Sport tourism: a comparative analysis of residents from Brazil and Hong Kong

Uvinha, Ricardo Ricci; Chan, Chung-Shing; Man, Chuen Kuen; Marafa, Lawal M.

doi:10.7784/rbtur.v12i1.1374

Ricardo Ricci Uvinha

Graduate Program in Tourism, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities University of São Paulo (USP). São Paulo, SP. Corresponding author in Brazil, leader of the Interdisciplinary Group of Leisure Studies at the USP and responsible for the research team in São Paulo.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2936-9453

Chung-Shing Chan

Department of Geography and Resource Management. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong. . Corresponding author in Hong Kong, responsible for the research team in Hong Kong.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3847-3781

Chuen Kuen Man

Department of Geography and Resource Management. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong. Member of the research team in Hong Kong.

Lawal M. Marafa

Centre for Environmental Policy and Resource Management (CEPRM). Department of Geography and Resource Management Department of Geography and Resource Management. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong. Member of the research team in Hong Kong.

Ricardo R. Uvinha

Associate Professor of the Graduate Program in Tourism, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo USP, Brazil. PhD in Tourism and Leisure from USP and a Post doctorate in Leisure Studies from Griffith University, Australia, he is currently leader of the Interdisciplinary Group of Leisure Studies/University of São Paulo Brazil. (Corresponding author and first author). E-mail: uvinha@usp.br ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2936-9453.

Chung-Shing Chan

Research Assistant Professor at the Department of Geography and Resource Management, at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. His doctoral research investigates the potential of green resources for city branding in Hong Kong. His teaching and research interests include place branding and marketing, sustainable tourism, and eco-tourism. E-mail: ccs_johnson@cuhk.edu.hk. ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3847-3781.

Chun-Kuen Man

Holder of a Master’s Degree in Sustainable Tourism at the Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. His main research interests include tourism perception and sport event tourism. E-mail: xic34@msn.com

Lawal M. Marafa

Associate professor at the Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. His teaching and research interests cover leisure and ecotourism, tourism and environment, recreation planning and management. E-mail: lmmarafa@cuhk.edu.hk

