Determinants of disordered eating behaviors: Body mass index, emotional eating, dietary restriction, and motives for eating palatable foods

Mortaş, Hande; Varli, Semra Navruz; Bilici, Saniye

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202336e220086

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ORIGINAL, Food and Social Sciences, Alimentação e Ciências Sociais • Rev. Nutr. 36 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202336e220086 copy

Determinants of disordered eating behaviors: Body mass index, emotional eating, dietary restriction, and motives for eating palatable foods

Determinantes de comportamentos alimentares desordenados: índice de massa corporal, alimentação emocional, restrição alimentar e motivos para comer alimentos palatáveis

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

The study aimed to investigate the relationships between body mass index, reasons for consuming palatable foods, emotional eating, cognitive dietary restraint, and disordered eating behaviors in young adults.

Methods:

This study was conducted with 800 young adults, in Ankara, Türkiye. A questionnaire consisting of questions about socio-demographic characteristics, health status, and instruments including Eating Attitudes Test-26, Emotional Appetite Questionnaire, Palatable Eating Motives Scale, and The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire were applied through face-to-face interviews.

Results:

According to the Eating Attitudes Test-26, 17.2% of males and 27.7% of females were at risk for disordered eating behaviors (χ²=9.750, p=0.002). The mean scores of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-emotional eating, cognitive restraint subscales, and the positive and negative scores of the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire were higher in males than in females (p<0.05). The mean scores of the Palatable Eating Motives Scale-coping and reward enhancement motives were higher in females, while the mean score for the conformity motives was significantly higher in males. Body mass index, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-cognitive restraint subscale, Emotional Appetite Questionnaire-negative, and PEMS-conformity motives were found for predictors for Eating Attitudes Test-26 (all p<0.05).

Conclusion:

The results showed a high tendency for emotional eating, consumption of palatable foods, and cognitive dietary restraint in young adults, and these factors were considered determinants for eating disorders.

Keywords:
Appetite regulations; Attitudes; Eating behavior; Eating disorders; Emotion

Characteristics of Individuals	Females (n=573)	Males (n=227)
Age (year) [±SD]	24.3±6.7	28.1±10.1
	t=6.297 p<0.001^**
Education status [n (%)]
<4-year college	497 (86.9)	170 (74.9)
≥4-year college	75 (13.1)	57 (25.1)
	χ²=16.963 p<0.001^**
Marital status [n(%)]
Single	487 (85.0)	155 (68.3)
Married	86 (15.0)	72 (31.7)
	χ²=28.642 p<0.001^**
Smoking status [n(%)]
Yes	54 (9.4)	73 (32.2)
No	519 (90.6)	154 (67.8)
	χ²=62.925 p<0.001^**
Anthropometric measurement [±SD]
BMI (kg/m²)	22.1±4.0	24.5±3.6
	t=7.852 p<0.001^**
Waist to height ratio	0.46±0.07	0.49±0.08
	t=5.735 p<0.001^**
Neck circumference (cm)	32.9±2.9	38.2±3.6
	t=4.687 p<0.001^**
BMI classification (kg/m²) [n(%)]
Underweight	183 (31.9)^a	21 (9.3)^b
Normal weight	284 (49.6)^a	109 (48.0)^a
Overweight	74 (12.9)^a	84 (37.0)^b
Obese	32 (5.6)^a	13 (5.7)^a
	χ²=80.674 p<0.001^**
EAT-26 [n (%)]
At risk for disordered eating behavior	159 (27.7)	39 (17.2)
No risk for disordered eating behavior	414 (72.3)	188 (82.8)
	χ²=9.750 p=0.002^*
Characteristics of Individuals	Females (n=573)	Males (n=227)
TFEQ [±SD]
Uncontrolled eating	23.6±3.6	23.2±3.5
	t=-1.221 p=0.222
Emotional eating	7.9±2.6	8.9±2.3
	t=5.326 p<0.001^**
Cognitive restraint	14.8±2.4	15.4±2.4
	t=3.389 p=0.001^*
EMAQ [±SD]
EMAQ-positive	5.4±1.4	5.7±1.5
	t=2.601 p=0.009^*
EMAQ-negative	3.9±1.6	4.2±1.6
	t=2.294 p=0.022^*
PEMS [±SD]
Social motives	2.7±0.9	2.5±0.8
	t=-1.587 p=0.113
Coping motives	2.1±0.8	1.9±0.9
	t=-3.379 p=0.001*
Reward enhancement motives	2.5±0.9	2.3±0.8
	t=-3.049 p=0.002^*
Conformity motives	1.5±0.5	1.6±0.6
	t =2.482 p=0.013^*

