(Wilkinson et al., 2019*Wilkinson, T.J., Nixon, D. G. D., & Smith, A. C. (2019). Postural stability during standing and its association with physical and cognitive functions in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. International Urology and Nephrology. 51(8):1407-1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-019-02192-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-019-021...
) |
To investigate postural stability in a group of patients with CKF who do not require RRT. |
n= 30 |
Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA) |
Postural stability is associated with worse physical and cognitive functioning. |
(Wei et al., 2019*Wei, H., Li, H., Song, X., Du, X., Cai, Y., Li, C., Dong, L., & Dong, J. (2019). Serum klotho: a potential predictor of cerebrovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrology, 20(1):63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1232-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-123...
) |
To determine the relationship between serum klotho and cerebrovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. |
n= 88 |
Neuropsychological battery |
The serum level of klotho is a potential predictor of cerebrovascular disease. |
(Chiu et al., 2019*Chiu, Y-L., Tsai, H-H., Lai, Y-J., Tseng, H-Y., Wu, Y-W., Peng, Y-S., Chiu, C-H., & Chuang, Y-F. (2019). Cognitive impairment in patients with end-stage renal disease: Accelerated brain aging? Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 118(5):867-875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.01.011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.01...
) |
To investigate whether general cognitive function and brain changes are compatible with an accelerated aging phenotype and whether they can inform possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. |
EG= 56 CG= 60 |
(MMSE) |
HD patients show an accelerated brain aging phenotype, even after taking into account the effects of age, diabetes, and depression. |
(Erken et al., 2019*Erken, E., Altunoren, O., Senel, M. E., Tuncel, D., Yilmaz T., Ganidagli, S. E., Demircioglu, D., & Gungor, O. (2019). Impaired cognition in hemodialysis patients: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and important clues for testing. Clinical Nephrology, 91(5):275-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/CN109506.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/CN109506...
) |
Assess relatively young HD patients with fewer comorbidities and identify clues for early detection of cognitive impairment with the help of cognitive subscale scores. |
EG= 103 CG= 37 |
(MoCA) |
Cognitive impairment was more common in HD patients compared with pre-dialysis CKF patients. |
(Shaker et al., 2018*Shaker, A. M., Mohamed, O.M., Mohamed, M.F.,& Ei-Khashaba, S.O. (2018). Impact of correction of anemia in end-stage renal disease patients on cerebral circulation and cognitive functions. Saudi Journal of Kidney Disease and Transplantation, 29(6):1333-1341. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.248306.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.248306...
) |
To evaluate the effect of anemia correction on cerebral blood flow concerning cognitive functions. |
EG= 120 CG= 60 |
(MMSE) |
As anemia improved, cognitive functions improved. |
(Findlay et al., 2018*Findlay, M. D., Dawson, J., Dickie, D. A., Forbes, K. P., McGlynn, D., Quinn, T.,& Mark, P. B. (2018). Investigating the Relationship between Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognitive Function in Hemodialysis Patients. Saudi Journal of Kidney Disease and Transplantation, 29(6):1333-1341. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2018050462.
https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2018050462...
) |
To explore whether HD is associated with changes in cerebral blood flow and to determine whether these changes are related to intradialytic cognitive dysfunction. |
n= 97 |
Neuropsychological battery |
HD patients experience a transient decline in cerebral blood flow, correlating with cognitive dysfunction. |
(Abdulan et al., 2019*Abdulan, I. M., Onofriescu, M., Stefaniu,R., Mastaleru,A., Mocanu, V., Alexa, I. D. & Covic, A.(2019). The predictive value of malnutrition for functional and cognitive status in elderly hemodialysis patients. International Urology and Nephrology.51(1): 155-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-018-2000-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-018-200...
) |
To describe the prevalence of malnutrition and cognitive impairment. |
n= 81 |
(MMSE) |
The study confirms the important correlation between malnutrition and cognitive impairment. |
(Otobe et al., 2019*Otobe, Y., Hiraki, K., Hotta, C., Nishizawa, H., Izawa, K. P., Taki, Y., Imai, N., Sakurada, T., & Yugo Shibagaki (2019). Mild cognitive impairment in older adults with pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease: Prevalence and association with physical function. Nephrology, 24(1):50-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.13173.
https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.13173...
) |
To evaluate the prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and the relationship with physical function in elderly people with pre-dialysis CKF. |
n= 120 |
(MoCA) |
The association between MCI and reduced gait speed supports the possible interaction between physical and cognitive functions and the need for early screening. |
(Adame Perez et al., 2018*Adame Perez, P. S. I., Senior, P.A., Field, C.J., Jindal, K., & Mager, D.R. (2018). Frailty, Health-Related Quality of Life, Cognition, Depression, Vitamin D and Health-Care Utilization in an Ambulatory Adult Population With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 43(2):90-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.06.001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.06...