Factor	Indicators	Sources of reference
Attractiveness of sport event	• Excitement about sport event	Shonk & Chelladurai (2008Shonk, D. J., & Chelladurai, P. (2008). Service quality, satisfaction, and intent to return in event sport tourism. Journal of Sport Management, 22(5), 587-602. ); Henderson et al. (2010Henderson, J., Foo, K., Lim, H. & Yip, S. (2010). Sports events and tourism: the Singapore Formula One Grand Prix. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 1(1), 60-73. ); Briedenhann (2011Briedenhann, J. (2011). Economic and tourism expectations of the 2010 FIFA World Cup - A resident perspective. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 16(1), 5-32.); Peeters et al. (2014Peeters, T., Matheson, V. & Szymanski, S. (2014). Tourism and the 2010World Cup: Lessons for Developing Countries. Journal of African Economies, 23(2), 290-320. )
Attractiveness of sport event	• Existence of additional tourist activities related to sport event or team	Neirotti, Bosetti & Teed (2001); Gibson et al. (2003Gibson, H., Willming, C., & Holdnak A. (2003). Small-scale event sport tourism: Fans as tourists. Tourism Management, 24, 181-190.); Xing & Chalip (2009Xing, X. & Chalip, L. (2009). Marching in the glory: Experiences and meanings when working for a sport mega-event. Journal of Sport Management, 23, 210-237.); Henderson et al. (2010Henderson, J., Foo, K., Lim, H. & Yip, S. (2010). Sports events and tourism: the Singapore Formula One Grand Prix. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 1(1), 60-73. ); Alexandris & Kaplanidou, (2014Alexandris, K. & Kaplanidou, K. (2014). Marketing sport event tourism: Sport tourist behaviors and destination provisions. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 23, 125-126.); Koo et al. (2014Koo, S. K., Byon, K. K., & Baker, T. A. (2014). Integrating event image, satisfaction, and behavioral intention: Small-scale marathon event. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 23, 127-137.)
Travel experience	• Number of tourist attractions • Availability of transportation infrastructure and services • Quality of accommodations • Safety • Attitude of local residents at destination	Prideaux (2000Prideaux, B. (2000). The role of the transport system in destination development. Tourism Management, 21, 53-63.); Schiefelbusch et al. (2007); Shonk & Chelladurai (2008Shonk, D. J., & Chelladurai, P. (2008). Service quality, satisfaction, and intent to return in event sport tourism. Journal of Sport Management, 22(5), 587-602. ); Okayasu et al. (2010Okayasu, I., Nogawa, H., & Morais, D. (2010). Resource investments and loyalty to recreational sport tourism event. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27 (6), 565-578. ); Briedenhann (2011Briedenhann, J. (2011). Economic and tourism expectations of the 2010 FIFA World Cup - A resident perspective. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 16(1), 5-32.); Korstanje, Tzanelli & Clayton (2014); Rocha & Fink (2017Rocha, C. M., & Fink, J. S. (2017). Attitudes toward attending the 2016 Olympic Games and visiting Brazil after the games. Tourism Management Perspectives, 22, 17-26.)
Identity of being a fan	• Identity of a fan of sport team or club • Identity of a fan at sport event	Czepiel & Gilmore (1987Czepiel, J. A. & Gilmore, R. (1987). Exploring the concept of loyalty in services. In C. Congram, J. A. Czepiel, & J. Shanahan (Eds.), The service challenge: Integrating for competitive advantage (pp. 91-94). Chicago: American Marketing Association.); Branscombe & Wann (1994); Wann (1995); Faulkner, Tideswell, & Weston (1998); Mahony, Madrigal & Howard (2000Mahony, D. F., Madrigal, R., & Howard, D. R. (2000). Using the Psychological Commitment to Team (PCT) Scale to segment sport consumers based on loyalty. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(1), 15-25.); Gibson et al. (2003Gibson, H., Willming, C., & Holdnak A. (2003). Small-scale event sport tourism: Fans as tourists. Tourism Management, 24, 181-190.); Florek, Breitbarth & Conejo (2008Florek, M., Breitbarth, T., & Conejo, F. (2008). Mega Event = Mega Impact? Travelling fans' experience and perceptions of the 2006 FIFA World Cup host nation. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 13(3), 199-219.); Xing & Chalip (2009Xing, X. & Chalip, L. (2009). Marching in the glory: Experiences and meanings when working for a sport mega-event. Journal of Sport Management, 23, 210-237.); Briedenhann (2011Briedenhann, J. (2011). Economic and tourism expectations of the 2010 FIFA World Cup - A resident perspective. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 16(1), 5-32.); Alexandris & Kaplanidou, (2014Alexandris, K. & Kaplanidou, K. (2014). Marketing sport event tourism: Sport tourist behaviors and destination provisions. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 23, 125-126.); Koo et al. (2014Koo, S. K., Byon, K. K., & Baker, T. A. (2014). Integrating event image, satisfaction, and behavioral intention: Small-scale marathon event. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 23, 127-137.); Peeters et al. (2014Peeters, T., Matheson, V. & Szymanski, S. (2014). Tourism and the 2010World Cup: Lessons for Developing Countries. Journal of African Economies, 23(2), 290-320. )
Travel cost	• Cost of sport event admission • Cost of travel • Exchange rate	Kim et al. (2005Kim, S. S., Guo, Y., & Agrusa, J. (2005). Preference and positioning analyses of overseas destinations by mainland Chinese outbound pleasure tourists. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 212-220. ); van Cranenburgh, Chorus, & van Wee (2014van Cranenburgh, S., Chorus, C. G., & van Wee, B. (2014). Vacation behaviour under high travel cost conditions - A stated preference of revealed preference approach. Tourism Management, 43, 105-118.)

	Hong Kong (n = 134)		Brazil (n = 151)
Interested in watching on site	Yearly events	Infrequent events	Yearly events	Infrequent events
Interested in watching on site	69 entries, 15 types	66 entries, 3 types	123 entries, 35 types	116 entries, 7 types
Trip duration (night(s))	Yearly events	Infrequent events	Yearly events	Infrequent events
0-2	3 (2.2%)	0 (0.0%)	15 (9.9%)	10 (6.6%)
3-5	18 (13.4%)	10 (7.5%)	28 (18.5%)	25 (16.6%)
6-8	24 (17.9%)	25 (18.7%)	17 (11.3%)	32 (21.2%)
9-11	16 (11.9%)	11 (8.2%)	2 (1.3%)	15 (9.9%)
12-14	3 (2.2%)	16 (11.9%)	19 (12.6%)	14 (9.3%)
Over 14	5 (3.7%)	4 (3.0%)	7 (4.6%)	20 (13.2%)
Not applicable	65 (48.5%)	68 (50.7%)	63 (41.7%)	35 (23.2%)
Total	134 (100%)	134 (100%)	151 (100%)	151 (100%)
Budget (US$)	Yearly events	Infrequent events	Yearly events	Infrequent events
Below $500	3 (2.2%)	0 (0.0%)	16 (10.6%)	20 (13.2%)
$501-1,000	14 (10.4%)	7 (5.2%)	13 (8.6%)	15 (9.9%)
$1,001-1,500	13 (9.7%)	12 (9.0%)	18 (11.9%)	15 (9.9%)
$1,501-2,000	20 (14.9%)	17 (12.7%)	15 (9.9%)	19 (12.6%)
$2,001-2,500	14 (10.4%)	16 (11.9%)	9 (6.0%)	20 (13.2%)
Over $2,500	5 (3.7%)	14 (10.4%)	17 (11.3%)	27 (17.9%)
Not applicable	65 (48.5%)	68 (50.7%)	63 (41.7%)	35 (23.2%)
Total	134 (100%)	134 (100%)	151 (100%)	151 (100%)

