Grapevine rootstocks under water deficit: biomass, biochemical, and gas exchange attributes

Silva, Alessandro G. da; Felinto Filho, Ezildo F.; Ulisses, Cláudia; Musser, Rosimar dos S.; Costa, Cristina dos S. R.; Chaves, Agnaldo R. de M.; Leão, Patrícia C. de S.

doi:10.1590/1983-21252024v3711870rc

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Scientific Article • Rev. Caatinga 37 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252024v3711870rc copy

Grapevine rootstocks under water deficit: biomass, biochemical, and gas exchange attributes

Porta-enxertos de videira sob déficit hídrico: respostas em biomassa, variáveis bioquímicas e trocas gasosas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Water resources used for irrigation should be managed using technologies that improve water use efficiency, mainly in semiarid regions. Using drought-tolerant rootstocks is a strategy to handle this challenge. The objective of this study was to select suitable grapevine rootstocks for cultivation in semiarid regions based on their biomass, biochemical, and gas exchange attributes. The experiment was conducted at the Bebedouro Experimental Field of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA Semiarid), in Petrolina, PE, Brazil. Rootstocks from grapevine plants of the cultivars Paulsen 1103, SO4, IAC 313, IAC 572, IAC 766, Ramsey, and 101-14 MgT were subjected to three irrigation water depths (100%, 50%, and 20% ET₀). A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used, in a split-plot arrangement consisting of irrigation water depths in the plots and rootstocks in the subplots. Biochemical, biomass, and gas exchange attributes were assessed for selecting the best rootstocks regarding tolerance to drought using multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance. The rootstocks IAC 313 and IAC 766 presented the highest root proline synthesis; IAC 766 presented better result for leaf sucrose synthesis; and Paulsen 1103 presented the highest leaf proline synthesis and carotenoid contents, as well as total chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratio. IAC 313, IAC 766, and Paulsen 1103 presented better performance regarding the studied characteristics and, therefore, are suitable for growing grapevine crops in the Lower Middle São Francisco Valley, mainly under water deficit conditions.

Keywords:
Vitis sp; Growth; Osmoregulators

Parameters	Principal components (PC)
Parameters	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC5	PC6	PC7	PC8
A	-0.322	-0.139	0.223	-0.155	-0.051	-0.068	0.174	-0.024
g _s	-0.345	-0.153	0.195	-0.067	-0.004	-0.099	0.115	-0.038
E	-0.329	-0.182	0.200	-0.073	-0.011	-0.085	0.133	-0.021
LT	0.341	-0.106	-0.204	0.048	-0.028	0.193	-0.018	-0.096
C_i/C_a	-0.120	-0.296	0.019	0.304	0.014	-0.289	-0.195	0.003
A/g_s	0.110	0.305	-0.017	-0.322	-0.059	0.274	0.140	0.044
A/E	0.081	0.322	0.086	-0.203	-0.163	0.020	0.343	-0.066
Leaf carbohydrate	0.005	0.035	0.004	0.041	0.714	-0.100	0.044	-0.117
Leaf sucrose	0.099	0.053	0.371	0.009	-0.056	0.257	-0.359	0.529
Leaf proline	0.097	-0.091	-0.026	-0.130	0.594	0.146	0.297	0.159
Root carbohydrate	0.252	0.208	0.171	-0.096	0.067	-0.182	-0.139	-0.429
Root sucrose	0.124	0.085	0.459	-0.189	-0.007	-0.148	0.107	-0.232
Root proline	0.215	-0.006	0.333	-0.052	0.223	-0.016	-0.405	0.156
Chl a/b	0.016	-0.303	0.173	-0.374	-0.021	0.074	-0.046	-0.022
Chl a+b	0.168	0.039	0.283	0.434	-0.063	0.043	0.319	0.054
Chl a	0.190	-0.189	0.360	0.090	-0.101	0.110	0.272	0.081
Chl b	0.068	0.211	0.082	0.513	-0.001	-0.034	0.205	0.006
Carotenoids	0.070	-0.318	0.172	0.174	0.058	0.338	0.037	-0.279
TC/C	-0.001	0.244	0.049	-0.047	0.068	-0.517	0.139	0.443
SFB	-0.216	0.304	0.174	0.092	0.061	0.042	-0.214	-0.205
SDB	-0.215	0.297	0.157	0.105	0.039	0.072	-0.243	-0.241
RFB	-0.320	0.179	-0.004	0.065	0.097	0.317	0.018	0.074
RDB	-0.325	0.141	0.001	0.068	0.096	0.347	0.059	0.107
Eigenvalue	5.9781	5.2532	2.7671	2.4071	1.7633	1.4577	1.2501	0.8268
Variance (%)	25.99	22.84	12.03	10.47	7.67	6.34	5.44	3.59
Cumulative variance	25.99	48.83	60.86	71.33	78.99	85.33	90.77	94.36

