Genetic polymorphism among natural populations of <i>Anacardium humile</i> A. ST-HIL

The genus Anacardium presents nine species, of these, three have sub-bush size, common in the Cerrado of the Center-West of Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic variability of the species, collected in eleven provenances, using RAPD markers. Genomic DNA from 122 accessions was extracted and amplified with 25 decamer primers. The results indicated polymorphism, ranging from 77.71% to 96.18%. The distribution of genetic diversity among and within populations shows that 27.14% of the variability is found between populations and 37.44% within the populations, suggesting the existence of genetic variability that may be related to the reproductive strategies adopted by the species throughout its evolution. The index of variation within the provenances (93.36%) was higher than the index found among populations (6.64%). Molecular analysis indicated that there is genetic divergence between and within the studied populations of Anacardium humile A. St. - Hill. The origin of Itajá-GO presented the highest genetic diversity, presenting the highest values of genetic diversity index, phenotypic diversity and higher percentage of polymorphic loci.

Index terms
genetic variability; diversity; native species; Cerrado

Authorship

Silvia Correa Santos

Professor, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Dourados-MS.Brasil. Email:silviasantos@ufgd.edu.br; liviadavide@ufgd.edu.br; Universidade Federal da Grande DouradosBrasilDourados, MS, Brasil Professor, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Dourados-MS.Brasil. Email:silviasantos@ufgd.edu.br; liviadavide@ufgd.edu.br;

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5483-8499

Raquel dos Santos Carvalho

Mestre -Universidade Federal de Goiás. Goiás-GO.Brasil. Email: raquelbioufg@yahoo.com.br Universidade Federal de GoiásBrasilGoiânia, GO, Brasil Mestre -Universidade Federal de Goiás. Goiás-GO.Brasil. Email: raquelbioufg@yahoo.com.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8342-1913

Livia Maria Chamma Davide

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1609-3750

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (6)

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Figure 1
Dendrogram of genetic dissimilarities, from RAPD, among 11 provenances of Cajuzinho-do-Cerrado obtained by UPGMA method based on DNA marker matrix (dg = 0.37).

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Table 1
Accesses, provenances, and georeferenced data (DG) of the 122 accessions of Anacardium humile A. ST-HIL.

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Table 2
Number of total bands, number of polymorphic bands, percentage of polymorphism, average of bands per primers, expressive primers, less expressive primers, bootstrap and measure of heterogeneity between bands, using RAPD marker in the cajuzinho-do-cerrado, by provenances collection.

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Table 3
Genetic diversity of natural populations of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil.

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Table 4
Population genetic parameters of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hill.

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Table 5
Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) of populations of A. humile A. St.-Hill.

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Table 6
Grouping by the Tocher method between accesses of A. humile A. St.-Hill. based on the distance matrix generated from molecular data analysis.

Figure 1 Dendrogram of genetic dissimilarities, from RAPD, among 11 provenances of Cajuzinho-do-Cerrado obtained by UPGMA method based on DNA marker matrix (dg = 0.37).

Table 1 Accesses, provenances, and georeferenced data (DG) of the 122 accessions of Anacardium humile A. ST-HIL.

ACCESSES	PROVENANCES	DG
01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09 e 10 (10 accesses);	Mineiros-GO	Altitude: 704m S: 17. 0,66. 0,130 W: 52. 0,5. 0,271
11,12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 e 25 (15 accesses);	Barra da Garça-MT	Altitude: 570m S: 15. 0,85. 0,072 W: 52. 0,25. 0,048
26, 27, 28, 29,30, 31,32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 e 40 (15 accesses);	Doverlândia-GO	Altitude: 618m S: 16.0,71.0,09 W: 52. 0,15.0,0125
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 e 50 (10 accesses);	Itarumã-GO	Altitude: 637m S: 18. 0,6. 0,0272 W: 51. 0,76. 0,093
51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 e 59 (10 accesses);	Itajá-GO	Altitude: 484m S: 18. 0,85. 0,225 W: 51. 0,53. 0,228
60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 e 70 (10 accesses);	Chapadão do Céu-GO	Altitude: 809m S: 18. 0,216. 0,112 W: 52. 0,86.0,165
71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 e 79 (09 accesses);	Aporé-GO	Altitude: 681m S: 18. 0,783. 0,147 W: 52. 0,08. 0,182
80, 81a, 81b, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 (11 acessos);	Serranópolis-GO	Altitude: 577m S: 18. 0,35. 0,147 W: 52. 0,93. 0,075
91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 e 100 (10 accesses);	Jataí-GO	Altitude:708m S: 17. 0,90. 0,0163 W: 51. 0,68. 0,256
101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109 e 110 (09 accesses);	Caiapônia-GO	Altitude: 599m S: 16. 0,7. 0,0165 W: 52. 0,11. 0,0066
111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123 e 124 (14 accesses);	Santo Antônio do Descoberto-GO	Altitude: 1050m S: 15. 0,98. 0,00438 W: 48. 0,21.0,0150

