Does osteosarcopenia shorten life?Osteosarcopenia is defined as the simultaneous occurrence of osteoporosis and sarcopenia. The incidence is highest in older adults, and the condition is characterized by low bone mineral density with an increased risk of fractures, along with a reduction in muscle mass that leads to a decline in muscle strength and power, which, in turn, increases the risk of falls and disability. Osteosarcopenia leads to chronic pain, hospitalization, and a reduction in quality of life, as well as an increased risk of mortality1.
Binkley and Buehring first defined this condition in 2009 for older patients with both osteoporosis and sarcopenia and warned of the risks of falls, disability, and fractures2.
The prevalence of osteosarcopenia varies among countries and geographical regions and depends on factors such as age, sex, and diagnostic criteria. However, the global rate among older people ranges from 5 to 40%3.
The identification of risk factors is fundamental to the prevention and treatment of osteosarcopenia. The risk is fivefold higher in women compared to men due to the decline in estradiol that occurs with menopause. Moreover, fat infiltration in muscles and bones causes the secretion of a hormone associated with proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1, leading to the apoptosis of myocytes and osteocytes4.
This clinical condition involves the loss of muscle strength and impaired balance, which can lead to frequent falls and fractures, and may also be associated with cognitive decline5. The diagnosis is based on a detailed medical history complemented with strength tests and the sit-to-stand test, as well as exams such as bioimpedance, ultrasound, quantitative computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and the determination of bone mineral density6.
Non-pharmacological treatment involves resistance exercises for 20 min two to three times a week and nutritional support. Pharmacological treatment involves medication for chronic pain and high doses of vitamin D, along with calcium, antiresorptive agents, and the replacement of all deficient vitamins.
It is extremely important for healthcare providers—especially clinicians who treat patients with chronic pain—to be attentive to this diagnosis and initiate early treatment to avoid the occurrence of serious complications, including death. The author recommends that this serious condition be included in the curricula of undergraduate courses in medicine as well as graduate programs in the health sciences.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
REFERENCES
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» https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12567 -
2 Binkley N, Buehring B. Beyond FRAX: it's time to consider "sarco-osteopenia". J Clin Densitom. 2009;12(4):413-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2009.06.004
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3 Chen S, Xu X, Gong H, Chen R, Guan L, Yan X, et al. Global epidemiological features and impact of osteosarcopenia: a comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024;15(1):8-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13392
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5 Inoue T, Shimizu A, Satake S, Matsui Y, Ueshima J, Murotani K, et al. Association between osteosarcopenia and cognitive frailty in older outpatients visiting a frailty clinic. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2022;98:104530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2021.104530
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2021.104530 -
6 Zanker J, Duque G. Osteoporosis in older persons: old and new players. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(4):831-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15716
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Scientifıc Editor:
Roseli Nomura https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6471-2125
