Peach cultivars and new IAC selections for mild winter

Sobierajski, Graciela da Rocha; Feldberg, Nelson Pires; Barros, Vera Lucia Nishijima Paes de; Blain, Gabriel Constantino; Bettiol Neto, José Emílio; Chagas, Edvan Alves

doi:10.1590/0100-29452024025

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Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura

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Genetics and Plant Breeding - Original Article • Rev.Bras.Frutic. 46 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452024025 copy

Peach cultivars and new IAC selections for mild winter

Cultivares e novas seleções IAC de pêssego para regiões de inverno ameno

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Traditional peach production regions provide adequate chill for satisfactorily bud’s flower break dormancy, in cultivars there developed. However, considering the expansion of the orchards in mild winter areas and the expected global trends to warmer conditions, the local development of cultivars became relevant. Based on this background, this study proposed to evaluate the performance of 33 peach and nectarine cultivars and selections in mild winter climate. Features associated to the vegetative development, phenology, productivity and fruit characteristics were measured in nine seasons, and the data analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. Significant correlations between features were remarked. The Pillai and F tests presented significant results, highlighting significant differences among cultivars for almost all features. Peach and nectarine genotypes showed genetic diversity that may be accessed for use as cultivars, or parental for crosses. ‘IAC Aurora 1’, ‘IAC Aurora 2’, ‘IAC Centenário’, ‘IAC Douradão’, ‘IAC Jóia4’, ‘IAC Ouromel 3’, ‘IAC Régis’, ‘Diamante’, ‘Eldorado’, ‘FlordaPrince’, ‘Premier’ and ‘Tropic Beauty’ were the cultivars with the best results. A large number of selections showed promising results, emphasizing, the ‘IAC 680-177’, ‘IAC 1085-27’, ‘IAC 785-9’, ‘IAC 2982-31’, ‘IAC 4682-45’and ‘IAC 6882-84’.

Index terms
multivariate analysis; principal component analysis; Southeast Brazil; Prunus persica

Source of Variation		DF	Pillai	Approx. F	Num DF	Den DF
2009	Cultivar	32	2.90	10.43**	192	2136
2009	Residual	256
2010	Cultivar	31	3.64	8.64**	248	2568
2010	Residual	321
2011	Cultivar	32	1.99	5.20**	160	1255
2011	Residual	251
2012	Cultivar	28	2.96	7.34**	168	1266
2012	Residual	211
2013	Cultivar	31	3.55	7.06**	217	1484
2013	Residual	212
2014	Cultivar	32	3.24	8.07**	224	2093
2014	Residual	299
2015	Cultivar	32	1.90	3.96**	160	1030
2015	Residual	206
2016	Cultivar	32	2.69	3.16**	160	435
2016	Residual	87
2017	Cultivar	32	1.96	1.73**	160	430
2017	Residual	86

		2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Tree height (m)	F test	4.98**	8.46**	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Tree height (m)	MSres	0.24	0.21
Treetop width (m)	F test	4.10**	5.63**	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Treetop width (m)	MSres	0.37	0.21
Rootstock diameter (mm)	F test	5.71**	4.20**	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Rootstock diameter (mm)	MSres	135.95	385.99
Scion diameter (mm)	F test	5.02**	4.77**	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Scion diameter (mm)	MSres	149.35	221.39
Blooming (Julian days)	F test	1,437**	70.25**	n.a.	n.a.	45.25**	45.24**	4.72**	2.46**	2.70**
Blooming (Julian days)	MSres	0.92	14.36			13.96	20.51	64.82	11.60	33.58
Harvest (Julian days)	F test	4,869**	54.72**	13.45**	44.40**	18.37**	17.02**	12.90**	4.58**	2.72**
Harvest (Julian days)	MSres	0.25	65.60	47.62	17.49	49.31	46.47	33.84	79.54	33.78
Yield (kg.tree-1)	F test	n.a.	7.55**	2.88**	2.45**	3.04**	4.72**	7.44**	3.68**	2.24**
Yield (kg.tree-1)	MSres		17.24	30.37	69.98	14.30	39.96	24.78	28.32	68.27
Fruit weight (g)	F test	n.a.	26.74**	16.48**	4.78**	5.27**	4.62**	0.95ns	3.09**	1.31ns
Fruit weight (g)	MSres		0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
Fruit height (mm)	F test	n.a.	n.a.	10.77**	10.67**	5.09**	9.34**	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Fruit height (mm)	MSres			48.98	31.17	138.05	56.44
Fruit width (mm)	F test	n.a.	n.a.	5.96**	6.62**	4.97**	6.43**	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Fruit width (mm)	MSres			58.09	26.87	80.87	34.14
Soluble solid (°Brix)	F test	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	109.47**	119.85**	82.69**	5.43**	3.87**	1.25ns
Soluble solid (°Brix)	MSres				0.21	0.27	0.11	1.28	0.85	0.71

