PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-ESTEEM AMONG PEOPLE WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES IN SAUDI ARABIA

Alhumaid, Majed M.

doi:10.1590/1517-8692202430022022_0116i

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Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte

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Original Article, Adapted Physical Activity • Rev Bras Med Esporte 30 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202430022022_0116i copy

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-ESTEEM AMONG PEOPLE WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES IN SAUDI ARABIA

ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y AUTOESTIMA EN PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD FÍSICA EN ARABIA SAUDITA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Physical activity can play a critical and effective role in the health and self-esteem of the general population. However, the research on the association between participation in physical activity and self-esteem in those with physical disabilities in non-Western countries, especially Saudi Arabia is limited.

Objective:

To analyze self-esteem levels among those with physical disabilities in Saudi Arabia, and examine the relationship between participation in physical activity and self-esteem among those with physical disabilities in Saudi Arabia.

Methods:

A participant sample (N = 292) consisting of Saudi Arabian individuals with physical disabilities (male n = 201; female n = 91) aged 18-59 years (M = 36.08 years; SD = 10.64) was recruited to participate in this study. Levels of self-esteem were measured using the Arabic version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES).

Results:

Statistical analysis illustrated that the participants’ overall self-esteem was moderate (M = 3.14; SD = 0.56). A stepwise multiple linear regression demonstrated that participating in physical activity (measured by days per week) was the only predictor of the total RSES scale (ß = −0.304; p = <0.001).

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that participation in physical activity is a statistically significant predictor of self-esteem levels in those with physical disabilities in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, it is essential to increase awareness of the importance of participation in physical activity among people with physical disabilities. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigation of Treatment Results.

Keywords:
Disability Studies; Disabled Persons; Physical Inactivity; Quality of Life

Independent Variables	n	Factor1 (positive feelings)			Factor2 (negative feelings)			Total RSES scale
Independent Variables	n	M ± SD	F/χ²/z	p Value	M ± SD	F/χ²/z	p Value	M ± SD	F/χ²/z	p Value
Age (years)
18–31	114	3.27±0.59	0.823 ^a a Note: One-way ANOVA;	0.440	2.99±0.81	0.558 ^a a Note: One-way ANOVA;	0.573	3.14±0.60	0.047 ^a a Note: One-way ANOVA;	0.954
32–45	109	3.18±0.57			3.05±0.67			3.12±0.55
46–59	69	3.18±0.75			3.10±0.66			3.14±0.52
Gender
Male	201	3.25±0.58	−1.389 ^b b Mann–Whitney U Test;	0.165	3.09±0.75	−2.304 ^b b Mann–Whitney U Test;	0.021 ^* * the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level;	3.18±0.57	−2.044 ^b b Mann–Whitney U Test;	0.041 ^* * the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level;
Female	91	3.14±0.57	−1.389 ^b b Mann–Whitney U Test;	0.165	2.92±0.65	−2.304 ^b b Mann–Whitney U Test;		3.05±0.53	−2.044 ^b b Mann–Whitney U Test;
Educational level
Primary	40	3.08±0.57	6.310 ^c c Kruskal–Wallis Test;	0.097	2.78±0.62	9.486 ^c c Kruskal–Wallis Test;	0.023 ^* * the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level;	2.95±0.52	9.053 ^c c Kruskal–Wallis Test;	0.029 ^* * the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level;
Intermediate	42	3.13±0.49			3.03±0.58			3.09±0.39
Secondary	120	3.21±0.63			3.05±0.81			3.14±0.62
University level and above	90	3.32±0.52			3.14±0.71			3.24±0.53
PA/Exercise (day)
1–2 days a week	64	3.30±0.47	41.144 ^c c Kruskal–Wallis Test;	<0.001 ^* * the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level;	3.26±0.62	35.693 ^c c Kruskal–Wallis Test;	<0.001 ^* * the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level;	3.28±0.48	50.591 ^c c Kruskal–Wallis Test;	<0.001 ^* * the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level;
3–4 days a week	48	3.50±0.50			3.29±0.59			3.41±0.45
+4 a week	57	3.41±0.53			3.22±0.75			3.32±0.55
No	123	2.97±0.58			2.74±0.72			2.87±0.53
PA/Exercise (min)
10–30 mins a day	79	3.26±0.54	43.478 ^c c Kruskal–Wallis Test;	<0.001 ^* * the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level;	3.14±0.69	37.121 ^c c Kruskal–Wallis Test;	<0.001 ^* * the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level;	3.21±0.50	52.882 ^c c Kruskal–Wallis Test;	<0.001 ^* * the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level;
31–60 mins a day	39	3.43±0.46			3.31±0.60			3.38±0.46
+60 mins a day	51	3.55±0.47			3.37±0.66			3.47±0.48
No	123	2.98±0.57			2.75±0.71			2.88±0.54

RSES scale	Independent Variables	Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients
RSES scale	Independent Variables	B	Std. Error	Beta	t value	p value	Partial R
Factor1 (positive feelings)	PA/Exercise (day)	−0.118	0.041	−0.243	−2.858^* * Results of regression model between PA and self-esteem were adjusted by all socio-demographic and disability characteristics (only education level was remained).	0.005	−0.166
Factor1 (positive feelings)	PA/Exercise (min)	−0.007	0.039	−0.014	−0.166	0.868	−0.010
Factor 2 (negative feelings)	PA/Exercise (day)	−0.175	0.051	−0.285	−3.39^* * Results of regression model between PA and self-esteem were adjusted by all socio-demographic and disability characteristics (only education level was remained).	0.001	−0.196
Factor 2 (negative feelings)	PA/Exercise (min)	−0.003	0.049	−0.005	−0.055	0.956	−0.003
Total	PA/Exercise (day)	−0.143	0.039	−0.304	−3.648^* * Results of regression model between PA and self-esteem were adjusted by all socio-demographic and disability characteristics (only education level was remained).	<0.001	−0.210
Total	PA/Exercise (min)	−0.005	0.037	−0.011	−0.129	0.897	−0.008

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[1] Correspondence: Majed M. Alhumaid, King Faisal University, College of Education, Department of Physical Education. 7057, Prince Faisal Bin Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Street, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. 31982. malhumaid@kfu.edu.sa