Potentialities and Barriers of Online Psychotherapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review

Ferracioli, Natália Gallo Mendes; Oliveira-Cardoso, Érika Arantes de; Oliveira, Wanderlei Abadio de; Santos, Manoel Antônio dos

doi:10.1590/0102.3772e39410.en

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Clinical Psychology and Culture • Psic.: Teor. e Pesq. 39 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e39410.en copy

Potentialities and Barriers of Online Psychotherapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The pandemic of COVID-19 demanded unprecedented efforts from psychologists to adapt to technology-mediated care. This study aimed to analyze the scientific production concerning the perception of Brazilian psychologists on online psychotherapy during the pandemic through a scoping review. We consulted four databases, while the reviewed corpus comprehended 29 studies. Psychologists identified both benefits and barriers in the transition to online psychotherapy practice, but the perception that the sparing use of this resource is valid and beneficial predominated. There is a strong perception that information and communication technologies will definitely integrate the repertoire of resources used by psychotherapists, as another relevant alternative, posing the need for further studies.

Keywords:
covid-19; pandemics; psychotherapy; social isolation; mental health

Authors and year	Publishing	Methodological design	Population and Sample	Objective
Almeida, 2020Almeida, M. M. (2020). Pandemia e trabalho psicanalítico, do presencial ao remoto: Contato com a vida dos estados primitivos da mente em contexto de viralização de angústias [Pandemic and psychoanalytic work, from face-to-face to remote: Contact with primitive states of mind in the context of spread of anxieties]. Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise, 54(3), 65-80. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0486-641X2020000300007&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...	Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise.	Theoretical	-	Reflect on the psychoanalytic clinic and its possible plasticity from new modalities of care beyond the physical face-to-face.
Almeida et al., 2020Almeida, W. R., Balsani, A. S., Vicente, F. R., & Grossi, F. R. S. (2020). O compromisso social da psicologia e a pandemia: Reflexões sobre possibilidades na formação/atuação [The social commitment of psychology and the pandemic: Reflections on possibilities in training/action]. Revista Sociedade e Ambiente, 1(2), 141-157. https://revistasociedadeeambiente.com/index.php/dt/article/view/18 https://revistasociedadeeambiente.com/in...	Revista Sociedade e Cultura,3(1/2), 97-109.	Theoretical	-	To analyze the role of Psychology in the face of the pandemic situation from the perspective of training and professional performance.
Alves et al., 2020Alves, M. R. T., Amaral, M. P., Bastos, C. A. O. L., Britto, R. G., Camodego, G. S., Ducharme, D. F. C., El Mann, A. M. S., Moraes, D. N., Moraes, P. L. N., Silva, D. M., & Silva, M. P. (2020). IGT na pandemia da COVID-19: Apoio psicológico on-line em grupos abertos [IGT in the COVID-19 pandemic: Online psychologic support in open groups]. IGT na Rede, 17(32), 78-100. http://igt.psc.br/ojs3/index.php/ IGTnaRede/article/view/602 http://igt.psc.br/ojs3/index.php/ IGTnaR...	IGT na Rede	Case report	-	Present the project “IGT com Você,” (IGT with you) developed by the Institute of Gestalt-Therapy and Family Care during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Archangelo et al., 2020Archangelo, A., Campanaro, C. R., & Villela, F. C. B. (2020). Chronos, Kairós e a temporalidade da pandemia: Confronto entre deuses e possibilidade de reinvenção do setting [Chronos, Kairos and the temporality of the pandemic: Confrontation between gods and the possibility of the re-invention of setting]. Jornal de Psicanálise, 53(98), 27-40. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-58352020000100003&lng=pt&tlng=pt http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...	Jornal de Psicanálise	Theoretical	-	Problematize how the pandemic represents a cut in the temporality of today's society and discuss how analytical setting has been impacted.
