Estratégias de fertilização para reduzir a formação de frutos estenoespermo-cárpicos de manga na região semiárida

A cultura da manga tem apresentado perdas consideráveis, devido à intensa ocorrência de desordens fisiológicas em seus frutos, sendo a estenoespermocarpia a principal desordem nas condições do semiárido tropical. Assim, o experimento foi realizado para avaliar o potencial de perda de produtividade da manga cv. Palmer por estenoespermocarpia, sua relação com o estado nutricional da planta e sua produtividade em função das estratégias de fertilização. O estudo foi realizado em duas áreas experimentais no semiárido brasileiro. Há evidências de que os teores foliares de fósforo (P), ferro (Fe) e zinco (Zn) influenciaram o desenvolvimento comdos frutos estenoespermocárpicos, associados à alta temperatura e baixa umidade relativa, no período de floração da cultura. A incidência de frutos afetados pela estenoespermocarpia chegou a 90%, com perda de produtividade estimada de 28,81 Mg ha-1 para a manga cv. Palmer.

Termos para indexação
Mangifera indica L.; Nutrição mineral; Desordem fisiológica; Produtividade

Autoria

Ítalo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante

Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil. Universidade Federal do Vale do São FranciscoBrasilPetrolina, PE, Brasil Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1610-1546

Camila Israela Freire Silva Carvalho

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0770-8867

Augusto Miguel Nascimento Lima Augusto Miguel Nascimento Lima E-mail:augusto.lima@univasf.edu.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-9600

Roberto Lustosa Silva

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil. Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrasilViçosa, MG, Brasil Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4868-1709

Kátia Araújo da Silva

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6618-8753

Marcos Sales Rodrigues

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6567-1273

Augusto Miguel Nascimento Lima E-mail:augusto.lima@univasf.edu.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil. Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrasilViçosa, MG, Brasil Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil.

Figuras | Tabelas

Figuras (2)
Tabelas (4)

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Figure 1
External (a) and internal (b) aspects of mango fruits cv. ‘Palmer’ affected by the stenospermocarpy physiological disorder.

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Figure 2
Number of stenospermocarpic (SSC) fruits per plant [1st and 2nd half: CV= 31.22 and 58.39%; LSD= 72.62 and 4.95, respectively] (a) percentage of SSC fruits per plant [1st and 2nd half: CV= 6.77 and 107%; LSD= 13.37 and 16.95, respectively] (b), and yield [1st and 2nd half: CV= 23.34 and 36.63%; LSD= 1.76 and 8.63, respectively] (c) of the mango cv. Palmer in the second half of 2016 and first half of 2017 as a function of fertilization strategies.T1 = without fertilization; T2 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L-a-amino acids; T3 = two fertilizations with 50 g per plant of H3BO3 + five sprays with H3BO3 [first two (0.3%) and others (0.2%)]; T4 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + free amino acids + algae extract; T5 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L amino acids glycine and betaine. Bars with the same letter do not differ from each other by Tukey test (p < 0.01), for the same period. The bars represent the average standard deviation.

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Table 1
Chemical and physical characteristics of the soil in the 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m layers before setting up the experiment.

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Table 2
Leaf contents of macro and micronutrients in mango cv. Palmer before setting up the experiment and reference values1/ for the mango crop. Petrolina, Pernambuco state.

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Table 3
Leaf contents of macro and micronutrients in mango cv. Palmer in different production periods (2nd half of 2016 and 1st half of 2017) as a function of fertilization strategies. Petrolina-PE.

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Table 4
Deviation from the Optimum Percentage (DOP) of leaf nutrient contents of mango cv. Palmer as a function of fertilization strategies. Petrolina-PE.

Figure 1 External (a) and internal (b) aspects of mango fruits cv. ‘Palmer’ affected by the stenospermocarpy physiological disorder.

Figure 2 Number of stenospermocarpic (SSC) fruits per plant [1st and 2nd half: CV= 31.22 and 58.39%; LSD= 72.62 and 4.95, respectively] (a) percentage of SSC fruits per plant [1st and 2nd half: CV= 6.77 and 107%; LSD= 13.37 and 16.95, respectively] (b), and yield [1st and 2nd half: CV= 23.34 and 36.63%; LSD= 1.76 and 8.63, respectively] (c) of the mango cv. Palmer in the second half of 2016 and first half of 2017 as a function of fertilization strategies.T1 = without fertilization; T2 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L-a-amino acids; T3 = two fertilizations with 50 g per plant of H3BO3 + five sprays with H3BO3 [first two (0.3%) and others (0.2%)]; T4 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + free amino acids + algae extract; T5 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L amino acids glycine and betaine. Bars with the same letter do not differ from each other by Tukey test (p < 0.01), for the same period. The bars represent the average standard deviation.

