Learned helplessness is a learning deficit produced by the previous experience with uncontrollable aversive stimuli. The present paper aims at carrying out a critical review of studies on animal learned helplessness. Conceptual and methodological questions related to learned helplessness are considered, along with its theoretical interpretation. We analyze both the historical evolution of studies on learned helplessness and some controversial experimental results obtained during four decades of research. The relationship between learned helplessness and clinical depression is also discussed, with emphasis on the necessity for a rigorous methodological and conceptual analysis.
learned helplessness; experimental depression; aversive control; animal model of depression