Bittencourt et al., 2020Bittencourt, H. B., Rodrigues, C. C., Santos, G. L., Silva, J. B., Quadros, L. G., Mallmann, L. S., Bratkowski, P. S., & Fedrizzi, R. I. (2020). Psicoterapia on-line: Uma revisão de literatura [Online psychotherapy: A literature review]. Diaphora, 9(1), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.29327/217869.9.2-6 https://doi.org/10.29327/217869.9.2-6...	Diaphora	Review	-	Conduct a narrative review of the literature to understand the conceptual foundations involved in the online therapeutic process.
Evangelista and Cardoso, 2021Evangelista, P. E. R. A., & Cardoso, C. L. (2021). Aconselhamento psicológico fenomenológico-existencial online como possibilidade de atenção psicológica durante a pandemia de COVID-19 [Online existential-phenomenological psychological counseling as an option of psychological attention during the COVID-19 pandemic]. Perspectivas em Psicologia, 24(2), 129-153. https://doi.org/10.14393/PPv24n2a2020-58492 https://doi.org/10.14393/PPv24n2a2020-58...	Perspectivas em Psicologia	Review	-	Reflect on how to provide psychological attention in online psychological counseling services in the context of the pandemic.
Fioroni et al., 2021Fioroni, L. N., Sousa, R. S., Pedrini, C., Rienzo, I. R., Casarotto, M., Chaguri, M. G. T., & Rodrigues, S. M. (2021). Aprendendo a cuidar na pandemia por COVID-19: Experiência com grupo on-line em saúde mental [Learning how to care in COVID-19 outbreak: Mental health’s on-line group experience]. Cadernos da Pedagogia, 15(31), 174-185. http://www.cadernosdapedagogia.ufscar.br/index.php/cp/article/view/1537 http://www.cadernosdapedagogia.ufscar.br...	Cadernos da Pedagogia	Case report	-	Present the analysis of an experience of assistance to the student population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Fleury, 2020Fleury, H. J. (2020). Psicodrama e as especificidades da psicoterapia on-line [Psychodrama and the specifics of online psychotherapy]. Revista Brasileira de Psicodrama, 28(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.15329/2318-0498.20203 https://doi.org/10.15329/2318-0498.20203...	Revista Brasileira de Psicodrama	Editorial	-	Collect information about the specifics of online psychotherapy.
Fossati, 2020Fossati, I. G. (2020). Sobre o método psicanalítico em tempos de COVID-19 e atendimentos remotos [Regarding the psychoanalytical method in COVID-19 times and remote assessment]. Diaphora, 9(2), 20-26. https://doi.org/10.29327/217869.9.3-4 https://doi.org/10.29327/217869.9.3-4...	Diaphora	Review	-	To address possible difficulties faced by psychoanalysts regarding the applicability of the psychoanalytic method in the pandemic period of uncertainty.
Henderson et al., 2020Henderson, G. F., Silva, J. C. B., & Coe, R. P. S. (2020). Análise à distância: Reflexões sobre alguns (im)passes do analista [Distance analysis: Considerations on some (im)possibilities for the analyst]. Reverso, 42(80), 31-38. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-73952020000200004&lng=pt&tlng=pt http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...	Reverso	Theoretical	-	Discuss the challenges of the psychoanalytic clinic at a distance, seeking to understand its limits and possibilities of (re)invention for the analyst.
Khouri, 2020Khouri, M. (2020). Desejo de mundo [World desire]. Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise, 54(3), 209-224. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0486-641X2020000300016 http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...	Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise.	Theoretical	-	Discuss how the times of crisis caused by the new coronavirus have put psychoanalysts to the test, evidencing challenges and efficacy/potency.
Oliveira and Pena, 2020Oliveira, W. A., Silva, J. L., Andrade, A. L. M., Micheli, D., Fernández, J. E. R., Dellazzana-Zanon, L. L., Silva, M. A. I., & Santos, M. A. (2020). Adolescence in times of pandemic: Integrating consensus into a concept map.Estudos de Psicologia,25(2), 133-143.https://doi.org/10.22491/1678-4669.20200014 https://doi.org/10.22491/1678-4669.20200...	Polêm!ca.	Theoretical	-	Discuss the possibility of establishing the transference in the online format.
Oliveira and Santos, 2020Santos, M. A., Oliveira, W. A., & Oliveira-Cardoso, É. A. (2020). Inconfidências de abril: Impacto do isolamento social na comunidade trans em tempos de pandemia de COVID-19 [April inconfidences: The impact of social isolation on the Brazilian transgender community in times of the COVID-19 pandemic]. Psicologia & Sociedade, 32, e020018. http://doi.org/10.1590/1807-0310/2020v32240339 ttp://doi.org/10.1590/1807-0310/2020v322...	Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise.	Case report	-	Report intervention experience in the initial relationships of early childhood, implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the light of psychoanalysis.