Rootstocks	Leaf sucrose (mg g^-1 of fresh biomass)	Leaf proline (mg g^-1 of fresh biomass)	Root proline (mg g^-1 of dry biomass)
101-14 MgT	2.10 ± 0.30 c	3.43 ± 0.78 b	0.05 ± 0.00 d
IAC 313	2.32 ± 0.32 b	3.52 ± 0.64 b	0.16 ± 0.07 a
IAC 572	1.99 ± 0.22 c	3.36 ± 0.72 b	0.10 ± 0.05 b
IAC 766	2.70 ± 0.72 a	3.51 ± 0.37 b	0.16 ± 0.06 a
Paulsen 1103	1.90 ± 0.09 c	4.55 ± 0.99 a	0.11 ± 0.04 b
Ramsey	2.10 ± 0.19 c	2.90 ± 0.44 c	0.08 ± 0.02 c
SO4	2.30 ± 0.19 b	3.03 ± 0.24 c	0.08 ± 0.02 c
Mean	2.20	3.47	0.10
Irrigation water depths
20% ET₀	4.11 a	3.69 a	0.10 b
50% ET₀	3.85 a	3.39 b	0.14 a
100% ET₀	4.42 a	3.33 b	0.07 c
Rootstocks	Shoot fresh biomass (g plant^-1)	Carotenoids (mmol kg^-1 of fresh biomass)	Total chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratio (mmol kg^-1 of fresh biomass)
101-14 MgT	115.42 ± 60.10 b	0.16 ± 0.04 b	9.42 ± 2.59 b
IAC 313	209.94 ± 104.54 a	0.19 ± 0.08 b	7.34 ± 1.84 b
IAC 572	205.48 ± 145.85 a	0.13 ± 0.05 b	9.98 ± 3.17 b
IAC 766	192.47 ± 103.45 a	0.19 ± 0.15 b	16.36 ± 14.91 a
Paulsen 1103	107.03 ± 67.99 b	0.31 ± 0.09 a	4.40 ± 0.77 c
Ramsey	143.84 ± 91.15 b	0.32 ± 0.08 a	4.89 ± 0.90 c
SO4	136.24 ± 82.39 b	0.18 ± 0.11 b	8.57 ± 7.06 b
Mean	165.83	0.21	8.71
Irrigation water depths
20% ET₀	69.41 c	0.25 a	6.75 a
50% ET₀	140.66 b	0.21 b	9.04 a
100% ET₀	265.82 a	0.17 c	10.33 a

