Victimization and perpetration of intimate partner violence among elderly people: a cross-sectional study, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2013/2014

Warmling, Deise; Conceição, Thays Berger; Lindner, Sheila Rubia; Coelho, Elza Berger Salema

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Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde

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Sumário

Original Article • Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 30 (4) • Jan-Dec 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742021000400009 copy

Victimization and perpetration of intimate partner violence among elderly people: a cross-sectional study, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2013/2014^* * Article derived from the academic Ph.D. thesis entitled ‘Intimate partner violence and quality of life among elderly people living in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil: a population-based study’, defended by Deise Warmling at the Federal University of Santa Catarina Postgraduate Program in Public Health, on July 10th, 2018. Study funded with resources provided by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation: File No. 569834/2008-2.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective

VTo verify prevalence of intimate partner violence among elderly people and to identify associated factors.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional population-based study using data from the EpiFloripa Idoso Study, with elderly people living in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, between 2013 and 2014. Prevalence rates were described and factors associated using Poisson regression were analyzed, for violence suffered and perpetrated, stratified by sex.

Results

Among 651 elderly people, 48.3% of males and 46.4% of females suffered intimate partner violence. Psychological violence suffered (48.3% and 44.8%) and perpetrated (49.8% and 44.5%) predominated in males and females, respectively. Perpetrated violence was associated with poor/very poor self-perceived health (PR=1.74) among males, and with regular self-perceived health (PR=1.53) and separated/divorced marital status (PR=1.86) among females.

Conclusion

Symmetry was found between the sexes for prevalence of intimate partner violence, for all directionalities of violence analyzed.

Keywords:
Intimate Partner Violence; Prevalence; Elderly; Cross-Sectional Studies

Variables	Male sex		Female sex
Variables	n (%)	95%CI^a	n (%)	95%CI^a
Age group (years)	n=340		n=311
60-69	135 (37.5)	30.6;44.4	148 (47.3)	41.0;53.6
70-79	146 (45.1)	37.4;52.8	129 (41.8)	35.5;48.0
≥80	59 (17.4)	12.6;22.2	34 (10.9)	5.8;16.0
Marital status	n=340		n=311
Married/has a partner	325 (95.3)	91.8;98.8	288 (93.0)	89.6;96.3
Single	4 (0.9)	0.0;1.9	5 (1.4)	0.0;2.8
Divorced/separated	7 (1.8)	0.2;3.3	5 (1.3)	0.1;2.4
Widowed	4 (2.0)	0.0;5.0	13 (4.3)	1.7;6.9
Race/skin color	n=340		n=311
White	285 (84.0)	78.4;89.6	273 (88.1)	82.7;93.6
Black	32 (9.5)	5.7;13.4	23 (7.5)	3.0;11.9
Brown/yellow/indigenous	23 (6.3)	2.3;10.3	14 (4.3)	1.3;7.3
Cohabitation	n=339		n=311
Alone	17 (4.6)	2.1;7.0	13 (4.0)	1.4;6.6
Spouse/family members	322 (95.4)	92.9;97.8	297 (96.0)	93.3;98.6
Schooling (years of study)	n=340		n=311
No formal schooling	23 (5.7)	27.2;86.5	13 (3.2)	13.8;49.7
1-4	90 (22.7)	16.8;28.4	106 (31.8)	24.6;38.9
5-8	54 (15.6)	11.4;19.9	59 (18.9)	13.7;23.9
9-11	53 (19.1)	14.6;23.6	58 (20.1)	13.9;26.4
≥12	120 (36.9)	29.8;44.0	75 (26.0)	19.8;32.2
Family income (in minimum wages)	n=329		n=290
Less than 1	9 (3.3)	0.0;6.6	15 (4.2)	1.6;6.7
Between 1 and 5	138 (38.1)	31.1;45.0	144 (50.8)	43.2;58.3
Between 5 and 10	77 (24.8)	19.4;30.1	76 (26.1)	20.2;32.0
More than 10	105 (33.8)	26.7;40.9	55 (18.9)	12.7;25.1
Others dependent on elderly person’s income	n=337		n=223
No	71 (20.6)	13.4;27.7	129 (54.8)	46.1;63.3
Yes	266 (79.4)	72.2;86.5	94 (45.2)	36.6;53.8
Paid work	n=337		n=225
No	277 (81.0)	73.8;88.1	201 (90.0)	85.7;94.2
Yes	60 (19.0)	11.8;26.2	24 (10.0)	5.8;14.2
Self-perception of health	n=340		n=311
Very good/good	226 (68.2)	62.3;74.2	171 (60.6)	53.4;67.8
Regular	117 (26.6)	20.8;32.4	117 (33.4)	27.1; 39.6
Poor/very poor	16 (5.2)	1.6;8.6	23 (6.0)	30.9;89.4
Depressive symptoms	n=338		n=310
Normal	289 (85.8)	80.9;90.6	245 (80.9)	75.2;96.5
Suspected depression	49 (14.2)	9.3;19.1	65 (19.1)	13.4;24.8
Cognitive deficit	n=340		n=308
Negative	289 (87.2)	81.3;93.2	246 (80.0)	74.5;85.4
Positive	51 (12.8)	6.7;18.7	62 (20.0)	14.5; 25.4
ADL^b dependency	n=338		n=311
None	145 (43.1)	37.5;48.8	83 (26.5)	20.6;32.5
Mild	134 (39.7)	33.7;45.6	139 (47.2)	40.7;53.7
Moderate/severe	59 (17.2)	13.1;21.2	89 (26.3)	21.6;30.9
Morbidities	n=340		n=311
None/one	104 (32.7)	27.2;38.2	57 (20.7)	14.9;26.4
Two or more	236 (67.3)	61.7;72.8	254 (79.3)	73.5;85.0
Alcoholic beverage consumption	n=340		n=311
Never	128 (35.1)	27.6;42.6	203 (63.6)	56.3;70.7
Moderate	95 (29.3)	23.2;35.4	82 (26.9)	20.0;33.7
High	117 (35.6)	29.0;42.0	26 (9.5)	4.5;14.5
Smoking habit	n=340		n=311
Never smoked	116 (32.7)	26.3;39.1	235 (74.7)	68.8;80.6
Former smoker	187 (56.0)	49.3;62.4	62 (21.1)	49.3;62.4
Currently smokes	37 (11.3)	7.0;15.6	14 (4.2)	1.1;7.2

Violence type and directionality	Male sex (n=340)		Female sex (n=311)		p-value
Violence type and directionality	n	% (95%CI)^a	n	% (95%CI)^a	p-value
Any act of intimate partner violence
Suffered	162	48.3 (42.0;54.5)	148	46.4 (39.6;53.2)	0.47^b
Perpetrated	167	50.3 (43.1;57.3)	144	45.1 (38.5;51.8)	0.20^b
Bidirectional	145	42.9 (37.1;48.7)	125	38.4 (31.8;44.9)	0.18^b
Intimate partner violence - psychological
Suffered	162	48.3 (42.0;54.5)	144	44.8 (38.0;51.7)	0.22^b
Perpetrated	166	49.8 (42.8;56.6)	142	44.5 (38.0;50.9)	0.17^b
Bidirectional	145	42.9 (37.1;48.7)	123	37.7 (31.2;44.1)	0.12^b
Intimate partner violence - physical
Suffered	10	2.2 (0.7;3.5)	13	3.9 (1.4;6.5)	0.26^c
Perpetrated	8	2.0 (0.4;3.5)	12	3.6 (0.9;6.3)	0.18^c
Bidirectional	4	0.8 (0.0;1.8)	8	2.4 (0.4;4.5)	0.15^c
Intimate partner violence - physical and psychological
Suffered	10	2.2 (0.7;3.5)	9	2.3 (0.4;4.3)	0.57^c
Perpetrated	7	1.5 (0.3;2.7)	10	3.0 (0.6;5.3)	0.24^c
Bidirectional	4	0.8 (0.0;1.8)	6	1.8 (0.0;3.6)	0.32^c