) |
To compare differences in body composition, quality of life, mental health, and cognitive and vitamin D status with the use of health services by frail and non-frail adults with diabetes mellitus and CKF. |
n = 41 |
(MMSE) |
All participants had MMSE scores indicative of normality. |
(Stringuetta et al., 2018*Stringuetta Belik, F., Oliveira e Silva, V. R., Braga, G. P., Bazan, R., Perez Vogt, B., Costa, T. C. J., Barretti, P., de Souza Gonçalves, R., Fortes, V. B. P., Hueb, J. C., Martin, L. C., & Silva Franco, R. J. (2018). Influence of Intradialytic Aerobic Training in Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognitive Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Nephron, 140(1):9-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000490005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000490005...
) |
To evaluate the effects of intradialytic aerobic training (IAT) on cerebral blood flow and cognitive impairment in HD. |
CG= 15 EG= 15 controlled and randomized |
(MMSE) |
IAT improves cognitive impairment and cerebral blood flow. |
(Coppolino et al., 2018*Coppolino, G., Bolignano, D., Gareri,P., Ruberto,C., Andreucci, M., Ruotolo,G., Rocca,M.,&Castagna, A. (2018). Kidney function and cognitive decline in frail elderly: two faces of the same coin? International Urology and Nephrology. 50(8): 1505-1510.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-018-1900-3.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-018-190...
) |
Assess functional impairment, general and cognitive health, and the possible relationship between these types of dysfunctions and the severity of renal impairment. |
n= 271 |
(MMSE) |
The severity of renal dysfunction is correlated with that of cognitive impairment. |
(Polinder-bos et al., 2018*Polinder-Bos, H. A., García, D. V., Kuipers, J, Elting, J. W. J., Aries, M. J. H., Krijnen, W.P., Groen, H., Willemsen, A. T. M., van Laar, P. J., Strijkert, F., Luurtsema, G., Slart, R. H. J. A., Westerhuis, R., Ganservoort, R. T., Gaillard, C. A. J. M., & Franssen, C. F. M. (2018). Hemodialysis Induces an Acute Decline in Cerebral Blood Flow in Elderly Patients. Journals of the American Society of Nephrology, 29(4):1317-1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017101088.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017101088...
) |
To evaluate the acute effect of conventional HD on cerebral blood flow (CBF). |
n= 12 |
Neuropsychological assessment battery |
No correlation was found between cognitive function and structural markers of brain injuries. |
(Henry et al., 2018*Henry, S. L., Jamner, L.D., Choi, S. E., & Pahl, M.V. (2018). The effect of the interdialytic interval on cognitive function in patients on haemodialysis. Jornal of Renal Care, 44(1):44-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12231.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12231...
) |
To examine the relationship between the duration of the interdialytic interval and reports of cognitive dysfunction. |
n= 26 |
(MMSE) |
Cognitive impairment appears to worsen soon after HD treatment and improves during the intradialytic interval. |
(Prelevic et al,. 2018*Prelevic, V., Radunovic, D., Antunovic, T., Ratkovic, M., Gligorovic-Bahranovic, N., Gledovic, B., Vujosevic, S., Nedovic-Vukovic, M., & Basic-Jukic, N. (2018). Increased Serum Level of IGF-1 Correlates With Better Cognitive Status in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Therapeutic Apheresis Dialysis, 22(2):118-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.12610.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.1261...
) |
To analyze risk factors for the decline in cognitive function in these patients. |
n= 93 |
(MMSE) |
IGF-1 can be considered a biomarker of cognitive functioning. |
(Neumann et al., 2018*Neumann, D., Mau, W., Wienke, A.,& Girndt, M. (2018). Peritoneal dialysis is associated with better cognitive function than hemodialysis over a one-year course. Kidney International. 93(2):430-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2017.07.022.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2017.07...
) |
To compare, in one year, the cognitive function of peritoneal patients to HD patients. |
n= 271 |
Trail Making Test-B and d2-Revision-Test |
Peritoneal dialysis is associated with better cognitive function for one year compared with HD. |
(Gesualdo et al., 2017*Gesualdo, G. D., Duarte, J. G., Zazzetta, M. S., Kusumota, L., Say, K. G., Pavarini, S. C. I., & Orlandi, F.S. (2017). Cognitive impairment of patients with chronic renal disease on hemodialysis and its relationship with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Dementia e Neuropsychologia, 11(3):221-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-030003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642016d...
