Food consumption according to the degree of industrial food processing in Brazilian graduates (CUME Project): A hierarchical analysis of associated factors

Moreira, Michelle Andrade; Moreira, Ana Paula Boroni; Hermsdorff, Helen Hermana Miranda; Pimenta, Adriano Marçal; Bressan, Josefina; Cândido, Ana Paula Carlos

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202437e220148

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Original - Collective Health • Rev. Nutr. 37 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202437e220148 copy

Food consumption according to the degree of industrial food processing in Brazilian graduates (CUME Project): A hierarchical analysis of associated factors

Consumo alimentar segundo o grau de processamento industrial dos alimentos em brasileiros graduados (Projeto CUME): uma análise hierarquizada dos fatores associados

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

Evaluate the food consumption of the participants of the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais, according to the degree of processing, and its relationship with socioeconomic, behavioral, and individual factors.

Methods

A total of 4,124 individuals from the baseline of the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (2016 and 2018) participated in this study. Food consumption was self-reported by completing an online Food Frequency Questionnaire. The foods were divided into 3 groups: Group 1, in natura, minimally processed foods, culinary ingredients and culinary preparations; Group 2, processed foods; Group 3, ultra-processed foods. A hierarchical multiple linear regression model was used to verify the associated factors.

Results

Regarding the factors associated with food consumption, it is noteworthy that Group 1 was positively associated with the practice of physical activity, female gender, age, “non-white” skin color, and the presence of diabetes Mellitus; and negatively with “not married/without stable union” marital status, alcohol abuse, tobacco use, obesity, and depression. Considering Group 2, it was positively associated with alcohol abuse, tobacco use, and age; and negatively with physical activity, female gender, and “non-white” skin color. As for Group 3 it was positively associated with a marital status of “not married/without stable union”, obesity, and depression; and negatively with physical activity, age, “non-white" skin color, and presence of diabetes Mellitus.

Conclusion

The factors that are in at least one of the final hierarchical linear regression models stand out: marital status, physical activity, alcohol abuse, tobacco use, sex, age, skin color, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and depression.

Keywords:
Eating; Nutrition policy; Regression analysis; Social determinants of health

Food groups and consumables	Energy contribution (% DEI)
Food groups and consumables	Mean	95% CI
Group 1: In natura food ^§	65.5	(65.2-65.9)
Rice	4.5	(4.4-4.6)
Noodles	0.9	(0.9-1.0)
Legumes	3.9	(3.8-4.0)
Roots and Tubers	1.7	(1.6-1.7)
Vegetables	2.1	(2.0-2.1)
Fruits	12.8	(12.5-13.1)
Natural fruit juice	2.3	(2.3-2.4)
Coffee, teas, and chimarrão	0.7	(0.7-0.8)
Milk	3.3	(3.2-3.4)
Beef and pork	9.3	(9.1-9.6)
Chicken meats	4.2	(4.1-4.3)
Fish meats	1.7	(1.6-1.8)
Eggs	1.4	(1.4-1.5)
Culinary preparations ^a	2.0	(1.9-2.1)
Fried preparations ^b	1.8	(1.7-1.9)
Added sugar	1.7	(1.6-1.8)
Oils and fats ^c	4.6	(4.5-4.7)
Other in natura foods † ^d	6.3	(6.1-6.5)
Group 2: Processed foods	10.0	(9.8-10.2)
French bread	3.3	(3.2-3.4)
Cheeses	3.4	(3.3-3.5)
Processes meats ^e	0.7	(0.7-0.8)
Fruit jams and jellies	0.5	(0.5-0.6)
Processed alcoholic beverages ^f	2.0	(1.9-2.1)
Group 3: Ultra-processed foods	24.5	(24.1-24.8)
White bread	1.1	(1.1-1.2)
Others types of bread ^g	5.7	(5.6-5.9)
Margarine, mayonnaise, and cream cheese	2.3	(2.2-2.4)
Sausages ^h	2.2	(2.1-2.3)
Fast foods ⁱ	2.3	(2.2-2.4)
Ready or semi-ready dishes ^j	1.9	(1.9-2.0)
Sweetened dairy drinks	1.2	(1.2-1.3)
Soft drinks and industrialized juices	1.5	(1.5-1.6)
Ultra-processed alcoholic beverages ^k	0.3	(0.3-0.4)
Sweets ^l	3.4	(3.3-3.5)
Other ultra-processed foods ^m	2.3	(2.2-2.4)