Pinto et al., 2021Pinto, A. Jr, Paula, M. S. M., & Zampieri, T. C. R. C. (2021). Caracterização e demanda de um serviço de atendimento psicológico on-line no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 [Characterization and demand of an on-line psychological service in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic]. Psicologia e Saúde em Debate, 7(1), 94-106. https://doi.org/10.22289/2446-922X.V7N1A7 https://doi.org/10.22289/2446-922X.V7N1A...	Psicologia e Saúde em Debate	Case report	145 patients	Describe the experience and results of an online psychological care service aimed at the general population and health professionals.
Pontes, 2021Pontes, M. F. (2021). A presentificação no tempo e espaço da clínica psicológica online: Relato de experiência [The presentification in time and space of the online psychological clinic: Experience report]. PSI UNISC, 5(1), 158-166. https://doi.org/10.17058/psiunisc.v5i1.15751 https://doi.org/10.17058/psiunisc.v5i1.1...	PSI UNISC	Theoretical	-	Point and discuss concerns experienced by the author and the questions raised in psychotherapeutic practice during the quarantine period.
Ribeiro, 2020Ribeiro, M. F. R. (2020). Os dias têm uma diferença que ainda busca palavra: Uma experiência de cesura [The days have a difference that still seek words. An experience of caesura]. Ide, 42(69), 95-101. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_ arttext&pid =S0101-31062020000100010&lng=en&tlng=pt http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...	Ide	Case report	-	Present a narrative construction (psychoanalytic chronicle) of the author's personal experience during the pandemic and online care.
Rodrigues, 2020Rodrigues, C. L. (2020). Estratégias de atuação de psicólogos clínicos no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 [Strategies of clinical psychologists to act in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic] [Undergraduate monograph, Centro Universitário de Brasília]. https://repositorio.uniceub.br/jspui/handle/prefix/14708 https://repositorio.uniceub.br/jspui/han...	Monograph	Qualitative	Three psychologists	Understand perceptions, feelings, and strategies of action adopted by Brazilian clinical psychologists in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Romano, 2020Romano, A. Q. T.. (2020) Do espaço virtual ao espaço potencial [From virtual space to potential space]. Revista do CEPdePA, 27, 37-53. https://cepdepa.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/6-Alice-Queiroz-Telmo-Romano-Do-espaco-virtual-ao-espaco-potencial.pdf https://cepdepa.com.br/wp-content/upload...	Revista do CEPdePA	Theoretical	-	Investigate the observed and/or expected changes in the setting in the new modality of remote care.
Santana et al., 2020Santana, S. R., Girard, C. D. T., Costa, L. C. A., Girard, C. M. T., & Costa, D. J. E. (2020). Os desafios dos serviços psicológicos mediados pelas TIC no contexto da pandemia do coronavírus 2019-2020 [The challenges of psychological services online in 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic context]. Folha de Rosto, 6(1), 59-71. https://doi.org/10.46902/2020n1p59-71 https://doi.org/10.46902/2020n1p59-71 ...	Folha de Rosto	Qualitative, document analysis	-	Critically reflect on the role of technology in psychological care mediated by ICTs in the context of the pandemic.
Schmidt et al., 2020Schmidt, B., Silva, I. M., Pieta, M. A. M., Crepaldi, M. A., & Wagner, A. (2020). Terapia on-line com casais e famílias: Prática e formação na pandemia de Covid-19 [Online therapy with couples and families: Practice and training in the Covid-19 pandemic]. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 40, e243001. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3703003243001 https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-37030032430...	Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão	Review	-	Systematize knowledge about the experience of online psychotherapy experienced by couples and families, weaving considerations for clinical practice and professional training in the context of the pandemic.