Cultivar	Tree Height			Tree Width			Scion Diameter			Rootstock Diameter
Cultivar	Mean	SD	SK	Mean	SD	SK	Mean	SD	SK	Mean	SD	SK
Diamante	4.22	0.79	c	3.60	0.53	c	100.23	11.77	b	99.92	10.84	a
Eldorado	3.56	0.65	e	3.46	0.69	c	98.38	10.54	c	96.27	11.12	b
Fla 84-16N	3.98	0.45	c	3.71	0.54	b	103.73	8.63	b	96.89	7.32	b
FlordaPrince	3.97	0.58	c	3.61	0.51	c	105.67	12.78	a	102.58	11.26	a
IAC 1085-26	3.52	0.65	e	3.24	0.40	d	89.24	9.80	d	87.76	11.53	b
IAC 1085-27	3.81	0.52	d	3.44	0.32	c	93.76	8.94	c	88.42	10.40	b
IAC 1880-62	3.90	0.48	d	3.67	0.46	b	89.03	8.47	d	91.81	10.25	b
IAC 2680-91	3.68	0.42	e	3.70	0.60	b	87.81	9.72	d	85.06	8.44	b
IAC 2982-24	3.78	0.52	d	3.44	0.49	c	87.77	12.83	d	83.65	11.44	b
IAC 2982-31	3.91	0.46	d	3.53	0.39	c	97.38	8.93	c	90.29	9.35	b
IAC 2982-32	3.61	0.42	e	3.18	0.54	d	89.25	8.72	d	90.02	11.73	b
IAC 4682-45	3.66	0.55	e	3.44	1.05	c	85.72	11.93	d	79.12	10.93	b
IAC 5480-19	3.31	0.64	e	3.28	0.66	d	85.34	8.10	d	86.86	10.98	b
IAC 680-177	4.15	0.33	c	3.96	0.45	a	99.84	7.92	b	97.69	9.63	b
IAC 6882-37	3.90	0.30	d	3.44	0.46	c	94.06	5.90	c	91.33	9.53	b
IAC 6882-84	3.62	0.56	e	3.52	0.62	c	92.70	9.76	c	88.66	8.08	b
IAC 6982-2	3.86	0.41	d	3.49	0.33	c	96.69	8.84	c	97.64	10.80	b
IAC 785-9	3.63	0.87	e	3.37	0.89	c	86.67	11.51	d	89.28	11.91	b
IAC Aurora-1	4.18	0.41	c	4.10	0.27	a	107.40	10.93	a	112.36	10.12	a
IAC Aurora-2	4.32	0.38	b	3.94	0.38	a	108.48	10.66	a	108.26	8.20	a
IAC Big Aurora	3.97	0.53	c	3.69	0.46	b	96.82	9.45	c	97.04	8.20	b
IAC Centenária	4.18	0.26	c	3.65	0.34	b	103.65	9.81	b	99.88	10.24	a
IAC Centenário	4.36	0.49	b	3.98	0.44	a	116.38	10.53	a	112.24	11.01	a
IAC Douradão	3.41	0.44	e	2.98	0.48	d	94.17	12.76	c	91.01	11.72	b
IAC Jóia-2	3.57	0.14	e	2.97	0.26	d	106.75	4.50	a	96.54	6.97	b
IAC Jóia-4	4.29	0.75	b	3.92	0.81	a	107.28	12.23	a	105.72	11.44	a
IAC Ouromel-3	3.83	0.45	d	3.43	0.41	c	101.21	9.72	b	108.59	5.21	a
IAC Ouromel-4	3.87	0.58	d	3.38	0.61	c	100.06	8.63	b	96.08	10.49	b
IAC Régis	4.69	0.42	a	4.27	0.47	a	112.93	9.52	a	112.68	11.61	a
IAC Tropical-2	4.13	0.45	c	3.25	0.50	d	109.21	9.66	a	109.36	10.95	a
Premier	3.64	0.22	e	3.98	0.49	a	98.93	8.52	b	92.44	8.26	b
Sunripe	3.40	0.58	e	3.07	0.68	d	97.52	11.66	c	91.42	10.25	b
Tropic Beauty	3.86	0.41	d	3.56	0.45	c	103.02	9.43	b	107.05	11.41	a
All	3.87	0.60		3.55	0.62		98.40	12.12		96.48	12.09

Cultivar	Blooming			Harvest			Yield			Fruit Weight
Cultivar	Mean	SD	SK	Mean	SD	SK	Mean	SD	SK	Mean	SD	SK
Diamante	206.24	10.9	b	319.44	12.0	b	7.99	2.37	c	94.31	19.44	b
Eldorado	212.45	10.9	a	326.06	19.9	a	5.20	1.84	d	114.05	33.03	a
Fla 84-16N	197.07	11.7	d	289.90	11.4	h	6.96	3.19	d	76.44	13.23	d
FlordaPrince	193.78	7.1	d	292.24	11.0	g	8.71	3.64	c	78.00	8.62	d
IAC 1085-26	194.54	12.4	d	299.37	12.3	f	11.10	3.94	b	74.06	12.05	d
IAC 1085-27	192.78	7.8	e	303.45	10.5	e	9.84	4.08	c	65.32	13.99	e
IAC 1880-62	187.45	11. 9	f	297.84	13.0	f	11.43	5.16	b	89.58	17.84	c
IAC 2680-91	192.25	10.0	e	296.35	10.5	f	10.84	4.29	b	79.50	13.46	d
IAC 2982-24	189.22	8.9	f	297.93	12.7	f	8.99	4.82	c	71.29	13.61	d
IAC 2982-31	189.05	9.5	f	293.97	8.9	g	14.08	5.49	a	75.07	11.98	d
IAC 2982-32	188.32	11.5	f	290.64	9. 6	h	10.32	3.39	b	89.26	12.49	c
IAC 4682-45	190.36	7.6	e	296.90	9.7	f	7.92	3.08	c	76.17	15.02	d
IAC 5480-19	194.75	11.9	d	291.97	12.3	g	8.89	3.51	c	72.22	16.11	d
IAC 680-177	190.82	6.7	e	301.56	10.5	e	8.85	3.34	c	65.40	14.68	e
IAC 6882-37	186.48	8.6	f	295.52	9.2	g	11.09	4.41	b	80.42	16.43	d
IAC 6882-84	190.61	7.0	e	297.42	11.2	f	7.92	3.39	c	72.41	15.02	d
IAC 6982-2	191.02	11.9	e	298.12	11.6	f	9.85	3.31	c	68.48	12.06	e
IAC 785-9	186.18	8.7	f	292.69	11.8	g	13.92	5.43	a	78.21	14.56	d
IAC Aurora-1	190.40	4.8	e	301.72	11.4	e	12.58	4.66	a	69.26	13.64	e
IAC Aurora-2	189.11	4.3	f	297.11	9.5	f	14.32	5.52	a	71.01	12.62	d
IAC Big Aurora	188.55	8.0	f	294.03	11.2	g	8.62	3.66	c	67.38	17.21	e
IAC Centenária	194.43	7.0	d	300.86	9.1	e	6.21	2.51	d	57.29	9.80	e
IAC Centenário	188.41	5.3	f	295.72	12.9	g	12.86	4.71	a	90.98	11.81	c
IAC Douradão	190.83	5.3	e	302.47	11.6	e	8.38	3.08	c	98.36	15.09	b
IAC Jóia-2	193.59	9.0	d	297.65	11.3	f	10.54	3.72	b	84.44	11.99	c
IAC Jóia-4	199.55	11.6	c	303.52	9.3	e	15.41	5.86	a	73.29	12.48	d
IAC Ouromel-3	190.59	15.2	e	312.89	13.4	c	12.81	5.61	a	71.67	10.43	d
IAC Ouromel-4	195.11	13.4	d	306.51	18.3	d	10.98	5.22	b	72.99	15.67	d
IAC Régis	180.76	10.0	h	287.09	8.2	i	15.05	5.57	a	86.03	14.47	c
IAC Tropical-2	184.78	9.4	g	288.67	12.6	h	7.96	3.93	c	70.16	15.54	e
Premier	196.52	11.1	d	303.33	11.0	e	9.11	2.92	c	96.92	23.59	b
Sunripe	208.18	12.6	b	306.36	17.5	d	4.28	2.47	d	72.60	18.50	d
Tropic Beauty	181.58	10.9	h	285.45	8.3	i	12.88	5.62	a	83.64	18.11	c
All	192.30	11.8		298.93	14.2		10.18	5.04		78.37	18.10