Scales	Underweight (n=204)	Normal Weight (n=393)	Overweight (n=158)	Obese (n=45)	Total (N=800)	F	p
EAT-26	14.9±9.7	14.4±11.2	13.2±10.5	14.7±10.6	14.3±10.7	0.846	0.469
TFEQ
Uncontrolled eating	23.6±3.7^a	23.8±3.5^a	22.6±3.8^b	23.3±3.3^a,b	23.5±3.6	4.183	0.006^*
Emotional eating	8.4±2.5^a	8.4±2.4^a	7.6±2.8^b	7.9±2.6^a,b	8.2±2.6	4.433	0.004^*
Cognitive restraint	15.6±2.6^a	14.9±2.4^b	14.4±2.1^b	14.1±1.9^b	14.9±2.4	10.438	0.000^**
EMAQ
Positive	5.6±1.5	5.4±1.4	5.5±1.4	5.4±1.4	5.5±1.5	1.433	0.232
Negative	3.7±1.5^a	3.9±1.5^a,c	4.5±1.8^b,c	4.5±1.7^c	4.0±1.6	9.017	<0.001^**
PEMS
Social motives	2.8±0.9^a	2.6±0.8^a,b	2.4±0.8^b	2.5±0.8^a,b	2.6±0.9	5.882	0.001^*
Coping motives	2.1±0.8	2.0±0.8	2.2±1.1	1.9±0.8	2.1±0.9	2.738	0.053
Reward enhancement motives	2.5±0.9	2.5±0.9	2.4±0.8	2.3±0.7	2.5±0.9	1.591	0.190
Conformity motives	1.5±0.5	1.5±0.5	1.5±0.6	1.4±0.5	1.5±0.5	0.682	0.563

Variables	B (SE)	β	t	p	R	R²	F
Constant	42.785 (5.122)		8.353	0.000^**	0.355	0.126	11.331
BMI	-0.199 (0.092)	-0.075	-2.154	0.032^*
TFEQ
Uncontrolled eating	-0.217 (0.115)	-0.073	-1.888	0.059
Emotional eating	-0.085 (0.180)	-0.020	-0.472	0.637
Cognitive restraint	-1.170 (0.160)	-0.0261	-7.305	0.000^**
EMAQ
Positive	-0.154 (0.264)	-0.021	-0.582	0.560
Negative	-0.946 (0.257)	-0.139	-3.675	0.000^**
PEMS
Social motives	-0.708 (0.543)	-0.057	-1.304	0.193
Coping motives	-0.189 (0.546)	-0.015	-0.346	0.730
Reward enhancement motives	0.622 (0.593)	0.050	1.048	0.295
Conformity motives	3.189 (0.732)	0.157	4.355	0.000^**

Scales	TFEQ			EMAQ		PEMS
Scales	Uncontrolled eating	Emotional eating	Cognitive restraint	Positive	Negative	Social motives	Coping motives	Reward enhancement motives	Conformity motives
TFEQ
Emotional eating	0.416^**
Cognitive restraint	0.178^**	0.251^**
EMAQ
Positive	-0.142^**	-0.021	0.043
Negative	-0.150^**	-0.390^**	-0.111^*	0.193^**
Scales	TFEQ			EMAQ		PEMS
Scales	Uncontrolled eating	Emotional eating	Cognitive restraint	Positive	Negative	Social motives	Coping motives	Reward enhancement motives	Conformity motives
PEMS
Social motives	-0.199^**	-0.171^**	-0.114^**	0.201^**	0.011
Coping motives	-0.303^**	-0.453^**	-0.161^**	0.107^**	0.246^**	0.382^**
Reward enhancement motives	-0.360^**	-0.266^**	-0.107^*	0.240^**	0.122^**	0.601^**	0.531^**
Conformity motives	-0.191^**	-0.110^*	-0.128^**	0.030	0.038	0.311^**	0.275^**	0.268^**
EAT-26	-0.137^**	-0.052	-0.257^**	-0.034	-0.084^*	0.055	0.057	0.078^*	0.202^**

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[1] Correspondence to: S NAVRUZ-VARLI. E-mail: <semranavruz@gazi.edu.tr>.