Table 1 Chemical and physical characteristics of the soil in the 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m layers before setting up the experiment.

Attributes	2^nd half/2016		1^st half/2017
Attributes	0.0-0.2 m	0.2-0.4 m	0.0-0.2 m	0.2-0.4 m
pH (water)	6.46	5.72	7.62	7.32
ECse (dS m^-1)	0.31	0.25	1.34	0.86
Ca²⁺ (cmol_cdm^-³)	2.28	1.77	3.33	1.98
Mg²⁺(cmol_cdm^-³)	3.64	3.51	3.72	3.45
Al³⁺(cmol_cdm^-³)	0.16	0.09	0.00	0.00
K⁺(cmol_cdm^-³)	0.14	0.21	0.36	0.13
Na⁺(cmol_cdm^-³)	0.04	0.04	1.01	0.53
P (mg dm^-³)	75.20	46.06	162.19	53.36
B (mg dm^-³)	0.29	0.32	0.54	0.42
H+Al (cmol_cdm^-³)	2.00	2.43	0.71	1.24
CEC_pH7.0(cmol_cdm^-³)	8.10	7.96	9.13	7.33
SB (cmol_cdm^-3)	6.10	5.53	8.42	6.09
V (%)	75.31	69.47	92.22	83.08
OM (dag kg^-1)	0.66	0.67	2.38	1.14
Mn²⁺ (mg dm^-³)	20.00	19.43	61.59	21.71
Zn²⁺ (mg dm^-³)	34.82	4.79	37.52	8.13
Fe²⁺ (mg dm^-³)	20.34	18.53	24.33	27.89
BD (g cm^-3)	1.48	1.57	1.28	1.55
Sand (dag kg^-1)	88.27	85.24	90.00	89.56
Silt (dag kg^-1)	4.57	5.10	3.53	2.44
Clay (dag kg^-1)	7.17	9.67	6.47	8.00

^*
ECse: electrical conductivity of saturation extract; Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Al: 1 mol·L^-1 KCl extractant; P, K⁺, Na⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe2+: Mehlich-1 extractant; H+Al: potential acidity, 0.5 mol·L^-1 calcium acetate extractant; CEC: cation exchange capacity; SB: sum of bases; V (%): base saturation; OM: organic matter; BD: bulk density.

Table 2 Leaf contents of macro and micronutrients in mango cv. Palmer before setting up the experiment and reference values1/ for the mango crop. Petrolina, Pernambuco state.

	N	P	Ca	Mg	K	B	Fe	Mn	Zn
	^{_________________} g kg^{-1________________}					^{______________}mg kg^{-1_______________}
2^nd half/2016	4.62	0.78	24.96	1.98	3.60	56.71	36.31	197.90	13,99
1^st half/2017	4.06	0.75	18.49	2.58	2.85	55.03	28.48	222.31	12,43
^1/Quaggio (1996)	12-14	0.8-1.6	20-35	2.5-5	5-10	50-100	50-200	50-100	20-40

Table 3 Leaf contents of macro and micronutrients in mango cv. Palmer in different production periods (2nd half of 2016 and 1st half of 2017) as a function of fertilization strategies. Petrolina-PE.