Rootstocks	Leaf sucrose (mg g^-1 of fresh biomass)
Rootstocks	20% ET₀	50% ET₀	100% ET₀
101-14 MgT	2.07 ± 0.13 a A	1.97 ± 0.10 d A	2.33 ± 0.44 a A
IAC 313	2.14 ± 0.22 a B	2.58 ± 0.07 b A	2.25 ± 0.42 a B
IAC 572	1.80 ± 0.13 b B	2.25 ± 0.08 c A	1.93 ± 0.04 b B
IAC 766	2.30 ± 0.07 a B	3.52 ± 0.70 a A	2.28 ± 0.29 a B
Paulsen 1103	1.91 ± 0.07 b A	1.92 ± 0.14 d A	1.88 ± 0.04 b A
Ramsey	2.27 ± 0.19 a A	2.11 ± 0.10 d A	1.92 ± 0.04 b A
SO4	2.19 ± 0.15 a A	2.28 ± 0.25 c A	2.43 ± 0.04 a A
Mean	2.09 B	2.37A	2.15 B
Leaf proline (mg g^-1 of dry biomass)
101-14 MgT	3.36 ± 0.39 b B	2.92 ± 0.37 b B	4.01 ± 1.05 a A
IAC 313	3.49 ± 0.65 b A	3.83 ± 0.56 a A	3.22 ± 0.72 b A
IAC 572	3.87 ± 0.52 b A	3.64 ± 0.37 a A	2.56 ± 0.43 b B
IAC 766	3.29 ± 0.36 b A	3.57 ± 0.41 a A	3.65 ± 0.34 a A
Paulsen 1103	5.27 ± 0.34 a A	3.93 ± 1.32 a B	4.45 ± 0.71 a B
Ramsey	3.37 ± 0.33 b A	2.85 ± 0.26 b A	2.48 ± 0.10 b A
SO4	3.18 ± 0.34 b A	3.01 ± 0.19 b A	2.91 ± 0.04 b A
Mean	3.69 a	3.39 B	3.33 B
Root proline (mg g^-1 of dry biomass)
101-14 MgT	0.05 ± 0.01 c A	0.05 ± 0.00 d A	0.05 ± 0.00 b A
IAC 313	0.18 ± 0.02 a B	0.22 ± 0.04 a A	0.06 ± 0.03 b C
IAC 572	0.08 ± 0.04 c B	0.14 ± 0.04 b A	0.07 ± 0.04 b B
IAC 766	0.11 ± 0.03 b B	0.24 ± 0.01 a A	0.13 ± 0.04 a B
Paulsen 1103	0.09 ± 0.01 b B	0.15 ± 0.02 b A	0.07 ± 0.01 b B
Ramsey	0.09 ± 0.02 b A	0.10 ± 0.01 c A	0.06 ± 0.03 b B
SO4	0.08 ± 0.01 c A	0.09 ± 0.01 c A	0.06 ± 0.01 b A
Mean	0.10 B	0.14 a	0.07 C
Shoot fresh biomass (g plant^-1)
101-14 MgT	52.06 ± 21.18 a B	110.05 ± 28.68 a B	184.16 ± 16.84 b A
IAC 313	96.39 ± 19.46 a C	216.24 ± 52.54 a B	317.2 ± 65.94 a A
IAC 572	74.17 ± 42.12 a C	163.2 ± 87.05 a B	379.05 ± 55.78 a A
IAC 766	95.05 ± 49.17 a C	170.88 ± 56.69 a B	311.47 ± 38.11 a A
Paulsen 1103	44.64 ± 24.24 a B	96.45 ± 19.15 a B	180.01 ± 59.61 b A
Ramsey	63.45 ± 17.09 a B	118.49 ± 53.43 a B	249.59 ± 54.13 b A
SO4	60.13 ± 28.93 a B	109.31 ± 21.92 a B	239.28 ± 26.98 b A
Mean	69.41C	140.66B	265.82 a
Carotenoids (mmol kg^-1 of fresh biomass)
101-14 MgT	0.15 ± 0.02 c A	0.12 ± 0.04 c A	0.19 ± 0.01 a A
IAC 313	0.22 ± 0.09 b A	0.19 ± 0.09 b A	0.16 ± 0.05 a A
IAC 572	0.15 ± 0.05 c A	0.09 ± 0.06 c A	0.16 ± 0.02 a A
IAC 766	0.21 ± 0.15 b B	0.32 ± 0.06 a A	0.04 ± 0.03 b C
Paulsen 1103	0.35 ± 0.05 a A	0.35 ± 0.11 a A	0.22 ± 0.02 a B
Ramsey	0.39 ± 0.01 a A	0.35 ± 0.03 a A	0.22 ± 0.07 a B
SO4	0.26 ± 0.09 b A	0.06 ± 0.04 c B	0.20 ± 0.08 a A
Mean	0.25 a	0.21B	0.17C
Total chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratio (mmol kg^-1 of fresh biomass)
101-14 MgT	8.44 ± 0.22 a B	12.48 ± 2.20 a A	7.34 ± 0.29 b B
IAC 313	6.55 ± 2.25 a A	7.82 ± 2.39 b A	7.66 ± 0.59 b A
IAC 572	9.48 ± 0.80 a A	12.85 ± 3.65 a A	7.60 ± 1.98 b A
IAC 766	9.25 ± 4.47 a B	4.92 ± 1.06 b B	34.90 ± 9.71 a A
Paulsen 1103	3.56 ± 0.53 a A	5.01 ± 0.19 b A	4.60 ± 0.62 b A
Ramsey	5.11 ± 0.34 a A	3.91 ± 0.50 b A	5.64 ± 0.70 b A
SO4	4.86 ± 1.13 a B	16.28 ± 7.86 a A	4.55 ± 0.72 b B
Mean	6.75 a	9.04 a	10.33 a

