The influence of ultra-processed food consumption in anthropometric and atherogenic indices of adolescents

NASCIMENTO, Larisse Monteles; MONTEIRO, Nayara Vieira do Nascimento; VILAR, Thiana Magalhães; IBIAPINA, Cyntia Regina Lúcio de Sousa; FROTA, Karoline de Macedo Gonçalves

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202134e200036

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Original • Rev. Nutr. 34 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202134e200036 copy

The influence of ultra-processed food consumption in anthropometric and atherogenic indices of adolescents

Influência do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados em índices antropométricos e aterogênicos de adolescentes

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

To investigate the influence of ultra-processed food consumption on anthropometric and atherogenic indices.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 327 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, biochemical, and food consumption data were evaluated. The ratios of atherogenic indices were calculated using the Castelli I (Total Cholesterol/High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol), Castelli II (Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol/High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol), and estimated Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol particle size (Atherogenic Index of Plasma=Triglycerides/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) indices. Logistic regression was used for the unadjusted and adjusted analysis between ultra-processed foods consumption, anthropometric, and atherogenic indices. The level of significance was 5%.

Results

Most participants were female (59.3%). Girls had a higher consumption of ultra-processed foods (26.6% vs. 20.5%). Of the total number of adolescents, 16.5% were overweight and 65.7% were from public schools. Adolescents with altered values for the Castelli I and II Index, and for the Atherogenic Index of Plasma had significantly higher weights, Waist Circumference, Waist Circumference/ Height and Body Mass Index/ Age values. The adjusted analysis identified a significant association (Odds ratio=2.29; 95% Confidence interval: 1.23-4.28) between the high consumption of ultra-processed foods and the Castelli II index.

Conclusion

The associations between atherogenic indices and anthropometric indices and the consumption of ultra-processed foods highlight the negative influence of these foods on adolescents’ cardiovascular health.

Keywords:
Adolescence; Cardiovascular risk; Food consumption; Processed foods

Risk factors	Female		Male		Total
Risk factors	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sample	196	59.9	131	40.1	327	100
Age (years)
14-16	101	60.8	65	39.2	166	50.8
17-19	95	59.0	66	41.0	161	49.2
Type of school
Public	135	62.8	80	37.2	215	65.7
Private	61	54.5	51	45.5	112	34.2
Mother’s education (years)
Illiterate	5	45.5	6	54.5	11	3.4
≤8	74	63.8	42	36.2	116	35.5
9-12	79	61.2	50	38.8	129	39.4
≥13	38	53.5	33	46.5	71	21.7
Monthly family income (BMMW)
<2	144	62.1	88	37.9	232	70.9
≥2	52	54.7	43	45.3	95	29.1
BMI (Weight/height²)
Eutrophy	166	60.8	107	39.2	273	83.5
Overweight	30	55.5	24	44.5	54	16.5
WC
<percentile 90	189	61.6	118	38.4	307	93.9
≥percentile 90	7	35.0	13	65.0	20	6.1
WC/Height
<0.50	32	62.7	19	37.3	51	15.6
≥0.50	164	59.4	112	40.6	276	84.4
Castelli Index I
<4.4	65	61.3	41	38.7	106	32.5
≥4.4	131	59.5	89	40.5	220	67.5
Castelli Index II
<2.9	70	62.5	42	37.5	112	34.3
≥2.9	126	58.6	89	41.4	215	65.7
AIP (mg/dL)
<2	56	56.6	43	43.4	99	31.6
≥2	132	61.7	82	38.3	214	68.4
	Median	p25-p75	Median	p25-p75
TCV (Kcal/day)	1,832.5	1,609.5-2,124.0	2,232	1,942.0-2527.0^*	1,988	1,705-2,326
UPF (Kcal/day)	491.0	334.9-653.4	434.3	227.9-626.0	479.9	322.7-639.6
UPF (% do TCV)	26.6	18.2-33.7	20.5	13.9-28.4^*	23.9	15.8-31.9

Atherogenicity indexes
Anthropometric variables	Castelli Index I					Castelli Index II					AIP
	Normal		Elevated		Normal		Elevated		Normal		Elevated
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Weight (kg)	57.7	11.3	60.7	13.5^*	57.6	11.4	60.8	13.3^*	57.8	11.7	60.9	13.2^*
WC (cm)	71.9	10.2	75.3	10.7	71.7	10.1	75.4	10.7^*	71.5	10.6	75.9	9.9^*
WC/Height (cm/cm)	0.4	0.0	0.4	0.1^*	0.4	0.0	0.5	0.06^*	0.4	0.0	0.5	0.1^*
BMI (Z-score)	-0.10	0.07	0.15	0.11	-0.13	0.07	0.18	0.11^*	-0.10	0.07	0.19	0.11^*

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption (% TCV)
Variables	Tercile 1		Tercile 2		Tercile 3
Variables	Median	p25-p75	Median	p25-p75	Median	p25-p75
UPF	13.3	10.1-15.8	23.9	22.0-26.3	35.6	31.9-42.0
Variables	n	%	n	%	n	%
WC
<percentile 90	102	93.6	99	90.8	106	97.2
≥percentile 90	7	6.4	10	9.2	3	2.8
WC/Height
<0.50	19	17.4	18	16.5	14	12.8
≥0.50	90	82.6	91	83.5	95	87.2
BMI
Eutrophy	89	81.6	90	82.6	94	86.2
Overweight	20	18.4	19	17.4	15	13.8
Castelli Index I
<4.4	39	35.8	36	33.0	31	28.7
≥4.4	70	64.2	73	67.0	77	71.3
Castelli Index II
<2.9	44	40.4	35	32.1	33	30.3
≥2.9	65	59.6	74	67.9	76	69.7
AIP
<2	33	32.0	36	34.3	30	28.6
≥2	70	68.0	69	65.7	75	71.4

Unadjusted Analysis
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption (% of TCV)
Variables	Tercile 1		Tercile 2		Tercile 3
UPF	Median	p25-p75	Median	p25-p75	Median	p25-p75
	13.3	10.1-15.8	23.9	22.0-26.3	35.6	31.9-42.0
			OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
WC	1 Reference		1.47	0.53-4.01	0.41	0.10-1.63
WC/ Height	1 Reference		1.09	0.54-2.22	1.40	0.66-2.97
BMI	1 Reference		1.05	0.53-2.10	1.38	0.66-2.86
Castelli Index I	1 Reference		1.07	0.61-1.86	1.41	0.79-2.5
Castelli Index II	1 Reference		1.35	0.78-2.35	1.58	0.90-2.78
AIP	1 Reference		0.85	0.48-1.52	1.20	0.66-2.18
Adjusted Analysis
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption (% of TCV)
	Tercile 1		Tercile 2		Tercile 3
	Median	p25-p75	Median	p25-p75	Median	p25-p75
UPF	13.3	10.1-15.8	23.9	22.0-26.3	35.6	31.9-42.0
Variables			OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
WC	1 Reference		1.73	0.62-4.84	0.47	0.11-1.96
WC/ Height	1 Reference		1.08	0.52-2.23	1.68	0.77-3.66
BMI	1 Reference		0.93	0.46-1.90	0.67	0.31-1.45
Castelli Index I	1 Reference		1.31	0.72-2.37	1.87	0.99-3.51
Castelli Index II	1 Reference		1.75	0.96-3.18	2.29	1.23-4.28
AIP	1 Reference		0.89	0.49-1.61	1.25	0.67-2.35

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[1] Correspondence to:
K. M. G. FROTA. E-mail: <karolfrota@ufpi.edu.br>.