ± 3
12-c	Cardboard package of jelly – produced in 2017	Secondary/20% scrap/ 5%PCR	256 ± 2	n.d.
13-c	Cardboard, white on both sides – produced in Nov. 2016	Secondary	511 ± 19	1379 ± 109
14-c	Cardboard – produced in Apr. 2018	Secondary/30%PCR	277 ± 3	381 ± 7
15-c	Cardboard – produced in Jan. 2019	Secondary/30%PCR	268 ± 1	352 ± 5
16-c	Takeaway pizza box (cardboard)	Primary	272 ± 2	372 ± 1
17-po	Corrugated paperboard of toast – white	Primary	148 ± 4	1599 ± 60
18-po	Takeaway pizza box A (corrugated paperboard)	Primary	533 ± 5	1860 ± 12
19-po	Takeaway pizza box B (corrugated paperboard)	Primary	505 ± 6	2032 ± 20
20-po	Takeaway pizza box C (corrugated paperboard)	Primary	412 ± 13	2720 ± 170

Parameter¹	DIPN	DIBP	DBP	DEHP
Working range (mg kg^-1) ^ Taking into account a concentration factor of 25 times, which corresponds to a range of 0.04 – 1.6 mg kg-1 in the sample.	1 – 40	1 – 40	1 – 40	1 – 40
LOD (mg kg^-1)	0.007	0.005	0.005	0.006
LOQ (mg kg^-1)	0.022	0.014	0.016	0.018
Accuracy (%)	-8.5 to 2.9	-7.3 to 3.5	-9.0 to 3.7	-11.4 to 4.0
Intraday repeatability (%)	0.1 to 1.3	0.1 to 1.6	0.0 to 1.2	0.0 to 4.0
Intermediate precision (%)	0.8 to 9.3	0.5 to 8.7	0.8 à 9.1	0.7 to 8.3
Recovery (%)	91.5 to 102.9	92.7 to 103.5	91.0 to 103.7	88.6 to 104.0

Sample code	DIPN	DIBP	DBP	DEHP
1-p	n.d.¹ 1 n.d. = non detected (< LOD = Limit of detection: 0.007 mg kg-1 (DIPN), 0.005 mg kg-1 (DIBP and DBP) and 0.006 mg kg-1 (DEHP);	n.d.	n.d.	0.036 ± 0.001
2-p	n.d.	< 0.014² 2 LOQ: Limit of quantification;	n.d.	< 0.018²
3-p	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	< 0.018²
4-p	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
5-p	n.d.	< 0.014²	< 0.016²	< 0.018²
6-p	n.d.	n.d.	0.021 ± 0.010	0.033 ± 0.007
7-c	n.d.	< 0.014²	n.d.	0.040 ± 0.002
8-c	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.038 ± 0.001
9-c	n.d.	< 0.014²	< 0.016²	< 0.018²
10-c	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	< 0.018²
11-c	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	< 0.018²
12-c	n.d.	0.200 ± 0.050	< 0.016²	< 0.018²
13-c	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
14-c	n.d.	< 0.014²	< 0.016²	0.058 ± 0.005
15-c	n.d.	0.018 ± 0.001	< 0.016²	< 0.018²
16-c	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
17-po	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.035 ± 0.006
18-po	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
19-po³ 3 Contact conditions: 50ºC/15 min + 20ºC/30 min; BBP migration was also detected;	n.d.	0.043 ± 0.015	0.023 ± 0.003	0.082 ± 0.029
20-po³	< 0.022²	0.171 ± 0.004	0.048 ± 0.001	0.289 ± 0.041
8-c⁴	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.035 ± 0.001
10-c⁴ 4 Including printed surface;	n.d.	0.019 ± 0.003	n.d.	0.024 ± 0.001
11-c⁴	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.019 ± 0.002
SML⁵ 5 Specific migration limits established in Resolution RDC No. 88/16;	Non detectable	0.3⁶ 6 The sum of the specific migration of these phthalates shall not exceed 0.3 mg kg-1.	0.3⁶	1.5

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