	Hong Kong (n = 134)		Brazil (n = 151)
	Mean [Rank]	S.D.	Mean [Rank]	S.D.
Perception of sport event tourism
I want to travel for watching a yearly sport event.	3.43	1.968	4.17**	2.071
I want to travel for watching an infrequent sport event.	3.49	1.814	5.30**	1.792
If I travel for watching a sport event, I choose to join a package tour instead of self-travel.	2.45	1.352	2.99**	1.842
The ticket price of sport events is generally high.	4.41	1.452	5.76**	1.176
The cost of flight and accommodation is generally high.	4.48	1.336	5.77**	1.314
The exchange rate of foreign currency is generally low. nowadays.	4.31**	1.299	2.96	1.697
My interest in travel for sport event tourism is increased due to the Rio Olympics in 2016.	5.03	1.360	5.14	1.880
Level of importance in aspects for sport event tourism
Excitement about sport event	5.46 [2]	1.212	5.44 [4]	1.590
Additional activities related to sport event/sport team	4.32 [7]	1.515	4.78** [7]	1.708
Other tourist attractions	5.01 [3]	1.301	5.89** [2]	1.294
Transport infrastructure and transport service	4.99 [4]	1.076	5.73** [3]	1.351
Quality of accommodation	4.72 [6]	1.007	5.26** [5]	1.315
Safety level	5.73 [1]	1.005	5.97 [1]	1.262
Attitude of local residents at destination	4.99 [4]	1.048	5.15 [6]	1.459

Hong Kong	Excitement of sport event	Additional activities related to sport event/sport team	Other tourist attractions	Transport infrastructure and transport service	Quality of accommodation	Safety level	Attitude of local residents at destination
1. Excitement of sport event	-	0.467**	0.007	0.173*	-0.012	0.047	-0.018
2. Additional activities related to sport event/sport team		-	0.129	0.118	0.103	0.032	0.046
3. Other tourist attractions			-	0.500**	0.317**	0.381**	0.248**
4. Transport infrastructure and transport service				-	0.600**	0.532**	0.400**
5. Quality of accommodation					-	0.417**	0.303**
6. Safety level						-	0.553**
7. Attitude of local residents at destination							-
Brazil	Excitement of sport event	Additional activities related to sport event/sport team	Other tourist attractions	Transport infrastructure and transport service	Quality of accommodation	Safety level	Attitude of local residents at destination
1. Excitement of sport event	-	0.397**	-0.005	0.261**	0.096	0.124	0.114
2. Additional activities related to sport event/sport team		-	0.118	0.280**	0.257**	0.111	0.190*
3. Other tourist attractions			-	0.482**	0.449**	0.369**	0.193*
4. Transport infrastructure and transport service				-	0.600**	0.542**	0.359**
5. Quality of accommodation					-	0.596**	0.351**
6. Safety level						-	0.376**
7. Attitude of local residents at destination							-

Model of Hong Kong	Respondents from Hong Kong (n=134)
Interest in yearly sport event tourism [Coefficient (t-value)]
Constant term	-0.403 (-0.566)
Excitement about sport event	0.433 (5.512)**
Adjusted R-square	0.181 (F=30.378)**
Interest in infrequent sport event tourism [Coefficient (t-value)]
Constant term	-2.314 (-2.548)*
Excitement about sport event	0.350 (4.143)**
Attitude of local residents at destination	0.223 (2.980)**
Additional activities related to sport event/sport team	0.196 (2.318)*
Adjusted R-square	0.259 (F=16.516)**
Model of Brazil	Respondents from Brazil (n=151)
Interest in yearly sport event tourism [Coefficient (t-value)]
Constant term	1.150 (1.894)
Additional activities related to sport event/sport team	0.284 (3.468)**
Excitement about sport event	0.194 (2.365)*
Adjusted R-square	0.151 (F=14.313)**
Interest in infrequent sport event tourism [Coefficient (t-value)]
Constant term	1.633 (2.511)*
Excitement about sport event	0.383 (5.065)**
Transport infrastructure and transport service	0.173 (2.289)*
Adjusted R-square	0.201 (F=19.831)**

