Overweight and obesity and associated factors in adults in a poor urban area of Northeastern Brazil

Melo, Silvia Pereira da Silva de Carvalho; Cesse, Eduarda Ângela Pessoa; Lira, Pedro Israel Cabral de; Ferreira, Lisianny Camilla Cocri do Nascimento; Rissin, Anete; Batista Filho, Malaquias

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Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. bras. epidemiol. 23 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200036 copy

Overweight and obesity and associated factors in adults in a poor urban area of Northeastern Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Introduction:

The changes that occurred in the health/disease process, especially in the field of nutrition, corroborate the replacement of nutritional deficiencies with the pandemic emergency of overweight (overweight/obesity).

Objective:

To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with overweight in adults living in a poor urban area in Recife, Northeast Brazil.

Methods:

This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 644 adults aged 20-59 years. Possible associations of overweight with demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and morbidity factors were analyzed through Poisson Regression, considering as statistically significant those with p < 0.05.

Results:

The prevalence of overweight was 70.3%, being lower in the age range of 20-29 years, greater in the range of 30-39 years and stabilizing in the others. In the final multivariate model, it was observed that the age group, economic class, diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure were directly associated with overweight, while bean consumption showed an inverse association. The high prevalence of overweight found indicates that poor communities are already included in the nutritional transition process that is in course in country.

Conclusion:

The significant result of overweight found at this poor urban area imposes the need to include this problem as a public health priority in these communities.

Keywords:
Overweight; Obesity; Adult; Poverty

Variables	Sample		Excess weight		Crude PR	p
Variables	n = 644	%	n	%	(95%CI)	p
Demographic
Sex	44					0.120
Male	220	34.2	146	66.4	1.0
Female	424	65.8	307	72.4	1.04 (0.99 - 1.08)
Age group (years)
20-29	127	19.7	68	53.5	1.0	< 0.001
30-39	177	27.5	134	75.7	1.14 (1.07 - 1.22)
40-49	172	26.7	128	74.4	1.14 (1.06 - 1.22)
50-59	168	26.1	123	73.2	1.13 (1.06 - 1.21)
Socioeconomic
Economic class
D/E (1 MW)	227	35.2	144	63.4	1.0	< 0.001
C1/C2 (1,5-2 MW)	380	59.0	275	72.4	1.06 (1.01 - 1.10)
B1/ B2 (3,5-7 MW)	37	5.8	34	91.9	1.17 (1.10 - 1.25)
Schooling*
Illiterate/incomplete elementary school	132	20.8	89	67.4	1.0	0.828
Complete elementary school/incomplete primary school	139	22.0	101	72.7	1.03 (0.97 - 1.10)
Complete primary school/incomplete secondary school	133	21.0	93	69.9	1.01 (0.95 - 1.08)
Complete secondary school/complete higher education/incomplete higher education	229	36.2	161	70.3	1.02 (0.96 - 1.08)
Race/ethnicity*
Brown and others	443	69.1	301	67.9	1.0	0.053
White	119	18.6	86	72.3	1.03 (0.97 - 1.08)
Black	79	12.3	63	79.7	1.07 (1.01 - 1.13)
Occupation*
Sporadic work^a	115	17.9	76	66.1	1.0	0.192
Not working^b	83	12.9	66	79.5	1.20 (1.01 - 1.43)
Unemployed^c	110	17.1	74	67.3	1.02 (0.85 - 1.22)
Social Benefits^d	32	5.0	23	71.9	1.09 (0.84 - 1.40)
Employee/Self-employed	302	47.0	212	70.2	1.06 (0.91 - 1.23)
Housing
Wall
Brick/masonry	531	82.5	374	70.4	1.0	0.913
Others	113	17.5	79	69.9	1.00 (0.94 - 1.06)	0.913
Number of rooms
> 4	327	50.1	239	73.1	1.0	0.122
≤ 4	317	49.2	214	67.5	0.97 (0.93 - 1.01)	0.122
Basic sanitation
Garbage disposal
Public collection	580	90.1	409	70.5	1.0	0.773
Others	64	9.9	44	68.8	0.99 (0.92 - 1.06)	0.773
Waste disposal
General network	316	49.1	219	69.3	1.0	0.572
Others	328	50.9	234	71.3	1.01 (0.97 - 1.06)	0.572
Water supply*
General network	601	93.5	427	71.0	1.0	0.152
Others	42	6.5	25	59.5	0.93(0.85 - 1.03)	0.152

Variables	Sample		Excess weight		Crude PR	p
Variables	n = 644	%	n	%	95%CI	p
Behavioral
Beans
5-7 times	436	67.7	295	67.7	1.0	0.079
3-4 times	106	16.5	81	76.4	1.06 (1.00 - 1.11)
1-2 times or never	102	15.8	77	75.5	1.05 (0.99 - 1.11)
Vegetables and legumes
5-7 times	276	42.9	199	72.1	1.0	0.458
3-4 times	119	18.5	86	72.3	1.00 (0.95 - 1.06)
1-2 times or never	249	38.7	168	67.5	0.97 (0.93 - 1.02)
Fruit
5-7 times	200	31.1	142	71.0	1.0	0.387
3-4 times	147	22.8	109	74.1	1.02 (0.96 - 1.08)
1-2 times or never	297	46.1	202	68.0	0.98 (0.94 - 1.03)
Soft drink or artificial juice
1-2 times or never	360	55.9	260	72.2	1.0	0.320
3-4 times	82	12.7	52	63.4	0.95 (0.89 - 1.02)
5-7 times	202	31.4	141	69.8	0.99 (0.94 - 1.03)
Meats with excess fat
No	440	68.3	301	68.4	1.0	0.104
Yes	204	31.7	152	74.5	1.04 (0.99 - 1.08)	0.104
Physical activity
Sufficiently active	506	78.5	355	70.2	1.0	0.844
Insufficiently active	138	21.4	98	71.0	1.01 (0.96 - 1.06)	0.844
Morbidities
Diabetes mellitus*
No	395	79.5	271	68.6	1.0	0.003
Yes	102	20.5	90	88.2	1.10(1.03 - 1.17)	0.003
High blood pressure*
No	401	62.3	222	62.8	1.0	< 0.001
Yes	230	37.7	193	83.9	1.13(1.09 - 1.17)	< 0.001

Variables	Adjusted PR	95%CI	p
Age group (years)
20-29	1.0	1.0	0.018
30-39	1.27	1.04 - 1.52
40-49	1.23	1.01 - 1.49
50-59	1.07	0.87 - 1.31
Economic class
D/E (1 MW)	1.0	1.0	< 0.001
C1/C2 (1.5-2 MW)	1.17	1.04 - 1.33
B1/B2 (3.5-7 MW)	1.40	1.20 - 1.64
Weekly bean consumption
5-7 times	1.0	1.0	0.001
3-4 times	1.13	0.98 - 1.30
1-2 times or never	1.23	1.10 - 1.38
Diabetes mellitus
No	1.0	1.0	< 0.001
Yes	1.20	1.09 - 1.32	< 0.001
High blood pressure
No	1.0	1.0	< 0.001
Yes	1.25	1.12 - 1.39	< 0.001

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[1] Corresponding author: Silvia Pereira da Silva de Carvalho Melo. Campus da UFPE, Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil. E-mail: silviaps2008@gmail.com