Rootstocks	A (µmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1)
Rootstocks	September 14	September 30	October 07	October 19
101-14 MgT	19.38 ± 1.96 a	17.46 ± 3.77 b	12.18 ± 6.91b	13.05 ± 2.61 a
IAC 313	17.26 ± 2.70 a	15.59 ± 4.38 b	10.38 ± 5.4 b	10.09 ± 2.12 b
IAC 572	14.04 ± 3.31 b	16.50 ± 4.94 b	11.68 ± 6.23 b	9.79 ± 1.4 b
IAC 766	15.76 ± 1.61 b	16.27 ± 2.88 b	9.79 ± 5.68 b	10.62 ± 2.31 b
Paulsen 1103	16.6 ± 2.19 b	17.36 ± 3.93 b	13.87 ± 5.74 a	12.00 ± 2.84 a
Ramsey	17.98 ± 3.21 a	22.25 ± 3.91 a	14.76 ± 6.44 a	14.46 ± 2.05 a
SO4	16.65 ± 3.88 b	18.25 ± 3.67 b	10.86 ± 6.89 b	9.59 ± 2.88 b
Mean	16.81	17.67	11.93	11.37
Irrigation water depths
20% ET₀	17.08 a	14.02 c	4.50 c	10.80 a
50% ET₀	16.67 a	17.96 b	14.45 b	11.21 a
100% ET₀	16.68 a	21.03 a	16.84 a	12.10 a
	November 09	December 08		December 14
101-14 MgT	19.72 ± 3.76 a	12.77 ± 6.56 a		8.17 ± 6.12 a
IAC 313	11.58 ± 4.19 d	12.15 ± 5.31 a		5.04 ± 3.63 a
IAC 572	11.22 ± 2.93 d	11.34 ± 4.87 a		4.10 ± 4.22 a
IAC 766	16.95 ± 3.54 b	11.16 ± 5.61 a		4.68 ± 2.69 a
Paulsen 1103	19.62 ± 3.30 a	13.67 ± 6.23 a		6.68 ± 4.71 a
Ramsey	20.51 ± 3.76 a	12.59 ± 6.26 a		5.73 ± 6.02 a
SO4	15.47 ± 2.16 c	8.23 ± 4.80 b		8.23 ± 4.86 a
Mean	16.44	11.78		6.09
Irrigation water depths
20% ET₀	18.34 a	6.99 b		4.20 b
50% ET₀	16.75 a	13.00 a		8.93 a
100% ET₀	14.23 b	15.12 a		3.88 b

Rootstock	E (mmol H₂O m² s^-1)
Rootstock	September 14	September 30	October 07	October 19
101-14 MgT	5.44 ± 0.75 a	4.02 ± 1.46 c	3.34 ± 1.95 b	4.39 ± 0.9 b
IAC 313	5.02 ± 0.66 a	3.52 ± 1.58 c	2.74 ± 1.26 b	3.35 ± 0.89 c
IAC 572	4.55 ± 1 a	4.00 ± 1.71 c	3.01 ± 1.47 b	3.11 ± 0.97 c
IAC 766	4.86 ± 0.61 a	3.81 ± 1.04 c	2.62 ± 1.52 b	3.44 ± 0.98 c
Paulsen 1103	5.01 ± 0.83 a	4.26 ± 1.45 b	3.78 ± 1.83 a	4.09 ± 1.13 b
Ramsey	5.35 ± 1.27 a	5.21 ± 1.44 a	4.12 ± 1.85 a	5.06 ± 0.6 a
SO4	5.23 ± 1.13 a	4.53 ± 1.44 c	3.12 ± 2.20 b	3.50 ± 1.15 c
Mean	5.07	4.19	3.25	3.85
Irrigation water depths
20% ET₀	5.18 a	2.91 c	1.22 c	3.72 a
50% ET₀	4.96 a	4.25 b	3.83 b	3.76 a
100% ET₀	5.06 a	5.43 a	4.70 a	4.06 a
	November 09	December 08		December 14
101-14 MgT	4.63 ± 1.03 a	3.79 ± 1.99 a		2.55 ± 1.96 a
IAC 313	2.38 ± 0.89 c	3.42 ± 1.42 a		1.43 ± 1.04 b
IAC 572	2.31 ± 0.66 c	3.04 ± 1.42 b		1.13 ± 1.07 b
IAC 766	3.72 ± 0.96 b	3.00 ± 1.72 b		1.30 ± 0.81 b
Paulsen 1103	4.83 ± 1.10 a	3.95 ± 1.78 a		2.10 ± 1.48 a
Ramsey	4.41 ± 0.76 a	3.38 ± 1.66 a		1.61 ± 1.71 b
SO4	3.68 ± 0.83 b	2.25 ± 1.09 b		1.62 ± 1.50 b
Mean	3.71	3.28		1.68
Irrigation water depths
20% ET₀	4.25 a	1.82 b		1.37 b
50% ET₀	3.81 a	3.57 a		2.70 a
100% ET₀	3.07 b	4.40 a		0.97 b