) |
To assess the cognitive capacity of patients with CKF on HD and its relationship with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. |
n= 99 |
Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination |
Older individuals and those with longer HD had greater cognitive impairment. |
(Chao et al., 2017*Chao, C. T., Lai, H. J., Tsai, H. B., Yang, S.Y.,& Huang, J.W. (2017). Frail phenotype is associated with distinct quantitative electroencephalographic findings among end-stage renal disease patients: an observational study. BMC Geriatrics, 17(1):277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0673-3.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-067...
) |
To examine the differences in cortical activities of patients with CKF, based on their levels of frailty, and to explore the clinical implications. |
n= 36 |
Electroencephalographic data |
Frailty may have more subtle neurophysiological influences in addition to cognitive dysfunction. |
(Neumann et al., 2017*Neumann, D., Robinski, M., Mau, W.,& Girndt, M. (2017). Cognitive Testing in Patients with CKD: The Problem of Missing Cases. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,12(3):391-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03670316.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03670316...
) |
To assess the reliability of the literature on standard CT in the population of patients with CKF. |
n= 767 |
Trail Making Test-B and the German d2-Revision Test |
Results on cognitive functioning may be biased. Non-visual and non-verbal cognitive testing can be a valuable resource. |
(Kurella Tamura et al., 2017*Kurella Tamura, M., Vittinghoff, E., Hsu, C., Tam, C., Seliger, S. L., Sozio, S., Fischer, M., Chen, J., Lustigova, E., Strauss, L., Deo, R., Go, A. S., & Yaffe, K. (2017). Loss of executive function after dialysis initiation in adults with chronic kidney disease. Kidney International, 91(4):948-953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.11.015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.11...
) |
To assess the trajectory of cognitive function in a contemporary cohort of adults with advanced CKF before and after dialysis initiation. |
n= 212 |
The battery of tests as z scores. |
Initiation of dialysis was associated with loss of executive function, with no change in other aspects of cognition. |
(Malik et al., 2017*Malik, J., Kudlicka, J., Lachmanova, J., Valerianova, A., Rocinova, K., Bartkova, M., Tesar, V. (2017). Tissue ischemia worsens during hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease patients. The Journal of Vascular Access, 18(1):47-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000630.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000630...
) |
To describe the oxygenation values of the brain and hands in patients with CKF and their changes during HD. |
EG= 27 CG= 17 |
Regional oxygen saturation |
Tissue ischemia worsens after initiation of HD. This observation may contribute to the understanding of the etiology of the cognitive deficit. |
(Foster et al., 2016*Foster, R., Walker, S., Brar, R., Hiebert, B., Komenda, P., Rigatto, C., Storsley, L., Prasada, B., Bohm, C., & Tangri, N. (2016). Cognitive Impairment in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: The Canadian Frailty Observation and Interventions Trial. American Journal of Nephrology, 44(6):473-480. https://doi.org/10.1159/000450837.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000450837...
) |
To assess cognitive impairment in advanced chronic kidney disease. |
n= 385 |
(MoCA) |
The rate of impairment is high and global, affecting all aspects of cognition, and is likely vascular in nature. |
(Kurella Tamura et al., 2016*Kurella Tamura, M., Yaffe, K., Hsu, C. Y., Yang, J., Sozio, S., Fischer, M., Sozio, S., Fischer, M., Chen, J., Ojo, A., DeLuca, J., Xie, D., Vittinghoff, E., Go, A. S., & Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study Investigators(2016). Cognitive Impairment and Progression of CKD. American Journal of Kidney Disease, 68:77-83. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.026
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.0...
) |
Identify and validate uremic metabolites associated with cognitive impairment using two cohorts of patients on maintenance dialysis. |
n= 180 |
Trail Making Test Part B and the Digit Symbol Substitution. |
Four metabolites related to the metabolism of phenylalanine, benzoate, and glutamate can be used as markers. |
(Tasmoc et al., 2016*Tasmoc, A., Donciu, M. D., Veisa, G., Nistor, I,& Covic, A. (2016). Increased arterial stiffness predicts cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis International, 20(3):463-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12406...
) |
To assess the relationship between arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment in a cohort of HD patients. |
n= 72 |
(MMSE) |
Cognitive impairment was associated with pulse wave velocity. More evidence is needed to support arterial stiffness as a long-term predictor of cognitive decline. |
(Dixon et al., 2016*Dixon, B. S., VanBuren, J. M., Rodrigue, J. R., Lockridge, R. S., Lindsay, R., Chan, C., Rocco, M. V., Oleson, J. J., Beglinger, L., Duff, K., Paulsen, J. S., Stolkes, J. B.,& Stokes, J. B. (2016). Cognitive changes associated with switching to frequent nocturnal hemodialysis or renal transplantation. BMC Nephrology, 17(1):12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-016-0223-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-016-022...
