Monitoring water quality of the Sergipe River basin: an evaluation using multivariate data analysis

Alves, José do Patrocinio Hora; Fonseca, Lucas Cruz; Chielle, Raisa de Siqueira Alves; Macedo, Lúcia Calumby Barreto

doi:10.1590/2318-0331.231820170124

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Scientific/Technical Article • RBRH 23 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.231820170124 copy

Monitoring water quality of the Sergipe River basin: an evaluation using multivariate data analysis

Monitoramento da qualidade da água da bacia do Rio Sergipe: uma avaliação usando análise multivariada de dados

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the efficiency of the water quality monitoring network of the Sergipe river basin, using multivariate data analysis, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The PCA was applied to a data matrix consisting of 12 sampling stations and mean concentrations of 23 water quality parameters, obtained in four sampling campaigns from June/2013 to November/2015. All 12 sampling stations were considered as main (weight>0.7) and therefore should remain in the monitoring program. The PCA pointed out that of the 23 measured parameters, only 16 are essential for water quality assessment, in the dry period and 17 in the rainy season. The HCA separated the stations of the monitoring network in 4 groups according to the water quality characteristics, considering the natural and anthropogenic impacts. The main impacts were originated from natural sources (mineral constituents) and the anthropogenic contributions were associated with urban input, sewage, industrial dumps and surface runoff from agricultural areas.

Keywords:
Monitoring; Water quality; Principal component analysis; Cluster analysis; Sergipe River

Code	City	River	Geographical Coordinates
F11	N. Sra das Dores	Sergipe	10°31'22.6” S 37°14'48.1” W
F12	Moita Bonita	Jacarecica	10°38'13.2” S 37°21'59.6” W
F13	Aracaju	Poxim	10°55'17.6” S 37° 5'58.6” W
F14	São Cristóvão	Poxim Açu	10°55'10.6” S 37°11'10.6” W
F15	Socorro	Poxim Mirim	10°53'54.6” S 37°10'42.8” W
F16	São Cristóvão	Pitanga	10°58'7.1” S 37° 8'48.6” W
F17	Laranjeiras	Cotinguiba	10°58'7.1” S 37° 8'48.6” W
F18	Laranjeiras	Cotinguiba	10°48'15.8” S 37°16'53.7” W
F19	Riachuelo	Jacarecica	10°42'44.8” S 37°12'37.9” W
F20	Malhador	Riacho Cajueiro dos Veados	10°38'36.3” S 37°18'7.4” W
FA	Sta. Rosa de Lima	Sergipe	10°39'48.3” S 37°11'28.0” W
FM	Laranjeiras	Riacho Madre	10°48'45.4” S 37°10'29.1” W

Water quality parameters	Dry period				Rainy period
Water quality parameters	Min.	Max.	Mean	Standard deviation	Min.	Max.	Mean	Standard deviation
pH	6.6	7.9	7.4	0.4	6.3	8.0	7.3	0.5
Electrical conductivity (µS cm^-1)	94.3	6392	1018	1760	75.3	9840	1386	2815
Turbidity (NTU)	3.1	20.1	7.8	4.8	2.1	104	28.2	28.8
Dissolved oxygen (mg L^-1)	2.05	7.18	5.02	1.45	1.72	7.81	5.75	1.70
Total alkalinity (mg L^-1 CaCO₃)	9.73	351.2	125.0	93.7	8.47	337.8	113.5	93.4
Total hardness (mg L^-1 CaCO₃)	9.76	998.7	214.3	279.1	9.45	1927	257.0	535.9
BOD₅ (mg L^-1)	6.15	31.05	13.91	7.05	4.33	40.39	12.48	10.17
Chlorophyll a (µg L^-1)	0.01	7.59	2.35	1.89	1.27	8.99	3.71	2.21
Total dissolved solids (mg L^-1)	52.83	4140	616.8	1142	42.18	5719	811.5	1644
Water temperature (^oC)	23.0	29.0	26.8	1.7	23.1	27.5	24.7	1.3
Bicarbonate (mg L^-1)	9.73	351.2	124.6	93.5	8.47	317.8	108.1	90.6
Color (Hazen)	0.1	10.3	2.5	2.8	0.4	20.3	5.9	6.1
Total phosphorus (mg L^-1)	0.02	0.38	0.10	0.10	0.28	0.43	0.31	0.05
Sodium (mg L^-1)	9.37	678.9	94.7	188.4	10.95	1065	148.0	311.0
Potassium (mg L^-1)	0.83	15.13	3.61	4.04	1.33	18.48	4.82	5.40
Calcium (mg L^-1)	0.78	244.4	54.89	67.54	0.63	350.9	55.79	98.45
Magnesium (mg L^-1)	1.33	132.1	18.88	36.78	1.61	309.9	33.87	88.03
Nitrate ((mg L^-1)	0.11	1.88	0.49	0.51	0.10	2.06	0.62	0.59
Ammoniacal nitrogen (mg L^-1)	0.07	0.39	0.13	0.09	0.04	0.19	0.07	0.04
Sulfate (mg L^-1)	1.55	164.9	21.95	45.96	1.67	110.0	17.10	30.22
Chloride (mg L^-1)	14.78	1735	206.0	486.8	15.02	2870	342.3	827.4
Dissolved organic carbon (mg L^-1)	2.6	18.3	8.8	4.6	5.0	23.6	10.5	4.8
Thermotolerant coliforms (MPN/100mL)	52.5	109500	10285	31332	355.0	175175	20036	49050