Source of Variation	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	B	Zn	Fe	Mn
Source of Variation	------------------------- g kg^-1-------------------------------					---------------------- mg kg^-1--------------------
	2^nd Half of 2016
F_treatment	2.30 ^ns	15.67 **	8.95 **	1.38 ^ns	3.35 ^ns	14.89 **	0.52 ^ns	0.62 ^ns	0.48^ns
T1	1.97	0.09 d	3.90 a	28.08	1.82	60.22 b	9.69	33.71	228.47
T2	2.81	0.10 cd	1.64 b	25.26	1.18	58.19 b	9.10	32.02	219.42
T3	2.80	0.12 bc	1.01 b	26.55	1.78	186.52 a	6.87	38.87	220.59
T4	2.90	0.15 a	1.98 b	23.17	1.36	55.03 b	9.73	47.51	201.10
T5	2.82	0.14 ab	5.45 a	22.73	2.01	63.16 b	9.48	50.14	243.73
LSD	1.15	0.03	1.91	8.68	0.85	66.66	7.52	28.97	100.25
CV (%)	19.16	11.45	30.26	15.29	23.12	34.93	37.17	33.63	19.97
	1^st Half of 2017
F_treatment	0.22^ns	0.01 **	0.20^ns	0.16^ns	0.06^ns	0.002**	0.05^ns	0.004**	0.73^ns
T1	2.50	0.17 b	8.17	11.27	2.07	49.38 b	17.06	49.58 a	249.68
T2	2.42	0.22 ab	9.87	9.62	1.59	42.84 b	14.26	30.06 b	223.66
T3	2.69	0.25 ab	8.87	7.74	1.53	228.96 a	10.53	30.85 b	237.46
T4	2.83	0.28 a	5.54	6.82	1.22	44.89 b	15.64	17.51 b	239.46
T5	2.41	0.30 a	4.71	7.94	1.49	49.84 b	8.68	22.45 b	192.00
LSD	0.65	0.09	7.15	5.64	0.80	37.41	8.78	15.93	140.85
CV (%)	11.23	16.23	40.73	28.85	22.48	19.95	29.43	23.49	27.35

^*
^ns: not significant; * and **: significant at p> 0.05 and p <0.01 probability levels, respectively. T1 = without fertilization; T2 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L-a-amino acids; T3 = two fertilizations with 50 g per plant of H₃BO₃ + five sprays with H₃BO₃ [first two (0.3%) and others (0.2%)]; T4 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + free amino acids + algae extract; T5 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L amino acids glycine and betaine. Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ from each other by Tukey test at p > 0.05 and p > 0.01 probability levels.

Table 4 Deviation from the Optimum Percentage (DOP) of leaf nutrient contents of mango cv. Palmer as a function of fertilization strategies. Petrolina-PE.

Source of Variation	DOP_N	DOP_P	DOP_K	DOP_Ca	DOP_Mg	DOP_B	DOP_Zn	DOP_Fe	DOP_Mn
Source of Variation	2^nd Half of 2016
T1	-84,85	-92,50	-48,00	2,11	-51,47	-19,71	-67,70	-73,03	204,63
T2	-78,38	-91,67	-78,13	-8,15	-68,53	-22,41	-69,67	-74,38	192,56
T3	-78,46	-90,00	-86,53	-3,45	-52,53	148,69	-77,10	-68,90	194,12
T4	-77,69	-87,50	-73,60	-15,75	-63,73	-26,63	-67,57	-61,99	168,13
T5	-78,31	-88,33	-35,47	-17,35	-46,40	-15,79	-68,40	-59,89	224,97
Mean	-79.54	-90.00	-64.35	-8.52	-56.53	12.83	-70.09	-67.64	196.88
	1^st Half of 2017
T1	-80,77	-85,83	8,93	-59,02	-44,80	-34,16	-43,13	-60,34	232,91
T2	-81,38	-81,67	31,60	-65,02	-57,60	-42,88	-52,47	-75,95	198,21
T3	-79,31	-79,17	18,27	-71,85	-59,20	205,28	-64,90	-75,32	216,61
T4	-78,23	-76,67	-26,13	-75,20	-67,47	-40,15	-47,87	-85,99	219,28
T5	-81,46	-75,00	-37,20	-71,13	-60,27	-33,55	-71,07	-82,04	156,00
Mean	-80.23	-79.67	-0.91	-68.44	-57.87	10.91	-55.89	-75.93	204.60

^*
T1 = without fertilization; T2 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L-a-amino acids; T3 = two fertilizations with 50 g per plant of H₃BO₃ + five sprays with H3BO3 [first two (0.3%) and others (0.2%)]; T4 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + free amino acids + algae extract; T5 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L amino acids glycine and betaine.

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Estratégias de fertilização para reduzir a formação de frutos estenoespermo-cárpicos de manga na região semiárida

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[1] Augusto Miguel Nascimento Lima E-mail:augusto.lima@univasf.edu.br