Executive Functions in Children with ADHD and/or Reading Difficulty

Pereira, Estephane Enadir Lucena Duarte; Minervino, Carla Alexandra da Silva Moita; Cruz, Lara Fechine Piquet da; Roama-Alves, Rauni Jandé; Andrade, Josemberg Moura

doi:10.1590/0102.3772e3623

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Behavioral Sciences • Psic.: Teor. e Pesq. 36 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e3623 copy

Executive Functions in Children with ADHD and/or Reading Difficulty

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare the Executive Functions performance (EFs: inhibitory control, auditory and visuospatial working memory, cognitive flexibility and verbal fluency) between children with ADHD, reading difficulties (RD), comorbidity ADHD/RD and without complaints of ADHD and RD (WRD). Participated 104 children, of both sexes, aged between eight and 11 years old. The results indicated worse performance of ADHD/RD group in the majority EFs. ADHD presented better performance than DL in semantic verbal fluency. The WRD obtained better scores than the ADHD / DL and DL in practically all the evaluated EFs, but did not differ of ADHD.

Keywords
executive control; attention deficit; reading

Variável	ADHD with no Reading Difficulty		ADHD with Reading Difficulty		Reading Difficulty		Control Group - with no Reading Difficulty and no ADHD
	f	%	f	%	f	%	f	%
Sex
Female	02	19	04	27	23	52	25	75
Male	09	81	11	73	22	48	08	25
TOTAL	11	100	15	100	45	100	33	100
Age
8	03	27	05	33	10	22	05	15
9	03	27	05	33	20	44	13	39
10	03	27	04	27	12	26	14	42
11	02	19	01	07	03	08	01	04
TOTAL	11	100	15	100	45	100	33	100
School Year
3^rd grade	02	19	08	53	14	32	07	22
4^th grade	05	45	06	40	16	35	10	30
5^th grade	04	36	01	07	15	33	16	48
TOTAL	11	100	15	100	45	100	33	100
Family Income
Until 1 minimum-salary	00	00	02	13	02	04	00	00
Between 1 and 3 minimum-salaries	01	09	10	66	41	92	33	100
Between 3 and 5 minimum-salaries	01	09	01	07	01	02	00	00
Between 5 and 10 minimum-salaries	06	55	01	07	01	02	00	00
Between 10 and 20 minimum-salaries	03	27	01	07	00	00	00	00
TOTAL	11	100	15	100	45	100	33	100

	Groups
	DL		ADHD/DL		ADHD		SDL
Tests	M	DP	M	DP	M	DP	M	DP
TT-B	10.3	3.9	8.1	2.4	12.2	3.9	12.7	4.3
Digits	11.6	2.3	10.6	1.8	12.2	1.7	13.3	2.6
BC	4.4	2.3	3.3	1.8	5	2.1	4.8	1.7
FDT	39.8	20.9	65.1	26.9	43.2	16.9	36.4	13.1
TFV-F	12.4	5.8	9.4	4.6	18.4	8.3	16.6	6.8
TFV-S	21.4	5.3	23.7	5.8	29.6	8.9	25.6	7.02

Tests	Groups	Comparative Group	U	p	r
Test of Trails - B	SDL	ADHD	217.5	0.33	0.14
		ADHD/DL	93	0.001	-0.49
		DL	997	0.05	0.29
	ADHD	ADHD/DL	23	0.001	-0.61
	ADHD	DL	197	0.295	-0.13
	ADHD/DL	DL	190	0.05	-0.31
Digits	SDL	ADHD	241.5	0.10	0.24
		ADHD/DL	89	0.001	-0.51
		DL	1015	0.05	0.31
	ADHD	ADHD/DL	49.5	0.08	-0.34
	ADHD	DL	213	0.472	-0.09
	ADHD/DL	DL	247	0.148	-0.18
Blocks of Corsi	SDL	ADHD	164	0.919	0.01
		ADHD/DL	126.5	0.05	-0.37
		DL	799.5	0.409	0.09
	ADHD	ADHD/DL	41.5	0.06	-0.36
	ADHD	DL	202.5	0.622	-0.06
	ADHD/DL	DL	238	0.109	-0.20
Five-digit test	SDL	ADHD	123.5	0.23	-0.18
		ADHD/DL	403	0.001	0.50
		DL	708.5	0.731	-0.03
	ADHD	ADHD/DL	109.5	0.05	0.37
	ADHD	DL	194	0.499	-0.09
	ADHD/DL	DL	149.5	0.001	-0.40
Verbal fluency test (Phonological)	SDL	ADHD	155.5	0.78	-0.04
		ADHD/DL	94.5	0.001	-0.49
		DL	1001	0.05	0.29
	ADHD	ADHD/DL	16	0.001	-0.64
	ADHD	DL	138	0.057	-0.25
	ADHD/DL	DL	208.5	0.05	-0.27
Verbal fluency test (Semantics)	SDL	ADHD	125.5	0.26	-0.17
		ADHD/DL	209.5	0.39	-0.12
		DL	1014	0.05	0.31
	ADHD	ADHD/DL	48	0.144	-0.29
	ADHD	DL	102	0.05	0.35
	ADHD/DL	DL	253.5	0.185	-0.17

Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 - Brasília - DF - Brazil, Tel./Fax: (061) 274-6455 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
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