Cultivar	Fruit Height			Fruit Width			Soluble Solid
Cultivar	Mean	SD	SK	Mean	SD	SK	Mean	SD	SK
Diamante	116.78	5.99	a	111.55	5.33	a	11.49	1.18	b
Eldorado	114.86	7.41	b	111.21	9.02	a	11.33	1.20	b
Fla 84-16N	105.47	4.24	d	100.82	5.59	c	11.21	1.82	b
FlordaPrince	105.90	7.67	d	102.35	4.26	c	12.07	2.20	a
IAC 1085-26	107.81	5.58	d	99.69	5.47	c	9.93	2.72	d
IAC 1085-27	92.50	7.25	f	94.35	5.72	d	11.90	1.72	a
IAC 1880-62	111.71	6.88	c	108.64	6.98	a	11.36	1.43	b
IAC 2680-91	107.46	9.11	d	103.65	7.31	b	11.52	1.20	b
IAC 2982-24	98.20	8.47	e	96.50	8.35	d	11.40	2.11	b
IAC 2982-31	111.18	6.07	c	100.16	5.93	c	10.58	1.26	c
IAC 2982-32	110.59	5.70	c	98.92	6.19	c	11.53	1.37	b
IAC 4682-45	100.21	17.17	e	94.38	9.62	d	11.99	1.26	a
IAC 5480-19	108.26	8.10	d	98.69	6.07	c	9.97	2.75	d
IAC 680-177	93.26	5.45	f	95.92	5.90	d	11.81	1.92	a
IAC 6882-37	109.98	6.74	c	104.94	6.10	b	11.11	1.23	b
IAC 6882-84	100.66	9.71	e	100.05	6.87	c	12.24	1.38	a
IAC 6982-2	106.83	8.64	d	98.22	5.58	c	10.80	1.86	c
IAC 785-9	108.32	5.97	d	101.55	5.75	c	10.66	1.45	c
IAC Aurora-1	105.69	5.89	d	97.06	5.86	d	10.06	1.88	d
IAC Aurora-2	106.60	6.55	d	98.79	6.42	c	9.82	1.17	d
IAC Big Aurora	99.04	12.99	e	95.46	6.54	d	12.43	1.58	a
IAC Centenária	89.49	6.11	f	93.59	5.01	d	12.55	2.98	a
IAC Centenário	108.20	6.72	d	103.66	7.04	b	11.05	1.14	b
IAC Douradão	119.77	6.47	a	109.81	6.38	a	10.99	1.67	b
IAC Jóia-2	111.14	5.57	c	102.73	6.01	b	10.33	1.87	c
IAC Jóia-4	113.39	5.73	b	101.04	5.41	c	10.44	1.02	c
IAC Ouromel-3	96.78	3.89	e	103.45	4.59	b	12.22	1.08	a
IAC Ouromel-4	104.94	9.14	d	99.70	9.97	c	11.22	1.42	b
IAC Régis	105.14	5.95	d	108.97	6.04	a	10.08	2.45	d
IAC Tropical-2	100.51	4.44	e	98.31	6.03	c	10.55	2.81	c
Premier	118.45	8.29	a	108.85	9.29	a	11.42	1.29	b
Sunripe	101.11	8.41	e	95.28	5.20	d	11.67	1.72	b
Tropic Beauty	104.91	6.46	d	104.99	6.56	b	9.12	2.24	d
All	105.91	10.10		101.31	8.05		11.12	1.97

