Diversity of eating patterns in older adults: A new scenario?

Ferreira, Patrícia Moraes; Papini, Silvia Justina; Corrente, José Eduardo

doi:10.1590/1415-52732014000100007

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Original Articles • Rev. Nutr. 27 (01) • Jan-Feb 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1415-52732014000100007 copy

Diversity of eating patterns in older adults: A new scenario?

Diversidade de padrões alimentares em idosos: um novo cenário?

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE:

To identify eating patterns and their distribution in a representative sample of older adults from the municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.

METHODS:

This cross-sectional study used food frequency and sociodemographic questionnaires to collect the respective data from 355 older users, selected by stratified sampling, of Botucatu's primary health care units from March to June 2011. Principal component analysis extracted six eating patterns. Individual food intake scores were divided into tertiles, classifying individual adherence to each eating pattern as low, moderate, or high, to measure the relationship between adherence tertiles and sociodemographic variables.

RESULTS:

Six eating patterns were identified and named as follows: healthy foods; snacks and weekend meals; fruits; light and whole foods; soft diet; and traditional diet. Individuals with elementary school adhered highly to the patterns 'healthy foods' and 'fruits'. On the other hand, men and individuals with the highest education levels adhered highly to the pattern 'snacks and weekend meal'. Females adhered more often to the patterns 'light and whole foods' and 'soft diet'. The pattern 'soft diet' was also preferred by the oldest subgroup.

CONCLUSION:

The study population presented a diversity of eating patterns influenced by sociodemographic characteristics.

Aged; Feeding beharvior; Population studies in public health; Principal component analysis

Variables				Factors

	1	2	3	4	5	6	Commonality
	1	2	3	4	5	6	Commonality
Soup	0.18886	-0.01929	0.00995	0.10890	0.58335	-0.19785	0.42743598
Deep-fried savory snack	-0.09431	0.38677	0.07355	-0.17669	-0.05896	-0.10341	0.20928645
Baked savory snack	-0.00492	0.41349	0.01932	0.05400	0.03444	-0.06528	0.17973793
Pasta with meat	-0.04553	0.35786	0.02374	0.06349	0.09663	0.14525	0.16516339
Pizza/pancake	0.08745	0.47204	-0.07935	0.08443	-0.15561	-0.14376	0.28877716
Polenta	0.07114	0.01600	-0.06945	-0.16111	0.30953	-0.02068	0.13233529
Pork	0.18624	0.14658	-0.04074	-0.40018	-0.19753	-0.04525	0.25904567
Bacon/jerky	0.01870	0.39987	-0.05000	0.14124	-0.10720	-0.02335	0.19473225
Sausages	-0.09966	0.24777	0.02116	-0.36038	0.01080	0.24854	0.26353317
Other processed meats	-0.00460	0.60340	0.02853	-0.05810	-0.05810	-0.25292	0.43774218
Patties/nuggets/meatballs.	0.13372	0.38924	-0.02059	-0.11578	0.04145	0.06769	0.18951889
Seafood	0.38755	0.01162	0.14022	-0.10567	-0.10836	-0.08559	0.20022526
Whole milk	-0.10789	-0.06409	0.01195	-0.24047	0.34172	0.05863	0.19392623
Milk, semi/skimmed	0.08115	-0.01817	0.07173	0.58645	-0.12542	-0.05171	0.37438581
Yellow cheeses	0.10085	0.50186	0.09554	-0.07658	-0.24799	-0.21173	0.38335648
Beans	-0.03858	-0.16888	-0.09772	-0.18950	0.00077	0.57362	0.40451007
White rice	0.00298	0.03289	-0.08930	-0.28656	-0.01832	0.61393	0.46843146
French or cassava fries	-0.09373	0.33141	-0.06265	-0.19838	0.02430	-0.00156	0.16248962
Cooked potato/cassava	0.16580	-0.00961	0.11770	0.08603	0.65393	-0.16336	0.50314769
Potato salad w/mayonnaise	0.09463	0.35493	0.02470	0.03715	0.08421	0.29638	0.23185233
Lettuce	0.43882	-0.00835	-0.00910	0.19890	-0.05116	0.32017	0.33740423
Tomato	0.47015	0.08009	0.04118	0.21302	0.00975	0.30598	0.36825020
Carrot	0.54347	0.05159	0.03115	0.18109	0.33932	-0.10287	0.45751082
Other non-starchy vegetables	0.64190	0.00928	0.05913	-0.10230	0.25369	-0.05602	0.49357503
Other raw leaf vegetables	0.66238	0.01562	0.21746	-0.09040	-0.01996	-0.01934	0.49522289
Other cooked leaf vegetables	0.55270	-0.00664	0.10540	-0.03644	0.04018	0.11113	0.33192789
Broccoli/cabbage/cauliflower	0.62533	-0.12436	0.09394	0.08992	0.12417	0.04772	0.44110494
Orange	0.04776	-0.00395	0.42152	0.11189	0.02761	0.01049	0.19337064
Banana	-0.01758	0.01653	0.38011	0.19003	0.22355	0.10814	0.24284694
Apple	0.12455	-0.01164	0.54907	0.23143	-0.19282	-0.06871	0.41258776
Melon	0.28500	-0.00633	0.44710	-0.01969	0.01855	-0.01894	0.28225539
Papaya	0.27553	-0.02270	0.58547	0.14700	-0.14838	-0.21073	0.50724502
Guava	0.11717	-0.03453	0.68944	-0.00900	-0.06454	-0.10794	0.50614241
Avocado	0.16233	-0.10929	0.71030	-0.19347	-0.13020	0.00486	0.59723062
Fruit juice w/added sugar	0.13810	0.00082	-0.01736	-0.17100	0.28098	-0.42054	0.30441870
Coffee w/o added sugar	0.08060	0.00494	0.26805	0.16984	-0.36358	0.08755	0.24707542
Coffee w/added sugar	-0.19107	0.00124	-0.13042	-0.37337	0.27129	-0.06656	0.27095361
Conventional soda	-0.18317	0.37142	-0.05635	-0.03979	0.01607	0.06702	0.18101517
Bread roll	-0.25351	0.35843	0.13324	-0.02916	0.39359	0.29032	0.45053886
Conventional butter	-0.11190	0.38085	0.26102	0.26975	0.29752	0.26254	0.45590910
Desserts	0.03405	0.33373	0.07418	0.03276	0.11768	0.08999	0.14105578
Oatmeal	0.32436	0.00925	0.18084	0.32941	-0.00916	-0.17134	0.27594809
Extra-virgin olive oil	0.50458	0.15005	0.11387	0.31180	-0.16229	-0.12678	0.42971110
Fruit juice w/o added sugar	0.09911	-0.04062	-0.04208	0.38553	0.02591	-0.09723	0.17200329
Whole bread	0.18013	0.02284	0.08350	0.45993	-0.30313	-0.07047	0.34833032
Number of items	10	14	7	8	8	5
% explained variance	7.65%	4.74%	4.17%	3.43%	3.10%	2.80%

