Violence Against LGB+ people in Brazil: analysis of the 2019 National Survey of Health

Vasconcelos, Nádia Machado de; Alves, Francielle Thalita Almeida; Andrade, Gisele Nepomuceno de; Pinto, Isabella Vitral; Soares Filho, Adauto Martins; Pereira, Cimar Azeredo; Malta, Deborah Carvalho

doi:10.1590/1980-549720230005.supl.1

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Brasil

Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia

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Original Article • Rev. bras. Epidemiol. 26 (Suppl 1) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720230005.supl.1 copy

Violence Against LGB+ people in Brazil: analysis of the 2019 National Survey of Health

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To analyze the association between self-reported sexual orientation and violence in the Brazilian population.

Methods:

This cross-sectional epidemiological study used the 2019 National Survey of Health database. Total violence and its subtypes (psychological, physical, and sexual) were analyzed in the previous 12 months. Prevalence and odds ratio adjusted for age group were estimated, with their respective 95% confidence intervals, according to the self-reported sexual orientation of the Brazilian population aged 18 years and older. Statistical significance was set at 5%.

Results:

Most of the Brazilian population self-identified as heterosexual (94.75%) and 1.89% as LGB+. This percentage was lower than that of respondents who refused to answer the question (2.28%). The prevalence of violence in the general population of Brazil was 18.27%, and the most common subtype was psychological violence (17.36%). The LGB+ population was more than twice as likely to experience any type of violence. LGB+ women had the highest prevalence in all violence subtypes, and heterosexual men had the lowest. LGB+ women were over three times more likely to experience physical violence compared to heterosexual ones. Meanwhile, the probability of LGB+ men experiencing sexual violence was almost eight times higher than in heterosexual men.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of violence against the LGB+ population was high in the country. Public policies aimed at this population are necessary to fight discrimination against sexual diversity and ensure the rights of non-heterosexual people.

Keywords:
Sexual and gender minorities; Sexism; Gender-based violence; Health surveys

Sexual orientation	Distribution (95%CI)
Sexual orientation	Total	Men	Women
Heterosexual	94.75 (94.46–95.03)	94.70 (94.25–95.12)	94.80 (94.43–95.16)
LGB+	1.89 (1.73–2.07)	1.93 (1.69–2.20)	1.86 (1.64–2.11)
Bisexual	0.68 (0.58–0.80)	0.50 (0.38–0.66)	0.84 (0.69–1.03)
Homosexual	1.15 (1.03–1.29)	1.40 (1.21–1.62)	0.93 (0.79–1.11)
Other orientations	0.06 (0.03–0.08)	0.03 (0.01–0.05)	0.09 (0.05–0.14)
Does not know	1.08 (0.95–1.23)	1.08 (0.89–1.32)	1.08 (0.92–1.26)
Refused to answer	2.28 (2.08–2.48)	2.29 (2.00–2.62)	2.26 (2.02–2.52)
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00

		Prevalence and adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
		Total		Male		Female
		Prevalence (95%CI)	Odds Ratio^* * odds ratio adjusted for age group; bold values — p<0.05; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. (95%CI)	Prevalence (95%CI)	Odds Ratio^* * odds ratio adjusted for age group; bold values — p<0.05; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. (95%CI)	Prevalence (95%CI)	Odds Ratio^* * odds ratio adjusted for age group; bold values — p<0.05; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. (95%CI)
Total violence
Total		18.27 (17.74–18.81)	–	17.01 (16.28–17.77)	–	19.38 (18.70–20.08)	–
Sexual orientation
	Heterosexual	17.61 (17.08–18.16)	1.00 (–)	16.35 (15.62–17.11)	1.00 (–)	18.73 (18.04–19.43)	1.00 (–)
	LGB+	41.63 (37.14–46.27)	2.52 (2.08–3.07)	40.67 (34.46–47.19)	2.69 (2.05–3.53)	42.51 (36.26–49.01)	2.40 (1.83–3.14)
	Does not know	29.27 (24.10–35.03)	1.64 (1.27–2.13)	25.46 (18.23–34.37)	1.42 (0.93–2.16)	32.62 (25.80–40.26)	1.84 (1.33–2.54)
	Refused to answer	20.96 (17.60–24.77)	1.16 (0.94–1.44)	20.44 (15.21–26.91)	1.17 (0.82–1.67)	21.43 (17.42–26.07)	1.16 (0.89–1.51)
Psychological violence
Total		17.36 (16.84–17.90)	–	15.98 (15.26–16.72)	–	18.58 (17.91–19.27)	–
Sexual orientation
	Heterosexual	16.73 (16.21–17.27)	1.00 (–)	15.33 (14.62–16.08)	1.00 (–)	17.96 (17.29–18.65)	1.00 (–)
	LGB+	40.03 (35.53–44.71)	2.54 (2.08–3.10)	39.48 (33.26–46.06)	2.79 (2.12–3.67)	40.53 (34.29–47.09)	2.35 (1.78–3.09)
	Does not know	26.64 (21.56–32.42)	1.54 (1.17–2.03)	22.41 (15.29–31.60)	1.31 (0.83–2.07)	30.38 (23.56–38.19)	1.75 (1.24–2.46)
	Refused to answer	20.42 (17.08–24.21)	1.20 (0.97–1.50)	19.70 (14.53–26.14)	1.22 (0.85–1.74)	21.06 (17.06–25.70)	1.19 (0.91–1.56)
Physical violence
Total		4.15 (3.89–4.42)	–	4.05 (3.71–4.41)	–	4.24 (3.84–4.67)	–
Sexual orientation
	Heterosexual	3.82 (3.57–4.09)	1.00 (–)	3.71 (3.39–4.06)	1.00 (–)	3.92 (3.54–4.34)	1.00 (–)
	LGB+	14.70 (11.16–19.12)	3.00 (2.19–4.12)	13.45 (8.74–20.13)	2.84 (1.74–4.65)	15.84 (10.99–22.28)	3.18 (2.09–4.83)
	Does not know	12.35 (8.33–17.92)	2.84 (1.84–4.38)	13.93 (8.01–23.13)	3.18 (1.72–5.88)	10.95 (6.21–18.59)	2.52 (1.36–4.67)
	Refused to answer	4.94 (3.52–6.88)	1.19 (0.82–1.71)	5.37 (3.32–8.59)	1.25 (0.74–2.10)	4.55 (2.81–7.26)	1.13 (0.68–1.88)
Sexual violence
Total		0.76 (0.65–0.90)	–	0.45 (0.35–0.57)	–	1.05 (0.85–1.28)	–
Sexual orientation
	Heterosexual	0.68 (0.56–0.82)	1.00 (–)	0.34 (0.25–0.46)	1.00 (–)	0.97 (0.78–1.22)	1.00 (–)
	LGB+	4.86 (3.21–7.28)	4.98 (3.10–7.99)	4.15 (2.15–7.86)	7.76 (3.38–17.81)	5.50 (3.23–9.20)	3.95 (2.21–7.05)
	Does not know	1.71 (0.94–3.11)	1.96 (1.03–3.72)	2.15 (0.92–4.92)	4.29 (1.68–10.94)	1.33 (0.60–2.90)	1.11 (0.48–2.57)
	Refused to answer	0.56 (0.31–1.02)	0.73 (0.39–1.36)	0.79 (0.36–1.72)	1.87 (0.79–4.42)	0.35 (0.15–0.85)	0.34 (0.13–0.85)

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[1] CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Nádia Machado de Vasconcelos. Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, CEP: 30130-100, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil. E-mail: nadiamv87@yahoo.com.br