Table 2 Number of total bands, number of polymorphic bands, percentage of polymorphism, average of bands per primers, expressive primers, less expressive primers, bootstrap and measure of heterogeneity between bands, using RAPD marker in the cajuzinho-do-cerrado, by provenances collection.

PROVENANCES	Ntb****	Npb	%P	Abp	EP	LEP	BStrap	B
Aporé-GO*	154	140	91	14	OPA11 e OPA08	OPM03	65	0,48
Barra do Garça-MT*	155	146	94	14,6	OPA11	OPA04	50	0,47
Caiapônia-GO*	136	132	97	13,2	OPA08 e OPA09	OPA04	45	0,46
Chapadão do Céu-GO*	155	144	93	14,4	OPA11	OPA04	70	0,47
Santo Antonio do Descoberto-GO*	148	146	99	14,6	OPA11	OPM03	140	0,43
Doverlândia-GO*	156	146	93	14,6	OPA11	OPA04	40	0,47
Itajá-GO*	153	141	92	14,1	OPA11 e OPA08	OPB05	70	0,47
Itarumã-GO*	153	143	93	14,3	OPA- 11	OPA04	130	0,43
Jataí-GO*	138	115	83	11,5	OPM02	OPA04	35	0,48
Mineiros-GO*	156	141	90	14,1	OPA08	OPM03	58	0,48
Serranópolis-GO*	153	148	97	14,8	OPA11	OPA04	118	0,45
Municípios**	146	134	92	13,4	OPA11 e OPA08	OPN05	85	0,46
All accesses***	157	156	99	15,6	OPA11	OPA18	90	0,37

^*
Analysis performed with access within each municipality; ** analysis performed among municipalities;
^**
analysis performed among municipalities;
^***
analysis performed with all 122 accesses;
^****
Ntb = number of total bands; Npb = number of polymorphic bands; % P = percentage of polymorphism (or polymorphism rate); EP = expressive primers; LEP = less expressive primers; Abp = Average bands per primers, BStrap = bootstrap and b = measure of heterogeneity between bands.

Table 3 Genetic diversity of natural populations of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil.

Prov*	P	na**	ne**	Ĥ_e**	Ĥ₀**
AP	90,45	1,9045 (0,2949)	1,5847 (0,3300)	0,3365 (0,1598)	0,4979 (0,213)
BG	92,99	1,9299 (0,2561)	1,6469 (0,3114)	0,3658 (0,1467)	0,5353 (0,1939)
C	84,08	1,8408 (0,3671)	1,4511 (0,3394)	0,2714 (0,1726)	0,4135 (0,2356)
CC	92,36	1,9236 (0,2665)	1,5857 (0,3187)	0,3400 (0,1501)	0,5052 (0,1973)
D	91,08	1,9108 (0,2859)	1,6615 (0,316)	0,3701 (0,1509)	0,5384 (0,2022)
Itj	96,18	1,9618 (0,1923)	1,6579 (0,2859)	0,3747 (0,1314)	0,5497 (0,1687)
Ita	93,63	1,9363 (0,245)	1,5656 (0,329)	0,3299 (0,1529)	0,4937 (0,1977)
J	77,71	1,7771 (0,4175)	1,5431 (0,3827)	0,3046 (0,1947)	0,4452 (0,2696)
M	91,08	1,9108 (0,2859)	1,6067 (0,3256)	0,3468 (0,1558)	0,5111 (0,207)
SAD	92,99	1,9299 (0,2561)	1,5183 (0,2952)	0,3147 (0,1412)	0,4776 (0,1862)
S	95,54	1,9554 (0,2071)	1,6192 (0,2977)	0,3581 (0,1358)	0,5301 (0,1741)
Total	100	2 (0)	1,6674 (0,2573)	0,3842 (0,1065)	0,5662 (0,1245)

^*
Prov. = Provenance: Aporé (Ap), Barra do Garça (BG), Caiapônia (C), Chapadão do Céu (CC), Doverlândia (D), Itajá (Itj), Itarumã (Ita), Jataí (J), Mineiros (M), Santo Antônio do Descoberto (SAD), Serranópolis (S). (): standard deviation; P: percentage of polymorphic loci; Na
^**
number of alleles observed; Ne **: number of effective alleles; He **: genetic diversity of Nei; H0 **: Shannon index of phenotypic diversity.

Table 4 Population genetic parameters of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hill.

	H_T	H_S	G_ST	Nm*
Average	0,3821	0,3375	0,1167	3,7852
Standard deviation	0,0115	0,0093

^*
SV = source of variation; DF = degree of freedom; SS = sum of squares; MS = middle-square; Fst = proportion of fractional total genetic variation among populations; ** significant at the 1% probability of error level.

Table 5 Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) of populations of A. humile A. St.-Hill.

SV	DF	SS	MS	Porcentage	P
Entre	10	498.9744	49,8974	6.639	<0,001
Dentro	121	3101.0082	27,9372	93.360	<0,001
Total	131	3600.0082	29,7521
F_st	0,0664**

^*
SV = source of variation; DF = degree of freedom; SS = sum of squares; MS = middle-square; Fst = proportion of fractional total genetic variation among populations; ** significant at the 1% probability of error level

Table 6 Grouping by the Tocher method between accesses of A. humile A. St.-Hill. based on the distance matrix generated from molecular data analysis.

Group	Accesses
I	2_Ap* 113_S 34_CC 11_BG60_D103_M 10_BG 102_M 112_M 3_Ap 35_CC 1_Ap 74_Itj 104_M 61_D 75_Itj 58_D 22_BG63_D 70_D 59_D 13_BG 85_Ita 14_BG 73_Itj 84_Itj 116_S 105_M 86_Ita 62_D 68_D 119_S 23_BG71_D 41_CC 40_CC 88_Ita 19_BG 20_BG 21_BG 46_SAD 107_M 82_Ita 4_Ap 64_D 91_Ita 66_D 101_J 5_Ap 7_Ap 111_M 108_M 24_BG 48_SAD 26_C 100_J 97_J 95_J 93_J 79_Itj 81_Itj 89_Ita 69_D 80_Itj 44_SAD 12_BG 78_Itj 57_SAD 9_Ap 122_S 110_M 92_J 94_J 67_D 115 36_CC 65_D 37_CC 47_SAD 98_J 109_M 50_SAD 72_D 39_CC 29_C 76_Itj 15_BG 18_BG 106_M 96_J 120_S 28_C 38_CC 42_CC 17_BG 77_Itj 31_C 53_SAD6_Ap 8_Ap 99_J 121_S 52_SAD 30_C 43_CC 25_C 118_S 56_SAD 90_Ita 27_C 51_SAD 45_SAD 33_C 16_BG 117_S 32_C 49_SAD55_SAD
II	114_S
III	87_Ita
IV	83_Ita
V	54_SAD

^*
Provenance: Aporé (Ap), Barra do Garça (BG), Caiapônia (C), Chapadão do Céu (CC), Doverlândia (D), Itajá (Itj), Itarumã (Ita), Jataí (J), Mineiros (M), Santo Antônio do Descoberto (SAD), Serranópolis (S).

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Genetic polymorphism among natural populations of <i>Anacardium humile</i> A. ST-HIL

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[TFN0201] ^*
Analysis performed with access within each municipality; ** analysis performed among municipalities;

[TFN0202] ^**
analysis performed among municipalities;

[TFN0203] ^***
analysis performed with all 122 accesses;

[TFN0204] ^****
Ntb = number of total bands; Npb = number of polymorphic bands; % P = percentage of polymorphism (or polymorphism rate); EP = expressive primers; LEP = less expressive primers; Abp = Average bands per primers, BStrap = bootstrap and b = measure of heterogeneity between bands.