Dietary patterns		Family income per member

	Estimate	Standard error	p-value^*	OR (95%CI)
	Estimate	Standard error	p-value^*	OR (95%CI)
1. Healthy	-0.1924	0.0729	0.0083	0.825 (0.715-0.952)
2. Snacks and weekend meal	0.5150	0.0937	<0.0001	1.674 (1.393-2.011)
3. Fruits	-0.1467	0.0706	0.0377	0.864 (0.752-0.992)
4. Light and whole foods	-0.3507	0.0831	<0.0001	0.704 (0.598-0.829)
5. Soft diet	0.2010	0.0730	0.0059	1.223 (1.060-1.411)
6. Traditional	-0.0429	0.0680	0.5286	0.958 (0.838-1.095)

					Pattern 1. Healthy
Variables		Low		Adherence				High
Variables		Low		Moderate				High
				Moderate					n	p ^*
	n	%		n	%		n	%
Gender										0.1527
Male	61	37.42	54		33.13	48		29.45	163
Female	57	29.69	61		31.77	74		38.54	192
Age group										0.2987
60-69	56	28.57	66		33.67	74		37.76	196
70-79	42	36.84	39		34.21	33		28.95	114
80-89	18	46.15	8		20.51	13		33.33	39
90 or more	2	33.33	2		33.33	2		33.33	6
Skin color										0.4062
White	97	32.33	100		33.33	103		34.33	300
Black	7	36.84	3		15.79	9		47.37	19
Brown	12	37.50	12		37.50	8		25.00	32
Education level										0.0017
Never attended school	10	27.03	13		35.14	14		37.84	37
Complete elementary school	8	20.00	5		12.50	27		67.50	40
Middle school	20	32.79	21		34.43	20		32.79	61
High school	64	36.99	59		34.10	50		28.90	173
Higher education	16	36.36	17		38.64	11		25.00	44

				Pattern 2. Snacks and weekend meal

Variables		Low		Adherence				High
Variables		Low		Moderate				High
				Moderate					n	p ^*
	n	%		n	%		n	%

Gender
Male	40	24.54	58		35.58	65		39.88	163	0.0095
Female	75	39.06	62		32.29	55		28.65	192
Age group
60-69	66	33.67	64		32.65	66		33.67	196	0.5614
70-79	30	26.32	42		36.84	42		36.84	114
80-89	16	41.03	13		33.33	10		25.64	39
90 or more	3	50.0	1		16.67	2		33.33	6
Skin color
White	105	35.0	99		33.00	96		32.00	300	0.1133
Black	2	10.53	7		36.84	10		52.63	19
Brown	7	21.88	12		37.50	13		40.63	32
Education level
Never attended school	23	62.16	11		29.73	3		8.11	37	<0.0001
Complete elementary school	23	57.50	8		20.00	9		22.50	40
Middle school	18	29.51	26		42.62	17		27.87	61
High school	43	24.86	64		36.99	66		38.15	173
Higher education	8	18.18	11		25.00	25		56.82	44