Variables	Suffered violence		Perpetrated violence
	Male sex	Female sex	Male sex	Female sex
	PR^a (95%CI)^b	PR^a (95%CI)^b	PR^a (95%CI)^b	PR^a (95%CI)^b
Age group (years)
60-69	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
70-79	0.85 (0.62;1.16)	0.94 (0.69;1.28)	0.87 (0.65;1.14)	0.68 (0.48;0.97)
≥80	0.69 (0.45;1.07)	0.93 (0.57;1.52)	0.59 (0.37;0.93)	0.53 (0.29;0.95)
Race/skin color
White	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Black	1.14 (0.79;1.64)	0.65 (0.35;1.21)	0.92 (0.51;1.41)	0.62 (0.33;1.16)
Brown/yellow/indigenous	1.16 (0.64;2.11)	1.34 (0.89;2.02)^c	1.43 (1.06;1.93)^c	1.38 (0.90;2.11)^c
Marital status
Married/has a partner	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Single	0.54 (0.11;2.52)	0.89 (0.24;3.34)	1.24 (0.53;2.92)	0.92 (0.24;3.43)
Divorced/separated	0.42 (0.10;1.72)	0.98 (0.35;2.73)	0.74 (0.34;1.64)	1.87 (1.31;2.66)
Widowed	0.13 (0.01;1.53)^a	0.79 (0.33;1.91)	1.66 (1.12;2.47)c	0.45 (0.16;1.27)^c
Cohabitation
Alone	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Spouse/family members	1.52 (0.68;3.39)	1.11 (0.48;2.57)	1.11 (0.61;20.1)	1.93 (0.72;5.19)^c
Schooling (years of study)
No formal schooling	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
1-4	0.78 (0.47;1.30)	0.94 (0.50;1.76)	0.84 (0.50;1.41)	1.03 (0.53;1.99)
5-8	0.90 (0.52;1.54)	0.68 (0.32;1.42)	1.10 (0.65;1.86)	0.79 (0.38;1.66)
9-11	0.73 (0.39;1.37)	1.00 (0.52;1.92)	0.96 (0.53;1.73)	1.09 (0.51;2.32)
≥12	0.86 (0.52;1.41)	0.87 (0.45;1.67)	0.89 (0.55;1.46)	0.90 (0.46;1.76)
Family income (in minimum wages)
Less than 1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Between 1 and 5	2.50 (0.47;13.0)	1.12 (0.64;1.97)	3.94 (0.84;18.44)	1.06 (0.60;1.88)
Between 5 and 10	2.15 (0.39;11.62)	0.87 (0.51;1.48)	3.98 (0.86;18.38)	0.90 (0.52;1.58)
More than 10	2.57 (0.50;12.97)	0.86 (0.44;1.68)	3.99 (0.84;19.03)	0.88 (0.41;1.88)
Others dependent on elderly person’s income
No	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	1.07 (0.78;1.47)	1.02 (0.71;1.45)	0.89 (0.62;1.28)	1.13 (0.82;1.55)
Paid work
No	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.79 (0.54;1.16)	1.27 (0.78;2.05)	1.19 (0.81;1.75)	1.22 (0.76;1.95)
Self-perception of health
Very good/good	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Regular	1.14 (0.88;1.47)	1.44 (1.02;2.03)	1.05 (0.80;1.38)	1.67 (1.24;2.25)
Poor/very poor	0.92 (0.39;2.18)	0.98 (0.52;1.87)^c	1.73 (1.25;2.40)^c	1.04 (0.58;1.89)^c
Depressive symptoms
Normal	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Suspected depression	0.96 (0.64;1.46)	1.13 (0.77;1.65)	1.14 (0.84;1.55)	1.32 (0.88;1.97)^c
Cognitive deficit
Negative	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Positive	0.95 (0.71;1.27)	0.89 (0.59;1.34)	0.74 (0.48;1.13)^c	1.03 (0.68;1.56)
Dependence on ADL
None	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
1-3	0.99 (0.72;1.35)	0.98 (0.68;1.41)	0.86 (0.64;1.15)	0.94 (0.67;1.32)
4 or more	1.00 (0.64;1.57)	1.11 (0.75;1.66)	1.15 (0.84;1.56)	1.05 (0.76;1.44)
Morbidities
None/one	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Two or more	1.01 (0.81;1.25)	1.14 (0.81;1.61)	1.19 (0.93;1.52)^c	0.97 (0.67;1.42)
Alcoholic beverage consumption
Never	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Moderate	1.33 (0.98;1.81)	1.20 (0.93;1.56)	1.00 (0.72;1.40)	1.19 (0.90;1.59)
High	1.21 (0.87;1.70)^c	1.23 (0.81;189)	1.12 (0.80;1.58)	1.27 (0.81;1.99)
Smoking habit
Never smoked	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Former smoker	0.93 (0.71;1.22)	1.01 (0.76;1.34)	1.05 (0.76;1.44)	0.96 (0.70;1.33)
Currently smokes	0.88 (0.52;1.47)	1.42 (0.97;2.09)^c	1.08 (0.73;1.61)	1.05 (0.58;1.87)

