Factors associated with non-frequent breakfast consumption in adolescents (EVA-JF Study)

CÂNDIDO, Ainoã Cristina de Oliveira; NEVES, Felipe Silva; FARIA, Eliane Rodrigues de; NETTO, Michele Pereira; OLIVEIRA, Renata Maria Souza; CÂNDIDO, Ana Paula Carlos

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202235e210166

Ainoã Cristina de Oliveira CÂNDIDO Correspondence to: ACO CÂNDIDO. E-mail: ainoacris@yahoo.com.br.

writing the manuscript (original draft)

writing the manuscript (revision, and editing)

statistical analysis

primary responsibility for the final content

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Nutrição. R José Lourenço Kelmer, s./n., São Pedro, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7324-5194

Felipe Silva NEVES

study’s conception

design, and supervision

data collection and database curation

statistical analysis

manuscript revision

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Nutrição. R José Lourenço Kelmer, s./n., São Pedro, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

Ministério da Saúde, Departamento de Promoção da Saúde, Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde, Coordenação-Geral de Alimentação e Nutrição. Brasília, DF, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3294-5979

Eliane Rodrigues de FARIA

conception and design of the study

revising the manuscript

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Nutrição. R José Lourenço Kelmer, s./n., São Pedro, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0482-6817

Michele Pereira NETTO

conception and design of the study

revising the manuscript

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Nutrição. R José Lourenço Kelmer, s./n., São Pedro, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0017-6578

Renata Maria Souza OLIVEIRA

conception and design of the study

obtained financial support for the project originating this publication

revising the manuscript

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Nutrição. R José Lourenço Kelmer, s./n., São Pedro, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0274-6602

Ana Paula Carlos CÂNDIDO

conception, design, and coordination of the study

critical review of the manuscript’s intellectual content

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Nutrição. R José Lourenço Kelmer, s./n., São Pedro, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1481-5927

CONTRIBUTORS

All the authors have approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to the responsibility for every aspect of the work in ensuring the precision and integrity of all parts of the work.

Correspondence to: ACO CÂNDIDO. E-mail: ainoacris@yahoo.com.br.

Group 3		Socioeconomic characteristics
Group 3		n	%
Socioeconomic status ^♠ ♠ Medium/low: classes C2 or D-E. Medium: classes B2 or C1. Medium/high: classes A or B1.
	Medium/low	161	20.0
	Medium	471	58.5
	Medium/high	173	21.5
House occupancy status
	Rent/concession	202	25.1
	Ownership	603	74.9
Mother’s employment status
	Not working	227	29.0
	Working	556	71.0
Mother’s education
	Illiterate or incomplete elementary school	30	4.2
	Complete elementary school/ incomplete high school	31	43.0
	High school	273	37.9
	University	108	15.0
Group 2		Behavioral characteristics
Group 2		n	% or M(SD)^a a M (SD). ^† † Valid percentages, considering eventual losses.
Level of physical activity ^● ● Insufficiently active: <300 minutes/week. Active: ≥300 minutes/week.
	Insufficiently active	287	35.7
	Active	518	64.3
Hours of sleep per night ^┤ ┤ Inadequate: <480 minutes. Adequate: ≥480 minutes.
	Inadequate	133	16.5
	Adequate	672	83.5
Consumption of ultra-processed foods in restaurants or fast-food chains ^δ δ Frequent: 5 to 7 days/week. Not frequent: 0 to 4 days/week.
	Frequent	35	4.3
	Not frequent	770	95.7
	Consumption of soda ^δ δ Frequent: 5 to 7 days/week. Not frequent: 0 to 4 days/week.
	Frequent	139	17.3
	Not frequent	666	82.7
Consumption of industrialized drinks ^δ δ Frequent: 5 to 7 days/week. Not frequent: 0 to 4 days/week.
	Frequent	289	35.9
	Not frequent	516	64.1
% of energy from ultra-processed foods		---	45.7 (12.9) ^a a M (SD).
% of energy from processed foods		---	10.9 (4.9) ^a a M (SD).
% of energy from natural or minimally processed foods		---	43.3 (12.1) ^a a M (SD).
Group 1		Individual characteristics
Group 1		n	%
Sex
	Female	464	57.6
	Male	341	42.4
Age range ^‡ ‡ Average age of 16.1 years (SD=1.2).
	14 and 15	248	30.8
	16 and 17	456	56.6
	18 and 19	101	12.5
Race/ethnicity
	White	281	35.2
	Non-white ^⸸ ⸸ Non-white: brown, Black, Indigenous, or Asian.	517	64.8
Weight status
	Not overweight	563	71.3
	Overweight	227	28.7
% of body fat ^\|\| \|\| Not at risk <25% (female) and <20% (male). At risk: ≥25% (female) and ≥20% (male).
	Not at risk	346	51.0
	At risk	332	49.0
Waist circumference ^¶ ¶ Not at risk: <90th percentile of the sample, according to sex. At risk: ≥90th percentile of the sample, according to sex. M: Mean; SD: Standard-Deviation.
	Not at risk	723	89.8
	At risk	82	10.2
Frequency of consumption ^δ δ Frequent: 5 to 7 days/week. Not frequent: 0 to 4 days/week.		Breakfast
		n	%
	Frequent	375	46.6
	Not frequent	430	53.4

