OBJECTIVES: to investigate the development of eye-contact and visual behavior in babies aged between 0 and 4 months. METHODS: sixteen normal babies were filmed monthly for 30 minutes, and 11 eleven visual behavior categories observed and transcribed. These were then quantified and treated statistically using the Friedman test (α = 0.050) and Wilcoxon's Signed Rank test (Bonferroni's α = 0,010). RESULTS: there were statistical differences in frequency between the various categories: "looking mother in the eye" (p<0.001), "looking mother in the face" (p<0.001), "looking at an object" (p<0.001), "looking at the researcher" (p<0.001), "actively looking at the surroundings" (p<0.001), "passively looking at the surroundings" (p<0.001), "looking at own body" (p=0.001) and "eyes closed" (p=0.005). Eye-contact was detected in the third week of life in 64.7% and developed during the first five months of life (p=0.010 in 50% of the intervals between data collection). CONCLUSIONS: eye-contact can be detected from the neonatal period onwards and develops over the first few months of life. The frequency of the baby's eye-contact with its mother increases longitudinally in the first four months. Other focuses of attention, apart from the mother's eyes, are also fundamental during the early stages of development outside the womb.
Nonverbal communication; Infant; newborn; Infant; Child development; Visual perception
