Regionalism Beyond Land Borders: Strengthening regional integration in Latin America and the Caribbean through blue economy policies

Santos, Thauan; Colgan, Charles S.

doi:10.1590/0034-7329202300218

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Special Issue: Regionalism and the Sustainable Development Goals • Rev. Bras. Polít. Int. 66 (2) • Oct 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329202300218 copy

Regionalism Beyond Land Borders: Strengthening regional integration in Latin America and the Caribbean through blue economy policies

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This article seeks to highlight the key role of the blue economy in fostering regional integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) based on the 2030 Agenda. By proposing a “beyond the boxes” approach, SDG 14 is not the only driver that stands out. Hence, we propose a regionalism beyond the state-centric and land borders, which will require reflecting on and rethinking theories, policies, and practices related to the foundations of regional integration, IR, and the 2030 Agenda itself. The methodology combines UN reports and data from ECLAC, WRI, FAO, UNEP-WCMC, UNESCO-MAB, WWF, UN-DESA, and NOAA.

2030 Agenda; blue economy; Latin America and the Caribbean; ocean; regional integration; sea

Goal	SDG	Number of targets	Number of indicators
1	End poverty in all its forms everywhere	7	14
2	End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture	8	13
3	Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages	13	27
4	Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all	10	11
5	Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls	9	14
6	Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all	8	11
7	Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all	5	6
8	Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all	12	17
9	Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation	8	12
10	Reduce inequality within and among countries	10	11
11	Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable	10	15
12	Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns	11	13
13	Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts	5	8
14	Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development	10	10
15	Protect, restore and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss	12	14
16	Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels	12	23
17	Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development	19	25

Target	Issue area	SDG progress report (2023)
14.1	By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution	The global trend of elevated coastal eutrophication continued in 2022 above the 2000-2004 baseline conditions, though different in magnitude from recent years. The highest rates are in the Arabian Sea.
14.2	By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans	-
14.3	Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels	Ocean acidification is increasing and will continue to do so if CO₂ emissions do not stop rising, threatening marine ecosystems and the services they provide. Today, the ocean’s average pH is 8.1. This means that the ocean today is about 30% more acidic than in pre-industrial times.
14.4	By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics	Fishery resources continue to be threatened by overfishing, pollution, poor management and other factors, including illegal fishing. More than a third (35.4%) of global stocks were overfished in 2019, an increase of 1.2% since 2017. Despite ongoing deterioration, the rate of decline has decelerated in recent years. However, the trend continues to deteriorate from the 2020 target to restore fish stocks to biologically sustainable levels.
14.5	By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information	-
14.6	By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation*	By the end of 2022, the Agreement on Port State Measures, targeting illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, reached 74 Parties, (including the EU) or effectively 100 states. In the 2018-2022 period, there has been some progress at the global level in implementing instruments to combat IUU fishing. The new WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, adopted in June 2022, marks a major step forward towards ocean sustainability.
14.7	By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing states and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism	-
14.a	Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing states and least developed countries	Even though the ocean covers more than 70% of the surface of our planet and contributes to 2.5% of the world gross value added, on average, between 2013 to 2021, only 1.1% of national research budgets were allocated for ocean science.
14.b	Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets	Globally, the degree of application of frameworks that recognize and protect access rights for small-scale fisheries in 2022 was at the highest level based on available data, reaching a maximum score of 5 out of 5. However, this score conceals a reduced number of countries that contributed to the reporting.
14.c	Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of “The future we want”	-

Group	Subregion	Countries
SIDS	Caribbean	Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Bahamas; Barbados; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba; British Virgin Islands; Cuba; Curaçao; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica; Montserrat; Puerto Rico; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Sint Maarten (Dutch part); Trinidad and Tobago; United States Virgin Islands; Belize
	Central America	Belize
	South America	Guyana, Suriname
LDC	Caribbean	Haiti

Centro de Estudos Globais da Universidade de Brasília Centro de Estudos Globais, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília - DF - 70910-900 - Brazil, Tel.: + 55 61 31073651 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: rbpi@unb.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS