Sowing depth and light intensity on the emergence and development of weeds

Souza, Guilherme Sasso Ferreira; Marques, Ricardo Fagundes; Pereira, Maria Renata Rocha; Marchi, Sidnei Roberto de; Martins, Dagoberto

doi:10.5935/1806-6690.20220008

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Scientific Article • Rev. Ciênc. Agron. 53 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20220008 copy

Sowing depth and light intensity on the emergence and development of weeds¹ 1 Parte da Tese do primeiro autor, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP - Campus Botucatu

Profundidade de semeadura e intensidade luminosa na emergência e desenvolvimento de espécies de plantas daninhas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Weeds are one of the ecological factors that directly affect agricultural costs. Thus, understanding the emergence and development of these species is essential for the decision-making on weed control strategies. This study aims to evaluate the effect of different sowing depths and luminous intensities under field conditions on the emergence and development of the Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze and Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O’Donell. Each species constituted one experiment, and the completely randomized design with four repetitions was adopted. The treatments were arranged in a 6 x 4 factorial scheme, with six sowing depths (0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 8.0; and 12.0 cm) associated with four luminous intensities (100%, 70%, 50%, and 30% sunlight) obtained using shade cloths. The emergence of seedlings was evaluated daily to obtain the emergence and the emergence speed index. Plant height(length), the period until flower induction, and the dry matter of plants during flowering were also analyzed. A. australe and I. grandifolia emerge under the luminous intensities of 100, 70, 50, and 30% of solar radiation and in sowings depths up to 12.0 cm. Nevertheless, A. australe is the only one affected by luminous intensity, sowing depth, and the interaction between both factors in all the analyzes conducted. Luminous intensity reduction leads to lower development of I. grandifolia.

Key words:
Acanthospermum australe ; Ipomoea grandifolia ; Shading; Luminosity; Solar radiation

Hour	Intensity sun	Light mmol s^-1 m^-2	Soil temperature (°C)
Hour	Intensity sun	Light mmol s^-1 m^-2	0.5 cm	1.0 cm	2.0 cm	4.0 cm	8.0 cm	12.0 cm
09:30	100%	1830	34	34	34	33	29	26
09:30	70%	840	31	31	31	30	26	25
09:30	50%	760	30	30	30	28	26	25
09:30	30%	660	30	30	30	29	26	25
15:30	100%	1920	42	42	42	40	36	33
15:30	70%	920	34	33	32	31	30	28
15:30	50%	840	33	33	32	31	30	28
15:30	30%	710	32	31	31	30	29	28

Days until the emergence
Sowing depth (cm)	Solar radiation (%)
Sowing depth (cm)	100	70	50	30
0.5	12.00 Ba	12.00 Ba	11.50 ABCa	9.50 Cb
1.0	11.75 Ba	10.50 Bab	10.75 BCab	9.25 Cb
2.0	11.75 Ba	10.50 Bab	10.00 Cab	9.50 Cb
4.0	11.75 Ba	10.25 Bab	10.00 Cab	9.50 Cb
8.0	11.50 Ba	12.00 Ba	12.25 ABa	12.00 Ba
12.0	16.00 Ab	14.25 Abc	13.00 Ac	20.50 Aa
F RADIATION (R)	5.769^ Significant at 1% probability;
F DEPTH (D)	67.477^ Significant at 1% probability;
F (R) x (D)	10.077^ Significant at 1% probability;
LSD (R)	1.94
LSD (D)	2.15
C. V. (%)	8.9
	Seedlings emergence (%)
Sowing depth (cm)	Solar radiation (%)
Sowing depth (cm)	100	70	50	30
0.5	21.91 ABb	50.13 Aa	48.38 Aa	56.99 Aa
1.0	37.09 Ab	68.68 Aa	41.67 Ab	58.06 Aab
2.0	23.12 ABb	67.87 Aa	56.72 Aa	55.51 Aa
4.0	32.53 Ab	52.42 Aab	66.94 Aa	32.26 ABb
8.0	17.07 ABa	0.94 Ba	5.78 Ba	8.20 BCa
12.0	0.75 Ba	1.75 Ba	0.50 Ba	0.75 Ca
F RADIATION (R)	9.706^ Significant at 1% probability;
F DEPTH (D)	53.244^* * significant at 5% probability. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase in the line do not differ statistically from each other by the Tukey test (p < 0.05)
F (R) x (D)	3.951^ Significant at 1% probability;
LSD (R)	23.27
LSD (D)	25.91
C. V. (%)	37.2

ESI
Sowing Depth (cm)	Solar radiation (%)
Sowing Depth (cm)	100	70	50	30
0.5	3.57 ABb	8.64 Aa	8.45 Aa	9.49 Aa
1.0	6.40 Aa	9.07 Aa	5.64 ABa	9.12 Aa
2.0	3.80 ABb	11.55 Aa	9.88 Aa	8.40 Aa
4.0	5.55 Aa	8.95 Aa	8.57 Aa	5.58 Aa
8.0	2.70 ABa	0.10 Ba	0.95 BCa	0.74 Ba
12.0	0.17 Ba	0.12 Ba	0.09 Ca	0.03 Ba
F RADIATION (R)	6.035^ Significant at 1% probability. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase in the line do not differ statistically from each other by the Tukey test (p < 0.05)
F DEPTH (D)	41.495^ Significant at 1% probability. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase in the line do not differ statistically from each other by the Tukey test (p < 0.05)
F (R) x (D)	2.806^ Significant at 1% probability. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase in the line do not differ statistically from each other by the Tukey test (p < 0.05)
LSD (R)	4.25
LSD (D)	4.73
C. V. (%)	32.7
Days until flowering
Sowing Depth (cm)	Solar radiation (%)
Sowing Depth (cm)	100	70	50	30
0.5	62	62	66	76
1.0	62	62	66	76
2.0	62	62	66	76
4.0	62	62	66	76
8.0	62	62	66	76
12.0	62	62	66	76

Height (cm)
Sowing Depth (cm)	Solar radiation (%)
Sowing Depth (cm)	100	70	50	30
0.5	28.83 Aa	19.16 Ab	12.00 ABb	15.44 ABb
1.0	32.42 Aa	18.50 Ab	19.67 Ab	20.77 Ab
2.0	31.08 Aa	16.67 Ab	19.33 Ab	15.11 ABb
4.0	28.00 Aa	18.25 Ab	14.83 ABb	16.00 ABb
8.0	28.16 Aa	14.62 Ab	13.08 ABb	7.83 BCb
12.0	26.75 Aa	14.50 Ab	6.12 Bbc	3.50 Cc
F RADIATION (R)	60.179^ Significant at 1% probability;
F DEPTH (D)	11.468^ Significant at 1% probability;
F (R) x (D)	1.912^* * significant at 5% probability. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase in the line do not differ statistically from each other by the Tukey test (p < 0.05)
LSD (R)	8.95
LSD (D)	9.96
C. V. (%)	26.6
Total dry matter accumulation (g plant^-1)
Sowing Depth (cm)	Solar radiation (%)
	100	70	50	30
0.5	2.29 Ca	0.80 Bb	0.29 Cd	0.41 Cc
1.0	2.45 Ba	0.71 Bc	0.52 Bd	1.19 Ab
2.0	2.72 Aa	0.77 Bc	0.83 Ac	1.29 Ab
4.0	2.14 Da	0.81 Bc	0.36 Cd	1.23 Ab
8.0	2.09 Da	0.42 Cc	0.49 Bc	0.89 Bb
12.0	1.64 Ea	1.01 Ab	0.16 Dc	0.04 Dd
F RADIATION (R)	6486.894^ Significant at 1% probability;
F DEPTH (D)	434.186^ Significant at 1% probability;
F (R) x (D)	143.148^ Significant at 1% probability;
LSD (R)	0.09
LSD (D)	0.10
C. V. (%)	4.2

Sowing depth (cm)	Solar radiation (%)
Sowing depth (cm)	100	70	50	30
0.5	0.0370 BCa	0.0130 Bb	0.0045 CDc	0.0055 Cc
1.0	0.0395 Ba	0.0112 Bc	0.0085 Bc	0.0157 Ab
2.0	0.0437 Aa	0.0125 Bc	0.0130 Ac	0.0170 Ab
4.0	0.0347 CDa	0.0130 Bc	0.0060 BCd	0.0160 Ab
8.0	0.0337 Da	0.0070 Cc	0.0080 Bc	0.0115 Bb
12.0	0.0260 Ea	0.0165 Ab	0.0025 Dc	0.0005 Dc
F RADIATION (R)	1829.473^ Significant at 1% probability. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase in the line do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05)
F DEPTH (D)	97.539^ Significant at 1% probability. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase in the line do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05)
F (R) x (D)	31.956^ Significant at 1% probability. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase in the line do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05)
LSD (R)	0.0028
LSD (D)	0.0031
C. V. (%)	8.4

Variable	Period until the emergence (days)	Emergence (%)
	Sowing depth (cm)
0.5	6.56 A	41.29
1.0	6.12 AB	37.36
2.0	5.44 BC	49.86
4.0	4.25 D	49.86
8.0	4.81 CD	47.76
12.0	5.50 BC	26.83
	Solar radiation (%)
100	6.04 A	49.72
70	5.21 B	32.30
50	5.37 B	37.23
30	5.17 B	49.46
F RADIATION (R)	6.584^ Significant at 1% de probability; ns Not Significant. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05)	2.004^NS
F DEPTH (D)	18.871^ Significant at 1% de probability; ns Not Significant. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05)	1.397^NS
F (R) x (D)	1.326^NS	0.568^NS
LSD (R)	0.59	23.20
LSD (D)	0.80	31.63
C. V. (%)	14.2	72.5

ESI
Sowing depth (cm)
0.5	5.07 AB
1.0	4.66 AB
2.0	6.46 AB
4.0	8.37 A
8.0	7.66 AB
12.0	3.25 B
Solar radiation (%)
100	7.07
70	4.53
50	5.02
30	6.89
F RADIATION (R)	1.691^NS
F DEPTH (D)	2.421^* * Significant at 5% probability; ns - No significance. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05)
F (R) x (D)	0.321^NS
LSD (R)	3.67
LSD (D)	5.03
C. V. (%)	82.6

Flowering (days)
Sowing depth (cm)	Solar radiation (%)
Sowing depth (cm)	100	70	50	30
0.5	45	111	111	145
1.0	45	111	111	145
2.0	45	111	111	145
4.0	45	111	111	145
8.0	45	111	111	145
12.0	45	111	111	145

Variable	Total dry matter accumulation (g plant^-1)	Daily dry matter accumulation (g day^-1)
	Sowing depth (cm)
0.5	3.77	0.0618
1.0	3.74	0.0446
2.0	3.47	0.0602
4.0	4.14	0.0659
8.0	3.49	0.0596
12.0	4.48	0.0660
	Solar radiation (%)
100	8.02 A	0.1782 A
70	2.55 B	0.0230 B
50	2.22 B	0.0200 B
30	1.96 B	0.0176 B
F RADIATION (R)	100.331^ Significant at 1% probability; ns No significance. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05)	163.035^ Significant at 1% probability; ns No significance. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05)
F DEPTH (D)	2.925^NS	1.085^NS
F (R) x (D)	1.297^NS	0.699^NS
LSD (R)	1.08	0.0230
LSD (D)	1.47	0.0314
C. V. (%)	38.4	50.8

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pH CaCl₂	OM	P _resin	K	Ca	Mg	H+Al	SB	CEC	BS
(0.01 mol L^-1)	g dm^-3	mg dm^-3	-------- mmol_c dm^-3 --------						%
4.8	22	11	1.6	33	14	46	48	94	51
Particle-size (g kg^-1)
Clay	Silt		Coarse sand			Thin sand		Total Sand
449	163		100			288		388
Classification: Clayey texture

	Sowing depth (cm)
0.5	101.50
1.0	99.12
2.0	108.81
4.0	100.62
8.0	96.44
12.0	111.69
	Solar radiation (%)
100	154.29 A
70	86.91 B
50	85.95 B
30	84.95 B
F RADIATION (R)	59.610^ Significant at 1% probability; ns No significance. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05)
F DEPTH (D)	1.192^NS
F (R) x (D)	1.629^NS
LSD (R)	16.47
LSD (D)	22.46
C. V. (%)	21.0

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Sowing depth and light intensity on the emergence and development of weeds1 1 Parte da Tese do primeiro autor, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP - Campus Botucatu

Profundidade de semeadura e intensidade luminosa na emergência e desenvolvimento de espécies de plantas daninhas

ABSTRACT

Sowing depth and light intensity on the emergence and development of weeds¹ 1 Parte da Tese do primeiro autor, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP - Campus Botucatu