| Roy and Ganguly88 Roy DN, Ganguly SK. Linguatulid infection in man. Ind Med Gaz. 1940;75(8):478.
|
1940 |
Female with coughing, sneezing, pain over the region of the frontal sinuses and discharge of white motile worms |
Domestic dog |
No treatment |
India |
| Unat and Sahin99 Unat EK, Sahin V. Linguatula serrata sur felerile husule gelen bir infestasiyon hastaligi dolaysile. Istanbul: Universitesi tip Facultesi Mecmuasi; 1950. p.362-9.
|
1950 |
Female with sneezing, coughing, severe itching in the throat and nasal discharge of motile organisms |
Improperly cooked ovine mesenteric lymph nodes |
No treatment |
Turkey |
| Watson and Kerim1010 Watson JM, Kerim RA. Observations on forms of parasitic pharyngitis known as halzoun in the Middle East. J Trop Med Hyg. 1956;59(7):147-54.
|
1956 |
23 cases with pharyngeal irritation (Halzoun attack) |
Raw sheep or goat liver |
– |
Lebanon |
| Papadakis and Hourmouziadis1111 Papadakis AM, Hourmouziadis AN. Human infestation with Linguatula serrata: report of a case. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1958;52(5):454-5.
|
1958 |
29-year-old female with acute attack of cough and sneezing, with much rhino-pharyngeal secretion, and allergic symptoms. Worm-like pieces were expelled several times with the secretions from the rhino-pharyngeal cavities |
– |
No treatment |
Greece |
| Le Corroller and Pierre1212 Le Corroller Y, Pierre JL. On a case of human linguatulosis in Morocco. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1959;52:730-3.
|
1959 |
A case with nasopharyngeal linguatulosis |
– |
– |
Morocco |
| Schacher et al.11 Schacher JF, Khalil GM, Salman S. A field study of halzoun (parasitic pharyngitis) In Lebanon. J Trop Med Hyg. 1965;68(9):226-30.
|
1965 |
26 patients with pain in the throat, severe itching in the external auditory canals, pain in the ears, tinnitus, paroxysmal coughing, hoarseness, dyspnoea, paroxysmal sneezing, lachrymation, coryza, haemoptysis, epistaxis, submandibular oedema, and temporary hearing loss |
Raw goat liver |
No treatment (One patient needed oxygen) |
Lebanon |
| Schacher et al.66 Schacher JF, Saab S, Germanos R, Boustany N. The aetiology of halzoun in Lebanon: recovery of Linguatula serrata nymphs from two patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1969;63(6):854-8.
|
1969 |
17-year-old female with itching and tingling in the throat, dyspnoea, coughing, sneezing and discharging white worms from the nasals and the mouth
29-year-old male with a foreign body sensation in the mouth, coughing, hoarseness, dyspnoea and discharge of a white organism from the mouth |
Raw liver or lymph nodes of domestic herbivores |
No treatment |
Lebanon |
| Buslau et al.1313 Buslau M, Kühne U, Marsch WC. Dermatological signs of nasopharyngeal linguatulosis (halzoun, Marrara syndrome): the possible role of major basic protein. Dermatologica. 1990;181(4):327-9.
|
1990 |
37-year-old German tourist with coughing, hoarseness, dysphagia, anosmia, frontal headache, epistaxis and a papular non-itching exanthema |
Improperly cooked meat |
No treatment |
Tunisia |
| El-Hassan et al.1414 el-Hassan AM, Eltoum IA, el-Asha BM. The Marrara syndrome: isolation of Linguatula serrata nymphs from a patient and the viscera of goats. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991;85(2):309.
|
1991 |
28-year-old female with itching of the nose, palate and throat, running from the nose and eyes, and dysphonia |
Raw goat liver |
No treatment |
Sudan |
| Yagi et al.1515 Yagi H, el Bahari S, Mohamed HA, Ahmed el-R S, Mustafa B, Mahmoud M, et al. The Marrara syndrome: a hypersensitivity reaction of the upper respiratory tract and buccopharyngeal mucosa to nymphs of Linguatula serrata. Acta Trop. 1996;62(3):127-34.
|
1996 |
24 patients who presented with dyspnoea, sneezing, coughing, dysphagia, dysphonia, facial oedema, headache, fever, vomiting, itching in the throat and nose, unilateral conductive deafness, tinnitus and facial palsy |
Raw viscera of goats or sheep |
Antihistamines Antibiotics |
Sudan |
| Morsy et al.1616 Morsy TA, El-Sharkawy IM, Lashin AH. Human nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis (Pentasomida) caused by Linguatula serrata. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1999;29(3):787-90.
|
1999 |
20-year-old male with fever, urticaria (face and neck), coughing, vomiting and passage of worm-like structures in his nasal discharge and vomitus |
– |
Symptomatic treatment Praziquantel (1 dose) |
Egypt |
| Maleky1717 Maleky F. A case report of Linguatula serrata in human throat from Tehran, central Iran. Indian J Med Sci. 2001;55(8):439-41.
|
2001 |
28-year-old female with pharyngeal symptoms |
– |
Removal |
Iran |
| Siavashi et al.1818 Siavashi MR, Assmar M, Vatankhah A. Nasopharyngeal pentastomiasis (Halzoun): report of 3 cases. Iran J Mol Sci. 2002;27:191-2.
|
2002 |
A 27-year-old male and two females aged 23 and 43 years with discomfort and a prickling sensation deep in throat which extended to the ears, coughing, sneezing, yellow nasal discharge, dyspnoea, dysphagia and frontal headache |
Undercooked sheep liver |
Forceps removal of worms from larynx, nose and gums |
Iran |
| Yilmaz et al.1919 Yilmaz H, Cengiz ZT, Çiçek M, Dülger AC. A nasopharyngeal human infestation caused by Linguatula serrata nymphs in Van province: a case report. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2011;35(1):47-9.
|
2011 |
26-year-old female with expectoration of few worms about 4 cm long from the oral cavity, sore throat, partial voice loss, pharyngeal pain, coughing, sneezing and vomiting |
– |
No treatment Gargling with saline solution |
Turkey |
| Hamid et al.2020 Hamid T, Hossein YD, Mehran BB, Masood FS, Hamid E. A case report of Linguatula serrata infestation from rural area of Isfahan city, Iran. Adv Biomed Res. 2012;1:42.
|
2012 |
A 34-year-old mother and her 12-year-old daughter with discomfort and pricking sensation in throat with expansion to the ears, coughing, sneezing, yellow nasal and ear discharges were appeared, epigastric pains, movement of something in their nose and ears, and discharge of several organisms through coughing and sneezing |
Raw goat liver |
No treatment |
Iran |
| Khalil et al.77 Khalil G, Haddad C, Otrock ZK, Jaber F, Farra A. Halzoun, an allergic pharyngitis syndrome in Lebanon: the trematode Dicrocoelium dendriticum as an additional cause. Acta Trop. 2013;125(1):115-8.
|
2013 |
32 patients with moderate to severe pharyngitis, itchiness of throat and nose, nasal congestion and discharge and lacrimation |
Raw/undercooked ovine (sheep or goat) liver ingestion |
Methylprednisolone (40-80 mg intramuscular or intravenous) injections |
Lebanon |
| Yazdani et al.2121 Yazdani R, Sharifi I, Bamorovat M, Mohammadi MA. Human linguatulosis caused by Linguatula serrata in the city of Kerman, South-eastern Iran: case report. Iran J Parasitol. 2014;9(2):282-5.
|
2014 |
32-year-old woman with burning sensation and itching of the nasopharyngeal region and throat, sneezing, coughing and respiratory discharges |
Raw sheep liver |
Cetirizine and Flixonase aqueous nasal spray Saline solution (nasal wash) |
Iran |