	Importance of components	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC5	PC6	PC7	PC8
2009	Cum. Proportion	0.5147	0.7790	0.8746	0.9398	0.9912	1.0000
2009	Kaiser’s criterion	3.0880	1.5858	0.5735	0.3916	0.3085	0.0526
2010	Cum. Proportion	0.3413	0.5979	0.7106	0.8062	0.8911	0.9448	0.9782	1.0000
2010	Kaiser’s criterion	2.7305	2.0530	0.9013	0.7650	0.6822	0.4263	0.2674	0.1742
2011	Cum. Proportion	0.4930	0.6955	0.8826	0.9586	1.0000
2011	Kaiser’s criterion	2.4651	1.0126	0.9351	0.3802	0.2070
2012	Cum. Proportion	0.3111	0.4841	0.6538	0.8063	0.9408	1.0000
2012	Kaiser’s criterion	1.8667	1.0380	1.0184	0.9148	0.8069	0.3554
2013	Cum. Proportion	0.3655	0.5710	0.7069	0.8253	0.8959	0.9660	1.0000
2013	Kaiser’s criterion	2.5587	1.4387	0.9512	0.8283	0.4944	0.4909	0.2378
2014	Cum. Proportion	0.2665	0.5116	0.6474	0.7640	0.8778	0.9512	1.0000
2014	Kaiser’s criterion	1.8655	1.7159	0.9502	0.8166	0.7968	0.5135	0.3416
2015	Cum. Proportion	0.3773	0.6247	0.8132	0.9585	1.0000
2015	Kaiser’s criterion	1.8865	1.2369	0.9427	0.7262	0.2076
2016	Cum. Proportion	0.2947	0.5432	0.7366	0.8884	1.0000
2016	Kaiser’s criterion	1.4732	1.2425	0.9673	0.7589	0.5580
2017	Cum. Proportion	0.3626	0.5922	0.8020	0.9378	1.0000
2017	Kaiser’s criterion	1.8128	1.1480	1.0493	0.6788	0.3111

Characteristics			Loadings
Cumulative proportion		Kaiser’s criterion	TH	TW	RD	SD	B	H	Y	FW	FH	FD	SS
PC1	0.3711	4.0818	-0.4124	-0.3521	-0.4036	-0.3863	0.2218	0.1672	-0.3687	-0.0349	-0.0687	-0.3456	0.2508
PC2	0.5851	2.3541	0.2314	0.1357	0.1206	0.1095	-0.1031	-0.0761	-0.0854	-0.5896	-0.6011	-0.3377	0.2340
PC3	0.7624	1.9502	-0.1615	-0.1542	-0.2415	-0.3029	-0.5677	-0.5920	0.2535	-0.0565	-0.0349	-0.1051	-0.2182

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E-mail: rbf@fcav.unesp.br

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[1] Graciela da Rocha Sobierajski E-mail: graciela.rocha@sp.gov.br