Group 3		Socioeconomic characteristics
Group 3		OR	95% CI	*p ^ * The statistical significances were obtained with the Wald test for heterogeneity.**
Socioeconomic status ^♠ ♠ Medium/low: classes C2 or D-E. Medium: classes B2 or C1. Medium/high: classes A or B1.
	Middle/low	Reference
	Middle	0.660	0.425-1.011	0.050
	Middle/high	0.790	0.552-1.139	0.209
House occupancy status
	Rent/concession	Reference
	Ownership	0.633	0.460-0.871	0.005
Mother’s employment status
	Not working	Reference
	Working	0.931	0.687-1.262	0.645
Mother’s education
	Illiterate or incomplete elementary school	Reference
	Complete elementary school/ incomplete high school	1.190	0.587-2.414	0.629
	High school	1.058	0.519-2.156	0.876
	University	0.897	0.415-1.935	0.781
Group 2		Behavioral characteristics
Group 2		OR	95% CI	*p ^ * The statistical significances were obtained with the Wald test for heterogeneity.**
Level of physical activity ^● ● Insufficiently active: <300 minutes/week. Active: ≥300 minutes/week.
	Insufficiently active	Reference
	Active	1.075	0.805-1.435	0.626
Hours of sleep per night ^┤ ┤ Inadequate: <480 minutes. Adequate: ≥480 minutes.
	Inadequate	Reference
	Adequate	0.940	0.650-1.351	0.720
Consumption of ultra-processed foods in restaurants or fast-food chains ^δ δ Frequent: 5 to 7 days/week. Not frequent: 0 to 4 days/week.
	Frequent	Reference
	Not frequent	1.502	0.746-3.024	0.255
Consumption of soda ^δ δ Frequent: 5 to 7 days/week. Not frequent: 0 to 4 days/week.
	Frequent	Reference
	Not frequent	0.734	0.506-1.064	0.103
Consumption of industrialized drinks ^δ δ Frequent: 5 to 7 days/week. Not frequent: 0 to 4 days/week.
	Frequent	Reference
	Not frequent	0.635	0.471-0.856	0.002
% of energy from ultra-processed foods		1.012	1.002-1.024	0.025
% of energy from processed foods		0.933	0.906-0.961	<0.001
% of energy from natural or minimally processed foods		0.997	0.986-1.008	0.593
Group 1		Individual characteristics
Group 1		OR	95% CI	*p ^ * The statistical significances were obtained with the Wald test for heterogeneity.**
Sex
	Female	Reference
	Male	0.617	0.468-0.813	0.001
Age group
	14 and 15	Reference
	16 and 17	0.894	0.658-1.215	0.474
	18 and 19	1.011	0.643-1.589	0.963
Group 1		Individual characteristics
Group 1		OR	95% CI	*p ^ * The statistical significances were obtained with the Wald test for heterogeneity.**
Race/ethnicity
	White	Reference
	Non white ^⸸ ⸸ Non-white: brown, Black, Indigenous, or Asian.	1.670	1.253-2.225	<0.001
Weight status
	Overweight	Reference
	Not overweight	0.821	0.602-1.121	0.214
% of body fat ^\|\| \|\| At risk: <25% (female) and <20% (male). Not at risk: ≥25% (female) and ≥20% (male).
	At risk	Reference
	Not at risk	0.734	0.541-0.995	0.046
Waist circumference ^¶ ¶ Not at risk: <90th percentile, according to sex. At risk: ≥90th percentile, according to sex. 95% CI: Confidence Interval of 95%; OR: Odds Ratio.
	At risk	Reference
	Not at risk	0.709	0.444-1.131	0.149

Group 3		Socioeconomic characteristics
Group 3		OR	95% CI	*p ^ * The statistical significances were obtained with the Wald test for heterogeneity.**
House occupancy status
	Rent/concession	Reference
	Ownership	0.618	0.441-0.865	0.005
Group 2		Behavioral characteristics
Group 2		OR	95% CI	*p ^ * The statistical significances were obtained with the Wald test for heterogeneity.**
Consumption of industrialized drinks ^δ δ Frequent: 5 to 7 days/week. Not frequent: 0 to 4 days/week.
	Frequent	Reference
	Not frequent	0.658	0.486-0.890	0.007
	% of energy from processed foods	0.935	0.907-0.964	<0.001
Group 1		Individual characteristics
Group 1		OR	95% CI	*p ^ * The statistical significances were obtained with the Wald test for heterogeneity.**
Sex
	Female	Reference
	Male	0.696	0.520-0.932	0.015
Race/ethnicity ^⸸ ⸸ Non-white: brown, Black, Indigenous, or Asian. 95% CI: Confidence Interval of 95%; OR: Odds Ratio.
	White	Reference
	Non-white	1.529	1.131-2.069	0.006

[1] CONTRIBUTORS

All the authors have approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to the responsibility for every aspect of the work in ensuring the precision and integrity of all parts of the work.

Brasil

Brasil

Factors associated with non-frequent breakfast consumption in adolescents (EVA-JF Study)

Fatores associados ao consumo não frequente de café da manhã em adolescentes (Estudo EVA-JF)

ABSTRACT

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion