Composition of a maternal high fat diet rich in satured fats and omega 3 in gestation and lactation for studies with rodents

SILVA, Laura Mata de Lima; BLOISE, Aline Maria Nunes de Lira Gomes; FONTES, Danilo Augusto Ferreira; ARAÚJO, Katarynna Santos de; BARBOSA, Mariana Oliveira; COSTA-SILVA, João Henrique

doi:10.1590/1678-9865201932e180292

Laura Mata de Lima SILVA

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Laboratório de Nutrição, Atividade Física e Plasticidade Fenotípica. R. Alto do Reservatório, s/n., Bela Vista, 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6893-9781

Aline Maria Nunes de Lira Gomes BLOISE

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Laboratório de Nutrição, Atividade Física e Plasticidade Fenotípica. R. Alto do Reservatório, s/n., Bela Vista, 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7816-6500

Danilo Augusto Ferreira FONTES

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Laboratório de Nutrição, Atividade Física e Plasticidade Fenotípica. R. Alto do Reservatório, s/n., Bela Vista, 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1795-7963

Katarynna Santos de ARAÚJO

Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste, Grupo de Biotecnologia Branca, Central Analítica. Recife, PE, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-8054

Mariana Oliveira BARBOSA

Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste, Grupo de Biotecnologia Branca, Central Analítica. Recife, PE, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3795-9488

João Henrique COSTA-SILVA Correspondence to: JH COSTA-SILVA. E-mail: joao.hcsilva@ufpe.br.

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Laboratório de Nutrição, Atividade Física e Plasticidade Fenotípica. R. Alto do Reservatório, s/n., Bela Vista, 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9794-1418

CONTRIBUTORS

LML SILVA and JH COSTA-SILVA contributed to study conception and design, data analysis andinterpretation, manuscript preparation and writing, and approval of the final version. AMNLG BLOISE, DAFFONTES, KS ARAUJO, and MO BARBOSA contributed to data analysis and interpretation, article review andapproval of the final version.

Correspondence to: JH COSTA-SILVA. E-mail: joao.hcsilva@ufpe.br.

Ingredient in g per 100g of diet	AIN 93G	High fat diet	Omega 3 high fat diet with flaxseed oil 3.5%
Corn starch	39.7000	15	15
Dextrinized starch	13.2000	-	-
Wheat flour	-	12	12
Cornmeal cookie	-	7	7
Soy flour	-	6	6
Lard	-	2	2
Butter	-	8	8
Casein (>85%)	20	20	20
Guar gum	-	0.500	0.500
Sucrose	10	18	18
Flaxseed oil	-	-	3.500
Soybean oil	7	7	3.500
Fiber (cellulose)	5	0.300	0.300
Vitamins	1	0.700	0.700
Minerals mix	3.5000	2.500	2.500
DL-Methionine	0.3000	0.250	0.250
Choline Bitartrate	0.2500	0.250	0.250
Butylated hydroxytoluene	0.0014	0.014	0.014
Monosodium glutamate (12.3%)	-	0.200	0.200
Sodium Chloride	-	0.300	0.300
Total (g)	100	100	100

Nutrient	AIN 93G	High fat diet	Omega 3 high fat diet with flaxseed oil 3.5%
Moisture (g/100g)	3.50	4.00	3.8
Proteins (g/100g)	18.60	22.30	21
Lipids (g/100g)	6.10	17	16.20
Carbohydrates (g/100g)	68.60	53.20	55.90
Ash (g/100g)	3.30	3.50	3.10
Kcal/g	3.69	4.52	4.51
Total fat (%TEV)	18,60	33.60	32.30
Proteins (%TEV)	20.20	19.60	18.20
Carbohydrates (%TEV)	61	46.80	49.40

Fatty acid	Fatty acid percentage composition Diets
Fatty acid	AIN 93G	High fat diet	Omega 3 high fat diet with flaxseed oil 3.5%
Saturated
Octanoic acid (C8:0)	0	0	0
Decanoic acid (C:10)	0	0.85	0.74
Lauric acid (C12:0)	0	1.16	1.15
Myristic acid (C14: 0)	0	4.22	4.37
Pentadecanoate Acid (C15:0)	0	0.47	0
Palmitic acid (C16:0)	11.97	22.78	21.73
Heptadecanoate Acid (C17:0)	0	0	0
Stearic acid (C18:0)	4.62	7.53	8.07
Arachidic acid (C20:0)	0.36	0	0
Behenic acid (C22:0)	0.37	0	0
Total	17.32	37.01	36.06
Monounsaturated
Myristoleic acid (C14:1)	0	0.46	0
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)	0	0.95	0.87
Heptadecanoic acid (C17:1)	0	0	0
Oleic acid (C18:1)	29.93	28.32	38.47
Total	29.93	29.73	39.34
Polyunsaturated
Linolenic acid (C18:3)	3.89	1.64	2.32
Linoleic acid (C18:2)	48.87	31.63	22.28
Total	52.76	33.27	24.60
Omega 3 (g/100g diet)	0.27	0.27	0.40
Omega 6 (g/100g diet)	3.42	5.73	3.78
Omega 6:3 ratio	12.60	21.20	9.40

