ROOT DISTRIBUTION, NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION AND ACCUMULATION IN ‘GIGANTE’ CACTUS PEAR IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER

FONSECA, VARLEY ANDRADE; DOS SANTOS, MARCELO ROCHA; DONATO, SÉRGIO LUIZ RODRIGUES; DA SILVA, JOÃO ABEL; BRITO, CLEITON FERNANDO BARBOSA

doi:10.1590/1983-21252022v35n222rc

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Research Paper • Rev. Caatinga 35 (02) • Apr-Jun 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252022v35n222rc copy

ROOT DISTRIBUTION, NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION AND ACCUMULATION IN ‘GIGANTE’ CACTUS PEAR IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER

DISTRIBUIÇÃO RADICULAR, TEOR E EXPORTAÇÃO DE NUTRIENTES EM PALMA FORRAGEIRA ‘GIGANTE’ IRRIGADA COM ÁGUA SALOBRA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

In semiarid regions with greater climatic variability, including prolonged droughts and delayed rainy seasons, supplemental irrigation is critical to ensuring yields of forage cactus pear. The objective was to evaluate root distribution and nutrient concentration and accumulation in ‘Gigante’ forage cactus pear subjected to different irrigation regimes. Seven irrigation regimes were tested: no irrigation (rainfed); five liters of medium-salinity water, with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.75 dS m⁻¹, applied per linear meter every 15 days; 7% reference evapotranspiration (ETo) with a 15-d irrigation interval (II); 15% ETo with a 7-d II; 33% ETo with a 3-d II; 50% ETo with a 2-d II; and 100% ETo, irrigated daily - high-salinity water, EC of 3.6 dS m⁻¹, was used in the last five treatments. The treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with four replicates. Roots developed best in plants irrigated at 50% ETo with a 7-d II. Applying high-salinity water at 15% ETo with a 7-d irrigation interval promotes higher concentrations of P, Ca, Mg and S in cladodes of cactus pear. Applying high-salinity water at 33% ETo with a 3-d II promotes higher uptake/accumulation of P, Ca, Mg, S and Zn in cladodes of ‘Gigante’ forage cactus pear.

Keywords
Opuntia ficus-indica; Salinity; Nutrition

Parameter	Unit	Depth
Parameter	Unit	0.00 – 0.20 m	0.20 – 0.40 m
pH (H₂O)		5.7	5.3
P	mg dm⁻³	23.5	5.8
K⁺	mg dm⁻³	108.0	104.0
Na⁺	cmol_c dm⁻³	0.1	0.1
Ca²⁺	cmol_c dm⁻³	1.4	1.2
Mg²⁺	cmlo_c dm⁻³	0.6	0.4
Al³⁺	cmol_c dm⁻³	0.0	0.0
H+Al	cmol_c dm⁻³	1.7	1.5
S.B.¹ 1 Sum of bases;	cmol_c dm⁻³	2.4	1.9
ECEC² 2 effective cation exchange capacity;	cmol_c dm⁻³	2.4	1.9
CEC³ 3 cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0;	cmol_c dm⁻³	4.1	3.5
V⁴ 4 base saturation;	%	58.0	56.0
B	mg dm⁻³	0.3	0.2
Cu	mg dm⁻³	0.4	0.2
Fe	mg dm⁻³	16.0	17.9
Mn	mg dm⁻³	32.5	21.8
Zn	mg dm⁻³	2.1	1.2
EC⁵ 5 electrical conductivity.	dS m⁻¹	0.7	0.8
Textural class		Sandy clay loam

Characteristic	Unit	Well 1	Well 2
pH	-	6.60	6.40
Electrical Conductivity (EC)	dS m⁻¹	0.75	3.60
Calcium (Ca)	mg L⁻¹	3.53	11.90
Magnesium (Mg)	mg L⁻¹	2.23	9.54
Potassium (K)	mg L⁻¹	0.15	0.48
Sodium (Na)	mg L⁻¹	3.48	30.40
Carbonate (CO₃)	mg L⁻¹	0.00	0.00
Bicarbonate (HCO₃)	mg L⁻¹	4.00	4.10
Chloride (Cl)	mg L⁻¹	5.20	34.80
Classification¹ 1 Ayers and Westcot, 1985.		C2S1 (medium salinity)	C4S1 (High salinity)

Parameter	Unit	Treatments – 1^st production cycle
Parameter	Unit	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	T6	T7
pH (H₂O)	-	5.75	5.83	5.85	5.40	5.98	6.83	7.20
P	mg dm⁻³	97.45	121.80	50.85	58.15	54.13	120.50	78.87
K⁺	mg dm⁻³	287.00	152.50	92.50	118.50	111.50	83.75	73.50
Na⁺	cmol_c dm⁻³	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.13	0.15	0.10	0.10
Ca²⁺	cmol_c dm⁻³	2.10	3.10	2.15	2.05	2.40	3.58	3.35
Mg²⁺	cmol_c dm⁻³	1.05	1.38	1.13	1.10	1.53	1.78	1.85
H+Al	cmol_c dm⁻³	2.50	2.58	2.48	3.75	2.48	1.45	1.68
S.B.¹ 1 Sum of bases;	cmol_c dm⁻³	3.93	4.90	3.60	3.58	4.38	5.65	5.50
ECEC²	cmol_c dm⁻³	3.93	4.90	3.60	3.58	4.38	5.65	5.50
CEC³	cmol_c dm⁻³	6.48	6.73	6.08	7.33	6.85	7.13	7.18
V⁴	%	60.50	66.75	59.00	48.50	63.00	79.00	76.25
B	mg dm⁻³	0.43	0.38	0.28	0.35	0.28	0.25	0.28
Cu	mg dm⁻³	0.43	0.58	0.30	0.38	0.45	0.53	0.40
Fe	mg dm⁻³	18.48	15.30	17.83	25.35	20.35	18.73	18.90
Mn	mg dm⁻³	73.83	76.55	53.13	52.40	55.30	64.40	64.08
Zn	mg dm⁻³	4.65	5.78	3.50	3.55	3.35	5.90	4.05
EC⁵	dS m⁻¹	0.93	0.55	2.37	2.65	2.21	1.72	2.52
Treatments – 2^nd production cycle
pH (H₂O)	-	6.25	6.38	6.63	7.08	7.05	7.10	7.53
P	mg dm⁻³	92.78	94.15	79.38	89.53	90.88	91.70	80.35
K⁺	mg dm⁻³	232.00	252.50	136.75	145.75	122.50	84.25	87.00
Na⁺	cmol_c dm⁻³	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.13	0.10	0.10
Ca²⁺	cmol_c dm⁻³	1.88	2.08	2.23	2.58	2.95	2.78	3.08
Mg²⁺	cmol_c dm⁻³	0.75	0.85	1.08	1.35	1.40	1.30	1.58
H+Al	cmol_c dm⁻³	1.45	1.60	1.23	1.03	0.98	1.00	0.83
S.B.¹ 1 Sum of bases;	cmol_c dm⁻³	3.30	3.70	3.80	4.43	4.78	4.40	5.00
ECEC² 2 effective cation exchange capacity;	cmol_c dm⁻³	3.30	3.70	3.80	4.43	4.78	4.40	5.00
CEC³ 3 cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0;	cmol_c dm⁻³	4.75	5.35	5.03	5.45	5.75	5.43	5.88
V⁴ 4 base saturation;	%	69.50	68.75	74.75	81.50	82.75	80.25	85.25
B	mg dm⁻³	0.75	0.68	0.65	0.50	0.65	0.50	0.35
Cu	mg dm⁻³	0.43	0.58	0.40	0.50	0.53	0.68	0.50
Fe	mg dm⁻³	15.10	13.30	14.33	14.00	16.05	15.33	15.48
Mn	mg dm⁻³	67.65	69.50	55.53	63.28	71.65	69.33	65.53
Zn	mg dm⁻³	6.45	8.28	5.65	17.40	11.70	10.55	5.85
EC⁵ 5 electrical conductivity. T1 – rainfed; T2 – 5 L m−1 of water with an electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.75 dS m−1 every 15 days; T3 – 7% ETo with a 15-d irrigation interval (II); T4 – 15% ETo with a 7-d II; T5 – 33% ETo with a 3-d II; T6 – 50% ETo with a 2-d II; and T7 – 100% ETo, irrigated daily; the water used in T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 had an ECw of 3.6 dS m−1.	dS m⁻¹	1.11	1.07	2.17	2.44	4.63	4.06	3.67

Treatment	Root length density - RLD (cm cm⁻³)
Treatment	RLD1	RLD2	RLD3	TRLD
No irrigation (rainfed)	0.006853 B	0.072800 A	0.031770 A	0.113750 A
5 L m⁻¹ every 15 days	0.006373 B	0.033067 A	0.035217 A	0.087117 A
7% of ETo (II of 15 days)	0.013233 B	0.097247 A	0.050533 A	0.164463 A
15% of ETo (II of 7 days)	0.011407 B	0.050700 A	0.032003 A	0.096440 A
33% of ETo (II of 3 days)	0.020823 A	0.127187 A	0.046803 A	0.197297 A
50% of ETo (II of 2 days)	0.024893 A	0.156603 A	0.075050 A	0.259287 A
100% of ETo (daily)	0.013620 B	0.080347 A	0.035520 A	0.133047 A
Mean	0.0138862	0.0882786	0.0438424	0.1502000
CV (%)	38.59	52.10	53.60	49.28

Treatment	Nutrient level
	1^st cycle					2^nd cycle
	P	Ca	Mg	S	Cu	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	Cu
	g kg⁻¹				mg kg⁻¹	g kg⁻¹					mg kg⁻¹
No irrigation (rainfed)	1.48 B	30.15 B	16.05 B	1.70 B	2.12 B	1.08 C	38.75 B	17.38 C	5.75 C	1.40 C	2.69 B
5 L m⁻¹ every 15 days	1.75 B	30.68 B	16.25 B	1.90 B	2.47 B	1.50 B	56.33 A	35.45 B	11.28 B	2.73 A	3.35 B
7% ETo (II of 15 days)	1.73 B	29.70 B	16.20 B	1.73 B	2.81 B	1.55 B	57.75 A	40.83 A	11.23 B	2.13 B	5.06 A
15% ETo (II of 7 days)	2.28 A	34.25 B	19.15 A	2.03 A	2.68 B	2.23 A	59.53 A	41.98 A	15.73 A	2.13 B	5.86 A
33% ETo (II of 3 days)	2.55 A	43.95 A	21.83 A	2.10 A	3.78 A	2.38 A	42.58 B	44.48 A	17.23 A	2.03 B	5.69 A
50% ETo (II of 2 days)	2.70 A	43.13 A	22.08 A	2.10 A	4.49 A	2.50 A	40.13 B	44.35 A	16.15 A	2.00 B	5.48 A
100% ETo daily	2.53 A	42.58 A	21.53 A	1.90 B	3.77 A	2.52 A	38.33 B	43.05 A	18.05 A	1.98 B	5.35 A
Mean	2.14	36.35	19.01	1.92	3.16	1.96	47.63	38.21	13.63	2.05	4.78
CV (%)	19.58	11.34	11.99	8.39	28.73	12.95	17.76	8.29	15.78	15.88	17.58

Treatment	Nutrient accumulation (kg ha⁻¹)
	1^st cycle				2^nd cycle
	P	Ca	Mg	Cu	P	Ca	S	Mg	B	Cu	Zn
No irrigation (rainfed)	7.39 B	153.47 B	84.90 B	0.013 B	8.85 B	147.13 B	11.60 B	49.77 B	0.28 B	0.023 B	0.61 B
5 L m⁻¹ every 15 days	8.09 B	155.68 B	83.91 B	0.013 B	7.86 B	192.57 B	14.46 B	63.34 B	0.25 B	0.018 B	0.36 B
7% ETo (II of 15 days)	8.56 B	142.46 B	77.98 B	0.013 B	9.80 B	257.71 B	13.31 B	70.25 B	0.27 B	0.033 B	0.40 B
15% ETo (II of 7 days)	9.27 B	149.33 B	86.64 B	0.010 B	13.43 B	259.58 B	13.14 B	97.34 B	0.29 B	0.038 B	0.57 B
33% ETo (II of 3 days)	13.51 A	246.61 A	123.98 A	0.020 A	20.65 A	389.29 A	17.71 A	150.10 A	0.31 B	0.048 A	0.80 A
50% ETo (II of 2 days)	15.07 A	260.08 A	135.15 A	0.030 A	24.72 A	457.05 A	19.97 A	161.81 A	0.44 A	0.058 A	0.91 A
100% ETo daily	15.66 A	291.72 A	148.00 A	0.028 A	26.99 A	461.05 A	21.35 A	196.08 A	0.44 A	0.055 A	1.25 A
Mean	11.08	199.91	105.79	0.018	16.04	309.20	15.93	112.67	0.33	0.039	0.70
CV (%)	20.05	31.16	34.34	35.98	29.04	27.02	29.24	33.18	24.18	29.08	41.06

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