Part	Variable/question	Scale of measurement
Part A	• Demographic and socio-economic information (gender, age, education level, personal monthly income, working status and city of origin) • Personal travel characteristics (Number of country(ies) travelled, usual major purpose of travel and 2016 Rio Olympics attendance)	Categorical choice
Part B	• Interest in sport event tourism (yearly and infrequent events with examples) • Perception of sport event travel (package tour vs. self-travel, ticket price, cost and expenses, exchange rate) • Interest in sport event tourism after 2016 Rio Olympics	7-point Likert scale (“strongly disagreed” decoded as “1” to “strongly agreed” decoded as “7”)
Part B	• Preference of sport event travel (choice of yearly and infrequent events with examples, trip duration and budget)	Open-ended question and categorical choice
Part C	• Level of importance in sport event tourism aspects (excitement, additional activities, other tourist attractions, transport, accommodation, safety, and local attitude)	7-point Likert scale (“not important at all” decoded as “1” to “very important” decoded as “7”)
Part C	• Preference of additional activities and other tourist attractions • Other requirements for sport event tourism • Being a fan of any particular sport event or team	Open-ended question and categorical choice

		Hong Kong (n = 134)		Brazil (n = 151)
		Frequency	%	Frequency	%
Gender	Male	74	55.2	71	47.0
	Female	60	44.8	80	53.0
	Total	134	100.0	151	100.0
Age	18-19	23	17.2	31	20.5
	20-29	42	31.3	75	49.7
	30-39	25	18.7	24	15.9
	40-49	20	14.9	12	7.9
	50-59	12	9.0	8	5.3
	60 or above	12	9.0	1	0.7
	Total	134	100.0	151	100.0
Education level	Primary or below	0	0.0	2	1.3
	Junior secondary	3	2.2	1	0.7
	Senior secondary	28	20.9	15	9.9
	Tertiary (non-degree)	45	33.6	46	30.5
	Undergraduate	43	32.1	60	39.7
	Postgraduate or above	15	11.2	27	17.9
	Total	134	100.0	151	100.0
Monthly personal income (US$)	Below 1,000	29	21.6	55	36.4
	1,000-2,000	52	38.8	48	31.8
	2,001-3,000	22	16.4	16	10.6
	3,001-4,000	14	10.4	15	9.9
	4,001-5,000	9	6.7	6	4.0
	5,001 or above	8	6.0	11	7.3
	Total	134	100.0	151	100.0
Working status	Employed	74	55.2	68	45.0
	Unemployed	14	10.4	17	11.3
	Retired	10	7.5	1	0.7
	Housewife	3	2.2	1	0.7
	Student	31	23.1	63	41.7
	Others	2	1.5	1	0.7
	Total	134	100.0	151	100.0
Rio Olympics attendance	Yes	1	0.7	118	78.1
	No	133	99.3	33	21.9
	Total	134	100.0	151	100.0
Number of country(ies) travelled	0	12	9.0	57	37.7
	1-3	2	1.5	45	29.8
	4-6	39	29.1	20	13.2
	7-9	44	32.8	9	6.0
	10-12	22	16.4	1	0.7
	Over 12	15	11.2	19	12.6
	Total	134	100.0	151	100.0
Any fan of sport event	Yes	73	54.5	91	60.3
	No	61	45.5	60	39.7
	Total	134	100.0	151	100.0
Any fan of sport team	Yes	63	47.0	102	67.5
	No	71	53.0	49	32.5
	Total	134	100.0	151	100.0

[1] Ricardo R. Uvinha

Associate Professor of the Graduate Program in Tourism, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo USP, Brazil. PhD in Tourism and Leisure from USP and a Post doctorate in Leisure Studies from Griffith University, Australia, he is currently leader of the Interdisciplinary Group of Leisure Studies/University of São Paulo Brazil. (Corresponding author and first author). E-mail: uvinha@usp.br ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2936-9453.

Brasil

Brasil

Sport tourism: a comparative analysis of residents from Brazil and Hong Kong

Turismo esportivo: uma análise comparativa entre residentes do Brasil e de Hong Kong

Turismo deportivo: un análisis comparativo entre residentes de Brasil y de Hong Kong

Abstract