Advantages of Using HJ-Biplot Analysis in Executive Functions Studies

Ruiz, Natalia Cadavid; Egido, Jaime; Galindo-Villardón, Purificación; Del-Río, Pablo

doi:10.1590/0102.3772e3426

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Ciências do Comportamento • Psic.: Teor. e Pesq. 34 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e3426 copy

Advantages of Using HJ-Biplot Analysis in Executive Functions Studies

Vantagens do Uso da Análise HJ-Biplot em Estudos de Funções Executivas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Executive functions (EFs) are considered a multiple system of processing, associated with different components, such as inhibition, working memory, planning, among others. The study of EFs requires the assessment of all its components, having in mind the socio-demographic and cognitive characteristics of the target population. Nowadays, analysis of variance is used to achieve this goal; nevertheless, HJ-Biplot analysis overcome its limitations by allowing simultaneous examination of multiple data, such as those generated in EFs studies. This study evaluates possible differences in the EFs of 80 8-year-old Colombian children by their sex, socio-economic status and type of school they attend, to exemplify the advantages of using HJ-Biplot analysis in neuropsychological studies.

Keywords
Executive functions; cognitive ability; children; assessment; methodology

Author or Research Group	EFs Classification
Anderson, Anderson, Northam, Jacobs & Catroppa (2001Anderson, V. A., Anderson, P., Northam, E., Jacobs, R., & Catroppa, C. (2001). Development of executive functions through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20(1), 385-406. doi: 10.1207/S15326942DN2001_5 https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326942DN2001_... )	Attentional control - Selective attention and sustained attention
	Cognitive flexibility - Working memory, attentional shift, self-monitoring and conceptual transfer
	Goal setting - Initiating, plannin g, problem solving, and strategic behavior
Ardestani et al. (2016Ardestani, A., Shen, W., Darvas, F., Toga, A. W., & Fuster, J. M. (2016). Modulation of frontoparietal neurovascular dynamics in working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 28(3), 379-401. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00903. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00903.... ); Fuster, (2015Fuster, J. M. (2015). Overview of prefrontal functions: E Pluribus Unum - Coordinating new sequences of purposeful action. In The Prefrontal Cortex (5th. ed.), 375-425. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407815-4.00008-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407815... )	Working memory - Temporally retrospective function
	Interference control - Inhibition
	Anticipatory set - Prospective function
Barkley (2001Barkley, R. A. (2001). The executive functions and self-regulation: An evolutionary neuropsychological perspective. Neuropsychology Review, 11(1), 1-29. )	Nonverbal working memory and Verbal working memory
	Self-regulation of affect/motivation/arousal - Covert self-directed emotion
	Reconstitution - Covert self-directed play
Biederman et al. (2004Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Doyle, A. E., Seidman, L. J., Wilens, T. E., Ferrero, F., ... Faraone, S. V. (2004). Impact of executive function deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on academic outcomes in children. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 757-766. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.757 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.7... )	Attention
	Reasoning
	Planning
	Inhibition and interference control
	Working memory and Set shifting
Barraso-Catanzaro & Eslinger, 2016Barrasso-Catanzaro, C. & Eslinger, P. J. (2016). Neurobiological bases of executive function and social-emotional development: Typical and atypical brain changes. Family Relations, 65, 108-119. doi:10.1111/fare.12175 https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12175...	Working memory
	Anticipation - Prediction, self-monitoring, error and correction-monitoring
	Active control of regulation and Metacognitive strategy
	Feedback
Espy et al. (2004Espy, K. A., McDiarmid, M. M., Cwik, M. F., Stalets, M. M., Hamby, A., & Stern, T. E. (2004). The contribution of executive functions to emergent mathematic skills in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26(1), 465-486.)	Working memory
	Mental flexibility
	Inhibitory control
Friedman & Miyake (2017Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2017). Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex, 1-19. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04... )	Response inhibition and Interference control
	Working memory updating and Set shifting
García-Barrera et al. (2013García-Barrera, M. A., Karr, J. E., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2013). Longitudinal applications of a behavioral screener of executive functioning: Assessing factorial invariance and exploring latent growth. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1300-1313. Doi: 10.1037/a0034046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034046.... )	Problem solving
	Attentional control
	Behavioral control
	Emotional control
Klenberg, Korkman, & Lahti-Nuuttila (2001Klenberg, L., Korkman, M., & Lahti-Nuuttila, P. (2001). Differential development of attention and executive functions in 3- to 12-year-old Finnish children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20(1), 407-428. doi: 10.1207/S15326942DN2001_6 https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326942DN2001_... )	Inhibition of irrelevant impulses and responses
	Planning and Goal selection
	Monitoring and regulation of activity
	Evaluation of the results of activity
Lee, Bull & Ho (2013Lee, K., Bull, R. & Ho, R. M. H. (2013). Developmental changes in executive functioning. Child Development, 84(6), 1933-1953. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12096 https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12096... )	Working memory and Switch efficiency
	Inhibition
Lezak (1995Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.)	Planning
	Purposive action and Volition
	Effective performance

Subtests’ Names (Battery - Maximum Score)	Associated Executive Ability
Vocabulary (WISC-IV - 68)	Verbal fluency, verbal conceptualization
Digit Span (WISC-IV - 32) Letter-Number Sequencing (WISC-IV - 30)	Working memory
Similarities (WISC-IV - 44)	Analysis and synthesis Categorization and conceptualization
Block Design (WISC-IV - 68)	Planning, motor coordination and perceptual organization
Matrix Reasoning (WISC-IV - 35)	Abstract reasoning Non-verbal analysis and synthesis
Funciones Motoras de las Manos (Hand Motor Functions) (DNI - 42)	Dynamic and sequential organization of hand movement
Praxias Orales y Regulación Verbal del Acto Motor (Oral Praxias and Verbal Regulation) (DNI - 32)	Motor discrimination and control Inhibition and self-regulation
Orientación Espacial y Operaciones Intelectuales en el Espacio (Spatial Orientation) (DNI - 24)	Planning and spatial working memory

Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 - Brasília - DF - Brazil, Tel./Fax: (061) 274-6455 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: revistaptp@gmail.com

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[1] *E-mail: ncadavid@javerianacali.edu.co