Silva et al., 2020Silva, A. C. N., Sales, E. M., Dutra, A. F., Carnot, L. R., & Barbosa, A. J. G. (2020). Telepsicologia para famílias durante a pandemia de COVID-19: Uma experiência com telepsicoterapia e telepsicoeducação [Telepsychology for families during the COVID-19 pandemic: An experience with telepsychotherapy and telepsychoeducation]. HU Revista, 46, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.34019/1982-8047. 2020.v46.31143 https://doi.org/10.34019/1982-8047. 2020...	HU Revista	Case report	-	Report an ongoing experience of telepsychology with families, using telepsychotherapy and telepsychoeducation.
Silva and Ramos, 2020Silva, F. A., & Ramos, N. W. L. (2020). O profissional de psicologia clínica e seus ajustes na pandemia da COVID-19 [The clinical psychology professional and his adjustments in the COVID-19 pandemic]. IGT na Rede, 17(32), 16-32. http://igt.psc.br/ojs3/index.php/IGTnaRede/article/view/598 http://igt.psc.br/ojs3/index.php/IGTnaRe...	IGT na Rede	Case report	-	To analyze the perception and elaboration of professional doing in times of pandemic from the experience of the authors.
Susemihl, 2020Susemihl, E. V. K. P. (2020). Notas sobre a clínica à distância, Klein, contratransferência e identificação projetiva [Notes on remote consulting, Klein, countertransference and projective identification]. Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise, 54(3), 49-63. http://pepsic. bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0486-641X2020000300006 http://pepsic. bvsalud.org/scielo.php?sc...	Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise.	Case report	-	Reflect on the psychoanalytic process that is established in the online modality.
Unikowski, 2020Unikowski, D. R. (2020). Em busca de desejo: Formação psicanalítica na pandemia [In search of desire: Psychoanalytic training during the pandemic]. Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise, 54(3), 39-48. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0486-641X2020000300005 http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...	Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise.	Case report	-	Describe and reflect on the implications of the pandemic in psychoanalytic formation.
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Vidal and Cardoso, 2020Vidal, G. P., & Cardoso, A. S. (2020). Dramatização on-line: Psicoterapia da relação e psicodrama interno no psicodrama contemporâneo [Online role play: Relationship psychotherapy and internal psychodrama in contemporary psychodrama]. Revista Brasileira de Psicodrama, 28(2), 131-141. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php? script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-53932020000200004&lng=pt&tlng=pt http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php? sc...	Revista Brasileira de Psicodrama	Case study	-	To analyze the possibilities of application of online psychodrama through the psychotherapy method of the relationship and the technique of internal psychodrama.
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Zeferino, 2020Zeferino, J. M. M. (2020). Decorrências da ausência de encontro presencial na psicoterapia mediada por TICs, durante a pandemia da Covid-19, percebidas por psicólogas e psicólogos clínicos [Consequences of the absence of face-to-face meetings in ICT-mediated psychotherapy during the Covid-19 pandemic, perceived by psychologists and clinical psychologists] [Undergraduate monograph, Ânima Educação]. https://repositorio.animaeducacao.com.br/handle/ANIMA/16606 https://repositorio.animaeducacao.com.br...	Monograph	Quantitative	111 psychologists	To evaluate the results of the absence of face-to-face encounters in ICT-mediated psychotherapy, perceived by clinical psychologists during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Zerbinatti, 2020Zerbinatti, B. P. (2020). Ritmo e cansaço em sessões presenciais e não presenciais [Rhythm and tiredness in face to face and remote sessions]. Jornal de Psicanálise, 53(98), 41-50. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-58352020000100004&lng=pt&tlng=pt http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...	Jornal de Psicanálise	Theoretical	-	Reflect on the difference in rhythm between the face-to-face and non-face-to-face sessions and its possible relationship with tiredness at the end of virtual sessions.

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