Monitoring stations	PC1	PC2
Dry period
F11	0.721	-0.636
F12	0.777	0.628
F13	0.798	-0.585
F14	0.813	-0.560
F15	0.950	-0.153
F16	0.959	0.221
F17	0.865	0.503
F18	0.646	0.763
F19	0.927	-0.367
F20	0.967	0.233
FA	0.759	-0.636
FM	0.728	0.684
% Total variance	69.2	28.5
% Cumulative variance	69.2	97.7
Rainy period
F11	0.498	0.851
F12	0.996	-0.094
F13	0.997	-0.082
F14	0.995	-0.103
F15	0.995	-0.103
F16	0.993	-0.120
F17	0.992	-0.124
F18	0.997	-0.071
F19	0.999	-0.043
F20	0.990	-0.140
FA	0.140	0.976
FM	0.362	0.872
% Total variance	77.5	21.1
% Cumulative variance	77.5	98.6

Water quality parameters	Dry period					Rainy period
Water quality parameters	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC5	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC5
pH	0.434	0.327	-0.067	-0.599	-0.335	0.624	0.421	-0.140	-0.248	-0.091
Electrical Conductivity (µS cm^-1)	0.984	-0.075	-0.119	0.067	0.020	0.979	-0.052	-0.080	0.169	0.003
Turbidity (NTU)	-0.379	-0.098	-0.363	0.221	0.380	-0.303	0.487	-0.055	0.177	-0.747
Dissolved oxygen (mg L^-1)	0.028	-0.698	-0.009	-0.365	-0.555	0.095	0.497	-0.699	0.263	-0.024
Total alkalinity (mg L^-1 CaCO₃)	0.342	0.738	0.148	-0.487	0.249	0.583	-0.250	-0.066	-0.728	-0.018
Total hardness (mg L^-1 CaCO₃)	0.954	0.088	-0.113	-0.064	0.063	0.971	-0.076	-0.021	0.143	-0.009
BOD₅ (mg L^-1)	-0.315	0.361	-0.198	0.599	-0.080	-0.235	-0.630	0.595	0.306	-0.007
Chlorophyll a (µg L^-1)	0.917	-0.244	0.135	-0.036	-0.142	0.710	0.389	0.194	0.190	-0.177
Total dissolved solids (mg L^-1)	0.982	-0.084	-0.118	0.092	0.023	0.979	-0.056	-0.088	0.161	0.005
Water temperature (°C)	-0.102	0.500	-0.692	0.089	-0.090	0.532	0.048	0.747	-0.120	0.008
Bicarbonate (mg L^-1)	0.341	0.742	0.150	-0.481	0.252	0.618	-0.191	-0.103	-0.715	-0.023
Color (Hazen)	0.052	-0.682	0.542	-0.239	0.206	-0.243	0.795	0.055	0.173	-0.211
Total phosphorus (mg L^-1)	-0.017	0.516	0.787	0.287	-0.071	-0.199	0.894	0.293	-0.018	0.090
Sodium (mg L^-1)	0.979	-0.126	-0.096	0.123	-0.008	0.972	-0.025	-0.087	0.186	0.010
Potassium (mg L^-1)	0.969	-0.027	0.052	0.070	-0.045	0.918	0.141	-0.029	0.103	0.100
Calcium (mg L^-1)	0.938	0.226	-0.061	-0.010	0.141	0.954	-0.139	-0.030	0.006	-0.017
Magnesium (mg L^-1)	0.978	-0.111	-0.122	0.109	-0.002	0.961	-0.028	-0.016	0.253	-0.004
Nitrate ((mg L^-1)	0.253	-0.776	0.221	-0.021	0.444	0.179	0.699	0.386	-0.205	0.498
Ammoniacal nitrogen (mg L^-1)	0.908	-0.018	0.192	0.323	-0.109	-0.083	-0.425	0.479	0.537	0.043
Sulfate (mg L^-1)	0.980	-0.062	-0.056	0.141	0.017	0.981	-0.028	-0.031	0.113	-0.020
Chloride (mg L^-1)	0.971	-0.131	-0.103	0.163	0.007	0.971	-0.036	-0.059	0.225	0.005
Dissolved organic carbon (mg L^-1)	0.770	0.389	0.030	-0.024	-0.005	0.417	0.565	0.643	-0.220	-0.148
Thermotolerant coliforms (MPN/100mL)	-0.029	0.445	0.677	0.398	-0.195	-0.199	0.396	-0.230	0.268	0.740
Total variance (%)	49.9	17.1	9.8	8.1	4.5	46.9	17.1	10.6	9.0	6.4
Cumulative variance (%)	49.9	67.0	76.8	84.9	89.4	46.9	64.0	74.6	83.6	90.0

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