Rootstocks	E (mmol H₂O m² s^-1) (September 30)
Rootstocks	20% ET₀	50% ET₀	100% ET₀
101-14 MgT	2.36 ± 0.48 a C	4.25 ± 0.57 a B	5.46 ± 0.82 a A
IAC 313	2.18 ± 0.88 a C	3.21 ± 1.15 a B	5.18 ± 0.92 a A
IAC 572	2.10 ± 0.89 a C	4.42 ± 0.48 a B	5.49 ± 1.29 a A
IAC 766	2.96 ± 0.96 a B	4.11 ± 0.63 a A	4.37 ± 1.07 a A
Paulsen 1103	3.62 ± 0.88 a B	3.51 ± 0.77 a B	5.65 ± 1.56 a A
Ramsey	3.88 ± 0.99 a B	5.74 ± 1.16 a A	6.04 ± 1.28 a A
SO4	3.28 ± 0.47 a C	4.53 ± 1.57 a B	5.78 ± 0.86 a A
Mean	2.91C	4.25B	5.42A
(October 07)
101-14 MgT	0.88 ± 0.49 a C	3.94 ± 0.65 b B	5.19 ± 0.42 a A
IAC 313	1.25 ± 0.27 a B	3.24 ± 0.47 b A	3.73 ± 0.96 b A
IAC 572	1.10 ± 0.23 a B	3.71 ± 0.47 b A	4.21 ± 0.45 b A
IAC 766	0.96 ± 0.26 a B	3.12 ± 0.82 b A	3.79 ± 1.38 b A
Paulsen 1103	1.78 ± 0.54 a C	3.73 ± 0.55 b B	5.82 ± 0.90 a A
Ramsey	1.77 ± 0.33 a B	5.65 ± 0.84 a A	4.96 ± 0.58 a A
SO4	0.80 ± 0.68 a C	3.40 ± 0.69 b B	5.16 ± 2.01 a A
Mean	1.22C	3.83B	4.70A
(December 14)
101-14 MgT	1.63 ± 0.78 a B	5.04 ± 0.86 a A	0.97 ± 0.21 a B
IAC 313	1.43 ± 1.01 a A	2.20 ± 1.13 a A	0.67 ± 0.33 a A
IAC 572	1.47 ± 1.05 a A	1.36 ± 1.14 a A	0.56 ± 0.55 a A
IAC 766	1.65 ± 1.19 a A	1.36 ± 0.73 a A	0.89 ± 0.18 a A
Paulsen 1103	1.47 ± 0.69 a A	3.03 ± 1.78 a A	1.82 ± 1.45 a A
Ramsey	1.22 ± 1.36 a B	2.93 ± 1.22 a A	0.69 ± 0.41 a B
SO4	0.70 ± 0.37 a B	2.96 ± 1.95 a A	1.20 ± 0.70 a B
Mean	1.37B	2.70A	0.97B

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Layer	EC	pH	C	P	K	Na	Ca	Mg	Al	H+Al	SB	CEC	BS
cm	mS cm^-1	---g kg^-1---		mg dm^-3	--------------------cmolc dm^-3--------------------								%
0-20	0.27	6	0	5.82	0.36	0.07	0.7	0.35	0	0.5	1.4	1.9	74.9
20-40	2.36	5.4	0	2.8	1	0.37	0.6	0.35	0.05	0.7	2.3	3	76.3
	Cu (mg dm^-3)			Fe (mg dm^-3)			Mn (mg dm^-3)				Zn (mg dm^-3)
0-20	0.66			8.4			15.6				0.66
20-40	1.2			12.6			19				0.7