Consumption of ultra-processed foods and anthropometric indicators in adolescents, adults, and the elderly in a capital city in northeastern Brazil

CRISÓSTOMO, Jany de Moura; RODRIGUES, Lays Arnaud Rosal Lopes; NASCIMENTO, Larisse Monteles; VIOLA, Poliana Cristina de Almeida Fonseca; FROTA, Karoline de Macedo Gonçalves

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202235e210052

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ORIGINAL • Rev. Nutr. 35 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202235e210052 copy

Consumption of ultra-processed foods and anthropometric indicators in adolescents, adults, and the elderly in a capital city in northeastern Brazil

Consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e indicadores antropométricos em adolescentes, adultos e idosos de uma capital do Nordeste do Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

To evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed foods and associate it with anthropometric indicators in adolescents, adults, and the elderly.

Methods

Cross-sectional, domiciliary, population-based study, comprising adolescents aged 10-19 years, adults aged 20-59 years, and elderly people aged 60 or older, residents of the urban area of the city of Teresina, Piauí. Demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, food consumption, and anthropometric data were collected. The analysis of variance test was used along with the Bonferroni post-hoc test and crude and adjusted linear regression with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The level of significance adopted was 5%.

Results

There was no significant association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and anthropometric variables in adults and the elderly. However, among adolescents, the results showed an inverse association, thus signaling a reduction in anthropometric indicators as the consumption of ultra-processed foods increases.

Conclusion

There was no association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and anthropometric indicators in adults and the elderly; however, among adolescents, the results showed an inverse association, which encourages the development of new studies, especially longitudinal ones.

Keywords:
Adolescents; Adult; Aged; Anthropometry; Processed foods

Variables	Adolescents		Adults		Elderly
Variables	n	%	n	%	n	%
Age group	120	19.4	365	59.2	132	21.4
Sex Male	52	43.3	120	32.9	45	34.1
Female	68	56.7	245	67.1	87	65.9
Family income^* * reference equivalent to R$998.00 based on the year 2019; <2MW	91	75.8	229	62.9	73	55.7
>2MW	29	24.2	135	37.1	58	44.2
Employed Yes	5	4.2	219	60.2	35	26.7
No	115	95.8	145	39.8	96	73.3
Marital status Married	5	6.0	216	59.5	74	56.5
Single / widowed	78	93.9	147	40.5	57	43.5
Education 0 to <11 years	69	57.5	88	24.1	91	68.9
≥12 and ≤14 years	41	34.1	161	44.1	24	18.2
>14 years	10	8.3	116	31.8	17	12.9
Alcohol consumption Yes	105	87.5	120	32.8	58	44.3
Yes, but quit	5	4.2	79	21.7	39	29.8
No, never	10	8.3	165	45.3	34	25.9
Smoke or have smoked Yes	-	-	306	84.1	79	60.31
No	-	-	58	15.9	51	39.7
BMI^† † BMI: Body Mass Index - BMI-for-age Z-score, for adolescents [18,19], BMI for adults [20], BMI for the elderly [21]; Thinness /Eutrophia	86	71.7	136	37.3	67	50.8
Overweight^‡ ‡ Overweight and obesity;	34	28.3	229	62.7	65	49.2
WC^§ § WC: adolescents [18,22] and for adults and elderly [23]. Without risk	106	83.3	142	38.9	30	22.7
With risk	14	16.7	223	61.1	102	77.3

Variables	Adolescents		Adult		Elderly
Variables	UPF% (A)	p-value	UPF% (A)	p-value	UPF% (A)	p-value
Age group	26.4^c	<0.001	20.9^b	<0.001	16.2^a	<0.001
Sex Male	24.9	0.423	20.0	0.551	12.6	0.071
Female	27.6		21.2		18.1
Family income^* <2SMW	25.5	0.319	20.1	0.254	14.8	0.278
> 2MW	29.4		22.3		18.0
Employed Yes	20.8	0.490	21.0	0.929	15.4	0.483
No	26.7		20.8		17.7
Marital status Married	27.1	0.919	20.9	0.963	14.4	0.219
Single / widowed	26.1		21.0		18.0
Education 0 to <11 years	28.1	0.420	15,5^a	0.001	15.7	0,581
≥12 and ≤14 years	23.3		20.8^b,a		15.4
>14 years	27.6		25.0^c		20.1
Alcohol consumption Yes	25.2	0.916	19.6	0.477	13.9	0.493
Yes, but quit	29.5		21.3		15.1
No, never	26.4		22.3		17.8
Smoke or have smoked Yes			20.2	0,756	11.7	0.014
No			21.0		18.8
BMI^† Thinness/ Eutrophia	26.5	0.929	21.7	0.518	16.9	0.596
Overweight^‡	26.2		20.4		15.4
WC^§ Without risk	26.9	0.545	21.5	0.607	11.6	0.083
With risk	24.1		20.5		17.5

Variables	Adolescents		Adult		Elderly
Variables	UPF% β(95%)	p-value	UPF% β(95%)	p-value	UPF% β(95%)	p-value
			Crude analysis
Model1: BMI^* * BMI: Body Mass Index;	-0.04 (-0.06; -0.02)	0.003	-0.01 (-0.05;0.03)	0.497	0.01 (-0.04; 0.05)	0.803
Model2: WC^† † WC: Waist Circumference. UPF: Ultra-Processed Foods.	-0.08(-0.014; -0.02)	0.012	-0.04 (-0.12;0.03)	0.265	-0.02 (-0.13;0.09)	0.782
		Adjusted analysis
Model1: BMI^* * BMI: Body Mass Index;	-0.04 (-0.06; -0.01)	0.002	-0.00 (-0.04;0.03)	0.873	0.01 (-0.04; 0.05)	0.695
Model2: WC^† † WC: Waist Circumference. UPF: Ultra-Processed Foods.	-0.07 (-0,11; -0.02)	0.008	-0.01 (-0,09;0.06)	0.687	0.03 (-0,09; 0.16)	0.592

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[1] Correspondence to: KMG FROTA. E-mail: <karolfrota@ufpi.edu.br>.