) |
Longitudinal follow-up of the effect on cognitive performance of changing the dialysis treatment modality from conventional hemodialysis to nocturnal hemodialysis. |
n= 77 |
Neuropsychological tests |
Cognitive performance remained stable, except for an improvement in psychomotor processing speed and a decline in verbal fluency. |
(Murray et al., 2016*Murray, A. M., Bell, E. J., Tupper, D. E., Davey, C. S., Pederson, S. L., Amiot, E. M., Miley, K. M., McPherson, L., Heubner, B. M., Gilbertoson, D. T., Foley, R. N., Drawz, P. E., Slinin, Y., Rossom, R. C., Lakshminarayan, K., Vemuri, P., Jack, C. R., & Knopman, D. S. (2016). The Brain in Kidney Disease (BRINK) Cohort Study: Design and Baseline Cognitive Function. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 67(4):593-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.11.008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.11...
) |
To identify mechanisms that contribute to the increased risk of cognitive impairment in patients with CKF. |
n= 554 |
(MMSE) |
Cognitive function was significantly worse in participants with eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. |
(Mcadams-Demarco et al., 2015*Mcadams-Demarco, M. A., Tan, J., Salter, M. L., Gross, A., Meoni, L. A, Jaar, B. G., Kao, W-H. L., Parekh, R. S., Segev, D. L., & Sozio, S. M. (2015). Frailty and Cognitive Function in Incident Hemodialysis Patients. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.10(12): 2181-2189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01960215.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01960215...
) |
To verify whether frailty may also be associated with impaired cognitive function in adults of all ages undergoing HD. |
n= 324 |
Trail Making Testing A and B |
In adult HD patients, frailty is associated with worse cognitive function. |
(Anwar et al., 2015*Anwar, W., Ezzat, H.,& Mohab, A. (2015). Comparative study of impact of hemodialysis and renal transplantation on cognitive functions in ESRD patients. Nephrology, 35(6):567-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nefro.2015.07.004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nefro.2015.0...
) |
To compare the impact of hemodialysis and kidney transplantation on cognitive functions in patients with CKF. |
n= 100 |
(MMSE) |
Kidney transplantation is superior to HD in terms of improving cognitive performance. |
(Kitaguchi et al., 2015*Kitaguchi, N., Hasegawa, M., Ito, S., Kawaguchi, K., Hiki, Y., Nakai, S., Suziki, N., Shimano, Y., Ishida, O., Kushimoto, H., Kato, M., Koide, S., Kanayama, K., Kato, T., Ito, K, Takahashi, H., Mutoh, T, Sugiyama, S., & Yuzawa, Y. (2015). A prospective study on blood Aβ levels and the cognitive function of patients with hemodialysis: a potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, 122(11):1593-1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-015-1431-3.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-015-143...
) |
Evaluate plasma Aβ levels and cognitive function longitudinally. |
n= 30 |
(MMSE) |
HD removes Aβ from the blood, may alter Aβ influx, and help maintain cognitive function. |
(Chen et al., 2015Chen, J. H., Zhang, L. J.,& Lu, G. M. (2015). Multimodality MRI Findings in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. BioMed Research International, 2015:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/697402
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/697402...
) |
To investigate the effect of hemodialysis (HD) on cognitive dysfunction in patients with CKF. |
G1= 58 in HD G2= 26 with CFK without HD G3= 32 healthy. |
The battery of neuropsychological tests |
HD can cause an adverse effect on cognitive function in patients. |
(Schneider et al., 2015Schneider, S. M., Malecki, A. K., Müller, K., Schönfeld, R., Girndt, M., Mohr, P., Hiss, M., Kielstein, H., Jäger, K., & Kielstein, J. T. (2015). Effect of a single dialysis session on cognitive function in CKD5D patients: a prospective clinical study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 30(9):1551-1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfv213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfv213...
) |
Assess cognitive function using a generalized test battery and avoid exclusionary effects of circadian variations. |
n= 28 |
The battery of neuropsychological tests |
Improvements in memory functions, executive functions, and psychomotor skills after a single session. |
(Romijn et al., 2015*Romijn, M. D., Van Marum, R. J., Emmelot-Vonk, M. H., Verhaar, H. J.,& Koek, H. L. (2015). Mild chronic kidney disease is associated with cognitive function in patients presenting at a memory clinic. Interantional Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(7):758-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4226...
) |
To investigate the relationship between renal function and cognition in patients from a memory clinic. |
n= 581 |
(MMSE) |
Association between mild CKF and impaired cognitive function. |
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