					Pattern 3. Fruits
Variables		Low		Adherence				High
Variables		Low		Moderate				High
				Moderate					n	p ^*
	n	%		n	%		n	%
Gender										0.3710
Male	49	30.06	53		32.52	61		37.42	163
Female	68	35.42	65		33.85	59		30.73	192
Age group										0.5614
60-69	66	33.67	59		30.10	71		36.22	196
70-79	36	31.58	42		36.84	36		31.58	114
80-89	14	35.90	13		33.33	12		30.77	39
90 or more	1	16.67	4		66.67	1		16.67	6
Skin color										0.0004
White	90	30.00	100		33.33	110		36.67	300
Black	8	42.11	11		57.89	0		0.00	19
Brown	18	56.25	5		15.63	9		28.13	32
Education level										0.0027
Never attended school	9	24.32	9		24.32	19		51.35	37
Complete elementary school	7	17.50	12		30.00	21		52.50	40
Middle school	21	34.43	16		26.23	24		39.34	61
High school	59	34.10	65		37.57	49		28.32	173
Higher education	21	47.73	16		36.36	7		15.91	44

				Pattern 4. Light and whole foods

Variables		Low		Adherence				High
Variables		Low		Moderate				High
				Moderate					n	_p *
	n	%		n	%		n	%

Gender
Male	70	42.94	40		24.54	53		32.52	163	0.0007
Female	48	25.00	75		39.06	69		35.94	192
Age group
60-69	77	39.29	54		27.55	65		33.16	196	0.2009
70-79	29	25.44	45		39.47	40		35.09	114
80-89	10	25.64	14		35.90	15		38.46	39
90 or more	2	33.33	2		33.33	2		33.33	6
Skin color
White	96	32.00	99		33.00	105		35.00	300	0.1346
Black	5	26.32	6		31.58	8		42.11	19
Brown	17	53.13	9		28.13	6		18.75	32
Education level
Never attended school	8	21.62	9		24.32	20		54.05	37	0.0516
Complete elementary school	9	22.50	12		30.00	19		47.50	40
Middle school	20	32.79	20		32.79	21		34.43	61
High school	63	36.42	63		36.42	47		27.17	173
Higher education	18	40.91	11		25.00	15		34.09	44

					Pattern 5. Soft diet
Variables		Low		Adherence				High
Variables		Low			Moderate			High
					Moderate				n	p ^*
	n	%		n	%		n	%
Gender										0.0484
Male	62	38.04	56		34.36	45		27.61	163
Female	56	29.17	60		31.25	76		39.58	192
Age group										0.0003
60-69	74	37.76	70		35.71	52		26.53	196
70-79	37	32.46	37		32.46	40		35.09	114
80-89	6	15.38	9		23.08	24		61.54	39
90 or more	1	16.67	0		0.00	5		83.33	6
Skin color										0.6374
White	104	34.67	95		31.67	101		33.67	300
Black	6	31.58	7		36.84	6		31.58	19
Brown	7	21.88	11		34.38	14		43.75	32
Education level										0.0781
Never attended school	20	54.05	9		24.32	8		21.62	37
Complete elementary school	18	45.00	12		30.00	10		25.00	40
Middle school	21	34.43	21		34.43	19		31.15	61
High school	47	27.17	59		34.10	67		38.73	173
Higher education	12	27.27	15		34.09	17		38.64	44
					Pattern 6. Traditional
Variables		Low		Adherence				High
Variables		Low		Moderate				High
				Moderate					n	p ^*
	n	%		n	%		n	%

Gender
Male	53	32.52	48		29.45	62		38.04	163	0.3027
Female	65	33.85	68		35.42	59		30.73	192
Age group
60-69	69	35.20	62		31.63	65		33.16	196	0.4511
70-79	37	32.46	42		36.84	35		30.70	114
80-89	11	28.21	11		28.21	17		43.59	39
90 or more	1	16.67	1		16.67	4		66.67	6
Skin color
White	99	33.00	99		33.00	102		34.00	300	0.8821
Black	5	26.32	6		31.58	8		42.11	19
Brown	12	37.50	11		34.38	9		28.13	32
Education level
Never attended school	12	32.40	10		27.03	15		40.54	37	0.3242
Complete elementary school	16	40.00	7		17.50	17		42.50	40
Middle school	15	24.50	23		37.70	23		37.70	61
High school	59	34.10	63		36.42	51		29.48	173
Higher education	16	36.30	13		29.55	15		34.09	44

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[1] CONTRIBUTORS PM FERREIRA project design and execution, data analysis and interpretation, article writing and critical review, and approval of the final version of the article. SJ PAPINI critical review and approval of the final version. JE CORRENTE data analysis and interpretation, article writing and critical review, and approval of the final version of the article.