Variables	Suffered violence		Perpetrated violence
	Male sex	Female sex	Male sex	Female sex
	PR^a (95%CI)^b	PR^a (95%CI)^b	PR^a (95%CI)^b	PR^a (95%CI)^b
Age group (years)
60-69	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
70-79	0.85 (0.62;1.16)	0.94 (0.69;1.28)	0.87 (0.65;1.14)	0.68 (0.48;0.97)
≥80	0.69 (0.45;1.07)	0.93 (0.57;1.52)	0.59 (0.37;0.93)	0.53 (0.29;0.95)
Race/skin color
White	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Black	1.14 (0.79;1.64)	0.65 (0.35;1.21)	0.92 (0.51;1.41)	0.62 (0.33;1.16)
Brown/yellow/indigenous	1.16 (0.64;2.11)	1.34 (0.89;2.02)^c	1.43 (1.06;1.93)^c	1.38 (0.90;2.11)^c
Marital status
Married/has a partner	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Single	0.54 (0.11;2.52)	0.89 (0.24;3.34)	1.24 (0.53;2.92)	0.92 (0.24;3.43)
Divorced/separated	0.42 (0.10;1.72)	0.98 (0.35;2.73)	0.74 (0.34;1.64)	1.87 (1.31;2.66)
Widowed	0.13 (0.01;1.53)^a	0.79 (0.33;1.91)	1.66 (1.12;2.47)c	0.45 (0.16;1.27)^c
Cohabitation
Alone	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Spouse/family members	1.52 (0.68;3.39)	1.11 (0.48;2.57)	1.11 (0.61;20.1)	1.93 (0.72;5.19)^c
Schooling (years of study)
No formal schooling	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
1-4	0.78 (0.47;1.30)	0.94 (0.50;1.76)	0.84 (0.50;1.41)	1.03 (0.53;1.99)
5-8	0.90 (0.52;1.54)	0.68 (0.32;1.42)	1.10 (0.65;1.86)	0.79 (0.38;1.66)
9-11	0.73 (0.39;1.37)	1.00 (0.52;1.92)	0.96 (0.53;1.73)	1.09 (0.51;2.32)
≥12	0.86 (0.52;1.41)	0.87 (0.45;1.67)	0.89 (0.55;1.46)	0.90 (0.46;1.76)
Family income (in minimum wages)
Less than 1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Between 1 and 5	2.50 (0.47;13.0)	1.12 (0.64;1.97)	3.94 (0.84;18.44)	1.06 (0.60;1.88)
Between 5 and 10	2.15 (0.39;11.62)	0.87 (0.51;1.48)	3.98 (0.86;18.38)	0.90 (0.52;1.58)
More than 10	2.57 (0.50;12.97)	0.86 (0.44;1.68)	3.99 (0.84;19.03)	0.88 (0.41;1.88)
Others dependent on elderly person’s income
No	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	1.07 (0.78;1.47)	1.02 (0.71;1.45)	0.89 (0.62;1.28)	1.13 (0.82;1.55)
Paid work
No	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.79 (0.54;1.16)	1.27 (0.78;2.05)	1.19 (0.81;1.75)	1.22 (0.76;1.95)
Self-perception of health
Very good/good	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Regular	1.14 (0.88;1.47)	1.44 (1.02;2.03)	1.05 (0.80;1.38)	1.67 (1.24;2.25)
Poor/very poor	0.92 (0.39;2.18)	0.98 (0.52;1.87)^c	1.73 (1.25;2.40)^c	1.04 (0.58;1.89)^c
Depressive symptoms
Normal	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Suspected depression	0.96 (0.64;1.46)	1.13 (0.77;1.65)	1.14 (0.84;1.55)	1.32 (0.88;1.97)^c
Cognitive deficit
Negative	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Positive	0.95 (0.71;1.27)	0.89 (0.59;1.34)	0.74 (0.48;1.13)^c	1.03 (0.68;1.56)
Dependence on ADL
None	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
1-3	0.99 (0.72;1.35)	0.98 (0.68;1.41)	0.86 (0.64;1.15)	0.94 (0.67;1.32)
4 or more	1.00 (0.64;1.57)	1.11 (0.75;1.66)	1.15 (0.84;1.56)	1.05 (0.76;1.44)
Morbidities
None/one	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Two or more	1.01 (0.81;1.25)	1.14 (0.81;1.61)	1.19 (0.93;1.52)^c	0.97 (0.67;1.42)
Alcoholic beverage consumption
Never	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Moderate	1.33 (0.98;1.81)	1.20 (0.93;1.56)	1.00 (0.72;1.40)	1.19 (0.90;1.59)
High	1.21 (0.87;1.70)^c	1.23 (0.81;189)	1.12 (0.80;1.58)	1.27 (0.81;1.99)
Smoking habit
Never smoked	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Former smoker	0.93 (0.71;1.22)	1.01 (0.76;1.34)	1.05 (0.76;1.44)	0.96 (0.70;1.33)
Currently smokes	0.88 (0.52;1.47)	1.42 (0.97;2.09)^c	1.08 (0.73;1.61)	1.05 (0.58;1.87)

Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente - Ministério da Saúde do Brasil SRTVN Quadra 701, Via W5 Norte, Lote D, Edifício P0700, CEP: 70719-040, +55 61 3315-3464, Fax: +55 61 3315-3464 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: ress.svs@gmail.com

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[1] Correspondence: Deise Warmling - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Saúde Pública, Campus Universitário, Rua Delfino Conti, S/N, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. CEP: 88040-370. E-mail: deisentr@gmail.com