The " Pontal do Paranapanema" is the most recently deforested region of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The effects of forest fragmentation on the population genetic structure of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. were evaluated by genotyping with six microsatellite loci at least 30 adult and 30 sapling individuals of three populations in " Pontal do Paranapanema" . The sampling areas comprised two fragments located in the rural settlements Tucano (800 ha) and Madre Cristina (300 ha); and one population located in a continuous forest, the " Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo" (35,000 ha). High levels of genetic diversity were detected in saplings and adults, gene diversity (He) ranged from 0.718 to 0.835 and average number of alleles per locus (Â) ranged from 8.67 to 11.83, showing that the fragmentation has not caused loss of alleles yet. The high estimated fixation indexes (from 0.183 to 0.387) are due to null alleles in some loci and the occurrence of inbreeding within populations. Genetic divergence was low among adults (R ST = 0.035) but increased among saplings (R ST = 0.075). As expected, forest fragmentation has caused a decrease in gene flow among the populations, especially between the most distant fragment (Tucano - about 8 km from the " Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo" ). An alternative to promote gene flow among forest fragments of " Pontal do Paranapanema" would be the settle of agroforests, which would act as stepping-stones, favouring pollen and seed dispersion among fragments.
Atlantic forest; forest fragmentation; gene flow; genetic diversity; microsatellites