Variables	Group									p
	AIN 93G			HF			HFw3
	M	±	SEM	M	±	SEM	M	±	SEM
Food consumption
g/day	14.2	±	1.4	13.1	±	1.1	10.1	±	0.9	0.0697
kcal/day	52.7	±	5.0	59.3	±	4.9	45.9	±	4.0	0.1784
Carbohydrates/day	8.4	±	0.8^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis 0	6.9	±	0.6^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	5.6	±	0.4^b a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	0.0424^* * p<0.05 and
Protein/day	2.5	±	0.24	2.9	±	0.24	2.1	±	0.2	0.0944
Lipids/day	0.9	±	0.1^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	2.2	±	0.2^b a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	1.6	±	0.1^b a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	0.0022^ p<0.01, One-Way ANOVA and Bonferroni post test: control [N=3], HF [N=3], HFw3 [N=3] in the food intake assessment and control [N=5], HF [N=9], HFw3 [N=5-6] for biochemical assessment).
g/kg	48.6	±	6.3	45.4	±	2.2	34.5	±	2.2	0.0648
kcal/kg	180.0	±	23.1	205.3	±	10.2	156.0	±	10.1	0.1210
Biochemical Parameters
Total protein (g/dL)	6.6	±	0.3	6.3	±	0.1	6.0	±	0.1	0.1138
Albumin (g/dL)	4.8	±	0.1	4.8	±	0.1	4.6	±	0.2	0.5708
Glucose (mg/dL)	120.8	±	4.1	129.4	±	6.8	109.0	±	10.6	0.1943
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	73.3	±	1.7^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	90.0	±	3.3^b a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	64.3	±	4.7^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	0.0005^* ** p<0.01, One-Way ANOVA and Bonferroni post test: control [N=3], HF [N=3], HFw3 [N=3] in the food intake assessment and control [N=5], HF [N=9], HFw3 [N=5-6] for biochemical assessment).

Age/Variables	Group									p
	AIN 93G			HF			HFw3
	M	±	SEM	M	±	SEM	M	±	SEM
1^st day
Body mass (g)	6.5	±	0.2^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rat received a 18% lipid control diet, a 33% lipid high-fat (HF) diet, or an omega 3 supplemented high-fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids added with 3.5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	7.4	±	0.2^b a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rat received a 18% lipid control diet, a 33% lipid high-fat (HF) diet, or an omega 3 supplemented high-fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids added with 3.5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	6.8	±	0.1^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rat received a 18% lipid control diet, a 33% lipid high-fat (HF) diet, or an omega 3 supplemented high-fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids added with 3.5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	0.0029^** p<0.01, One-Way ANOVA and Bonferroni post test: control [N=31-35], HF [N=25-27], HFw3 [N=23-27]).
21^st day
Body mass (g)	53.9	±	0.7^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rat received a 18% lipid control diet, a 33% lipid high-fat (HF) diet, or an omega 3 supplemented high-fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids added with 3.5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	54.4	±	0.8^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rat received a 18% lipid control diet, a 33% lipid high-fat (HF) diet, or an omega 3 supplemented high-fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids added with 3.5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	57.6	±	0.7^b a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rat received a 18% lipid control diet, a 33% lipid high-fat (HF) diet, or an omega 3 supplemented high-fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids added with 3.5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	0.0023^** p<0.01, One-Way ANOVA and Bonferroni post test: control [N=31-35], HF [N=25-27], HFw3 [N=23-27]).
Abdominal circumference (cm)	10.2	±	0.1	10.2	±	0.1^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	10.1	±	0.1	0.9707
30^th day
Body mass (g)	93.3	±	2.3	97.0	±	2.3^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	100.2	±	2.6^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rats received 18% lipid control diet (AIN-93G), 33% lipid high fat diet (HF) or omega 3 supplemented high fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids with 3,5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group, during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	0.1316
Abdominal circumference (cm)	12.0	±	0.1^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rat received a 18% lipid control diet, a 33% lipid high-fat (HF) diet, or an omega 3 supplemented high-fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids added with 3.5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	12.7	±	0.2^b a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rat received a 18% lipid control diet, a 33% lipid high-fat (HF) diet, or an omega 3 supplemented high-fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids added with 3.5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	11.8	±	0.2^a a,b Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis; Pregnant rat received a 18% lipid control diet, a 33% lipid high-fat (HF) diet, or an omega 3 supplemented high-fat diet (HFw3) with 33% lipids added with 3.5% flaxseed oil, according to the experimental group during pregnancy. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Values with equal letters in the same line do not differ after statistical analysis	0.0046^** p<0.01, One-Way ANOVA and Bonferroni post test: control [N=31-35], HF [N=25-27], HFw3 [N=23-27]).

[1] CONTRIBUTORS

LML SILVA and JH COSTA-SILVA contributed to study conception and design, data analysis andinterpretation, manuscript preparation and writing, and approval of the final version. AMNLG BLOISE, DAFFONTES, KS ARAUJO, and MO BARBOSA contributed to data analysis and interpretation, article review andapproval of the final version.

Brasil

Brasil

Composition of a maternal high fat diet rich in satured fats and omega 3 in gestation and lactation for studies with rodents

Composição de uma dieta hiperlipídica materna rica em gorduras saturadas e ômega 3 na gestação e lactação para estudos com roedores

ABSTRACT

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion