Brazilian position in the international fresh fruit trade network

The fruit growing activity is of great importance for Brazilian agribusiness as the country is the third largest fruit producer in the world. Despite this notability, the fruit market presents obstacles especially related to international trade. Thus, the present study sought to determine the positioning and evolution of Brazil in the international fresh fruit market. Data used in the research were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1986 to 2017) and the World Bank (2018), using metrics of export flow, quantity and income of countries related to the main fruits exported by Brazil in the first quarter of 2020. Data were manipulated, transformed into figures and graphs for better visualization of information. The Brazilian position in the in the ranking of fresh fruit exports was not very dynamic during the evaluation period, being dependent on the demand from high-income European countries.

Index terms
Foreign trade; Fruit growing; Graphs

Authorship

Diego Rodrigues Bornal

Agronomist, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil.e-mail:diegobornal@hotmail.com Federal University of LavrasBrasilLavras, MG, Brasil Agronomist, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil.e-mail:diegobornal@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-3892

Murilo Mazzotti Silvestrini

Master in Economics, Institute of Economics at State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil. Email: muriloms@usp.br State University of CampinasBrasilCampinas, SP, Brasil Master in Economics, Institute of Economics at State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil. Email: muriloms@usp.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9216-3971

Leila Aparecida Salles Pio

PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil. Email: leila.pio@ufla.br Federal University of LavrasBrasilLavras, MG, Brasil PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil. Email: leila.pio@ufla.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5246-5035

Ana Claudia Costa

PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil. Email: anaclaudia.costa@ufla.br Federal University of LavrasBrasilLavras, MG, Brasil PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil. Email: anaclaudia.costa@ufla.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-4078

Pedro Maranha Peche

PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil. Email: pedmpeche@gmail.com Federal University of LavrasBrasilLavras, MG, Brasil PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil. Email: pedmpeche@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8865-1702

Martha Cristina Pereira Ramos

Doctoral Student in Agronomy/Phytotechnics, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil. Email: marthinha.ramos@yahoo.com.br Federal University of LavrasBrasilLavras, MG, Brasil Doctoral Student in Agronomy/Phytotechnics, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil. Email: marthinha.ramos@yahoo.com.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1930-6723

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (8)
Tables (3)
Formulas (2)

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Figure 1
Number of fresh fruit exporting countries and Brazilian position in the ranking of exported volume per year.

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Figure 2
Evolution of exports of the 10 largest fresh fruit exporters in 2017 and Brazil.

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Figure 3
Number of countries that import fresh fruits from Brazil grouped by income level class.

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Figure 4
Volume (tons) of fresh fruit exported by Brazil and export destination grouped by income level class.

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Figure 5
Fresh fruit international trade network (tons) in 1986.

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Figure 6
Fresh fruit international trade network (tons) in 1996.

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Figure 7
Fresh fruit international trade network (tons) in 2006.

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Figure 8
International fresh fruit trade network (tons) in 2017.

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Table 1
Codes and fresh fruits selected for analysis

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Table 2
Network analysis metrics of 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2017.

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Table 3
Node analysis metrics for Brazil in 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2017.

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(1)

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(2)

Figure 1 Number of fresh fruit exporting countries and Brazilian position in the ranking of exported volume per year.

Figure 2 Evolution of exports of the 10 largest fresh fruit exporters in 2017 and Brazil.

Figure 3 Number of countries that import fresh fruits from Brazil grouped by income level class.

Figure 4 Volume (tons) of fresh fruit exported by Brazil and export destination grouped by income level class.

Figure 5 Fresh fruit international trade network (tons) in 1986.

Figure 6 Fresh fruit international trade network (tons) in 1996.

Figure 7 Fresh fruit international trade network (tons) in 2006.

Figure 8 International fresh fruit trade network (tons) in 2017.

Table 1 Codes and fresh fruits selected for analysis

Código do produto	produtos
515	Maçãs
526	Damascos
572	Abacate
486	Bananas
531	Cerejas
249	Cocos
569	Figos
619	Frutas frescas*
603	Frutas tropicais frescas *
507	toranjas
560	Uvas
592	kiwis
497	Limões e Limas
571	Mangos, mangostões, goiabas
568	Melões, outros
490	Laranjas
600	Mamão
534	Pêssegos e nectarinas
521	Peras
587	Persimmons
574	Abacaxis
536	Ameixas e abrunhos
523	Marmelos
544	Morangos
495	Tangerinas, tangerinas e clementinas
567	Melancias

^Source
FAO (2020)

Table 2 Network analysis metrics of 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2017.

Metrics	1986	1996	2006	2017
Number of nodes	152	188	194	201
of edges	1357	2152	3222	4197
Average degree	8.928	11.447	16.608	21.090
Average degree	105243.9	183817.6	278361.1	406599.1
Density	0.059	0.061	0.086	0.107
Modularity	0.258	0.149	0.148	0.305

^Source:
Elaborated by the author based on FAO data (2020).

Table 3 Node analysis metrics for Brazil in 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2017.

Metrics	1986	1996	2006	2017
Income class	UM	UM	UM	UM
degree	10	18	18	20
Exit degree	25	30	48	57
Degree	35	48	66	77
Weighted entry degree	118709	393585	271251	363864
Weighted degree	164958	247488	802578	807676
Weighted degree	283667	641073	1073829	1171540
Closeness Centrality	0.516	0.501	0.542	0.581
Harmonic Centrality	0.566	0.557	0.609	0.642

^Source
Elaborated by the author based on FAO data (2020).

(1)

A^{} = [\begin{matrix} 0 & \begin{matrix} \dots & a_{1 j}^{x} \end{matrix} & \dots \\ ⋮ & \begin{matrix} ⋮ \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} a_{i 1}^{x} \\ \begin{matrix} ⋮ \\ a_{p 1}^{n} \end{matrix} \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} \dots & 0 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} \dots \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} ⋮ \\ a_{p j}^{x} \end{matrix} \end{matrix} \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} \dots \\ \begin{matrix} \dots \end{matrix} \end{matrix} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} a_{1 p}^{n} \\ ⋮ \\ \begin{matrix} a_{i p}^{x} \\ \begin{matrix} ⋮ \\ 0 \end{matrix} \end{matrix} \end{matrix}]

(2)

w_{i j}^{} = \sum_{x}^{n} a_{i j}^{x}

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Brazilian position in the international fresh fruit trade network

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[TFN0101] ^Source
FAO (2020)