The first studies to identify, characterize and use molecular markers to characterize genetic resources and generate tools for animal breeding and management date from the end of the 80s. In the last 20 years the technologies to generate molecular data went through several innovation cycles. The last wave of technological innovations represents a true revolution, bringing methods to identify and genotype SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers in large scale. High density DNA chips were generated to genotype from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of SNPs in a single assay. Furthermore, other medium density technologies allow for the genotyping of tens to hundreds of makers, in high numbers of samples, with very high speed and automation. These new technologies allowed for the generation of new applications, such as the methods to genetically evaluate and select animals based on their Genomic Value (Genomic Estimated Breeding Value - GEBV). The statistical methods for genomic evaluation and selection are in full development, but the technology already became reality with the release of the first bull summary for the Holstein breed with GEBVs for milk production and quality traits in January 2009. In addition, these technologies brought new options for development of diagnostic tests for paternity testing, individual identification, traceability, etc. Also, these new technologies to genotype SNP markers facilitated the development of outsourcing companies to generate molecular data, allowing any group to conduct advanced experiments, always using the most advanced technologies, without the need of investments into equipment.
molecular markers; genomic selection; Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