Variable	n	%
Block 1 - Socioeconomic Factors
Marital Status
Married legally or in a stable union	1,982	48.1
Not Married/No Stable Union	2,142	51.9
Education
Graduate	1,136	27.5
Graduate degrees	2,988	72.5
Professional situation
Works	3,127	75.8
Does not work	997	24.2
Individual Income
<5 x MW	1,965	47.6
≥5 x MW	2,159	52.4
Family Income
<5 x MW	884	21.4
≥5 x MW	3,240	78.6
Block 2 - Behavioral Factors
Physical Activity
Inactive or Insufficiently	1,823	44.2
Active	2,301	55.8
Binge Drinking
No	2,409	58.4
Yes	1,715	41.6
Tobacco use
No	3,769	91.4
Yes	355	8.6
Block 3 - Individual Factors
Sex
Male	1,316	31.9
Female	2,808	68.1
Skin Color
White	2,683	65.1
Non- White	1,441	34.9
Self-reported Health Status
Very Good/Good	3,645	88.5
Fair/Poor/Very Bad	473	11.5
Presence of Obesity
No	3,640	88.3
Yes	482	11.7
Presence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension
No	3,626	87.9
Yes	498	12.1
Presence of diabetes Mellitus
No	3,996	96.9
Yes	128	3.1
Presence of Depression
No	3,611	87.6
Yes	513	12.4

Variable	Group 1 - In natura foods §
Variable	B	(CI 95%)	p-value
Block 1 - Socioeconomic Factors
Marital Status
(Reference category: Married Legally or in a Stable Union)
Not Married/No Stable Union	-0.76	(-1.52; -0.03)	0.049*
Block 2 - Behavioral Factors
Physical Activity
(Reference category: Inactive or Insufficiently active)
Active	2.56	(1.82; 3.30)	<0.001*
Binge Drinking
(Reference category: No)
Yes	-2.50	(-3.27; -1.75)	<0.001*
Tobacco use
(Reference category: No)
Yes	-1.64	(-2.95; -0.33)	0.014*
Block 3 - Individual Factors
Sex
(Reference category: male)
Female	1.51	(0.72; 2.31)	0.001*
Age
(Continuous variable)	0.19	(0.14; 0.23)	<0.001*
Skin Color
(Reference category: white)
Non-White	1.71	(0.96; 2.46)	<0.001*
Self-reported Health Status
(Reference category: Very Good/Good)
Fair/Poor/Very Bad	-1.003	(-2.19; -0.18)	0.097
Presence of Obesity
(Reference category: No)
Yes	-2.65	(-3.82; -1.47)	<0.001*
Presence of diabetes Mellitus
(Reference category: No)
Yes	2.12	(0.01; 4.23)	0.049*
Presence of Depression
(Reference category: No)
Yes	-1.91	(-3.02; -0.80)	0.001*

Variable	Group 2 - Processed foods
Variable	B	(CI 95%)	p-value
Block 1 - Socioeconomic Factors
No variables from this block remained in the final model	-	-	-
Block 2 - Behavioral Factors
Physical Activity
(Reference category: Inactive or Insufficiently active)
Active	-0.56	(-0.92; -0.21)	0.002*
Binge Drinking
(Reference category: No)
Yes	2.41	(2.04; 2.78)	<0.001*
Tobacco use
(Reference category: No)
Yes	1.39	(0.75; 2.02)	<0.001*
Block 3 - Individual Factors
Sex
(Reference category: male)
Female	-1.18	(-1.56; -0.81)	<0.001*
Age
(Continuous variable)	0.06	(0.04; 0.08)	<0.001*
Skin Color
(Reference category: white)
Non-White	-0.53	(-0.89; -0.16)	0.004*

Variable	Group 3 - Ultra-processed foods
Variable	B	(CI 95%)	p-value
Block 1 - Socioeconomic Factors
Marital Status
(Reference category: Married Legally or in a Stable Union)
Not Married/No Stable Union	1.004	(0.33; 1.68)	0.003*
Block 2 - Behavioral Factors
Physical Activity
(Reference category: Inactive or Insufficiently active)
Active	-1.98	(-2.63; -1.33)	<0.001*
Block 3 - Individual Factors
Age
(Continuous variable)	-0.24	(-0.27; -0.21)	<0.001*
Skin Color
(Reference category: white)
Non-White	-1.20	(-1.87; -0.53)	0.001*
Self-reported Health Status
(Reference category: Very Good/Good)
Fair/Poor/Very Bad	1.002	(-0.54; 2.06)	0.063
Presence of Obesity
(Reference category: No)
Yes	2.58	(1.54; 3.63)	<0.001*
Presence of diabetes Mellitus
(Reference category: No)
Yes	-2.03	(-3.92; -0.15)	0.035*
Presence of Depression
(Reference category: No)
Yes	1.88	(0.89; 2.86)	<0.001*

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[1] Correspondence to:
APC CÂNDIDO. E-mail: <anapaula.candido@ufjf.edu.br>.