Prevalence of inadequacy and associated indicators with mineral intake in Brazilian adolescents and young adults

Del’Arco, Ana Paula Wolf Tasca; Previdelli, Agatha Nogueira; Ferrari, Gerson; Fisberg, Mauro

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202336e220123

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Brasil

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Sumário

ORIGINAL | Micronutrients • Rev Nutr 36 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202336e220123 copy

Prevalence of inadequacy and associated indicators with mineral intake in Brazilian adolescents and young adults

Prevalência de inadequação e fatores associados à ingestão adequada de minerais em adolescentes e adultos jovens brasileiros

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

To describe the prevalence of inadequate mineral intake and associated factors with calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium intakes in individuals aged 15-24.9 years.

Methods

We analyzed 476 individuals from the Brazilian Study of Nutrition and Health, stratified into two age groups (adolescents aged 15-18.9 years and young adults aged 19-24.9 years). Mineral intake was obtained from two 24-hour Dietary Recalls. The values of the Estimated Average Requirement and the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels were considered to calculate the prevalence of inadequacy. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine associated factors with mineral intake.

Results

Calcium and magnesium had the highest prevalence of inadequacy (>83%) in both sexes and age groups. Sodium intake was above Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for the majority of the population studied (>68%). The intake of all minerals was different between the sexes for the two age groups (p<0.01), and it was not different between age groups (p>0.05). The associated factors with mineral intake were sex (calcium, iron, phosphorus, and sodium), age group (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium), and physical activity (calcium, iron, and magnesium), followed by socioeconomic level (zinc and sodium) and body weight status (iron and sodium).

Conclusion

The expressive portion of the studied population is at nutritional risk for calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Such data can contribute to the national public policy revision that is related to micronutrient intake and the adoption of healthier habits by adolescents and young adults.

Keywords
Eating intake; Epidemiology; Public health; Youth

Indicators		Total Sample n=476 (100%)	Adolescents	Young Adults	p-value^ Chi-square at 5% significance level.
		Total Sample n=476 (100%)	15-18,9 years old n=188 (39.5%)	19-24,9 years old n=288 (60.50%)
		%
Region					0.355
	North	07.14	08.51	06.25
	Northeast	20.17	20.21	20.14
	Southeast	55.67	56.38	55.21
	South	07.56	05.85	8.68
	Mid-West	09.45	09.04	09.72
Gender					0.911
	Male	57.56	60.64	55.56
	Female	42.44	39.36	44.44
Socioeconomic Level					0.674
	High	9.03	08.51	09.38
	Middle	50.42	53.72	48.26
	Low	40.55	37.77	42.36
Educational Level^* * Educational level was categorized into two levels: basic education (up to high school) and higher education (complete or incomplete);					<0.001
	Basic education	50.42	77.13	32.99
	Higher Education	49.58	22.87	67.01
Type of occupation					<0.001
	Working	40.21	16.58	55.83
	Student	38.30	72.19	15.90
	Homemaker	05.32	03.74	06.36
	Unemployed	16.17	07.49	21.91
Physical Activity					0.647
	Insufficiently active	51.42	46.74	54.55
	Active	48.58	53.26	45.45
Body weight Status					0.010
	No overweight and/or obesity	63.66	72.34	57.99
	Overweight and/or obesity	36.34	27.66	42.01

Minerals		Average	95% CI	Percentiles			p-value^**	Prevalence of Inadequacy
Minerals		Average	95% CI	25	50	75	p-value^**	%	95% CI
Calcium (mg)							0.269
	a	0497.86	456.58-539.14	0319.27	0476.70	0624.93		97.28	94.88-99.68
	b	0498.98	443.63-554.32	0297.23	0441.47	0581.78		88.67	81.64-95.68
Iron (mg)							0.308
	a	0011.47	10.64-12.31	008.89	0010.62	0013.20		13.53	8.68-18.38
	b	0011.06	10.52-11.60	008.38	0010.52	0013.51		16.07	11.65-20.49
Zinc (mg)							0.475
	a	0011.18	10.53-11.83	008.67	0010.71	0013.13		17.33	11.78-22.88
	b	0011.67	10.91-12.43	008.78	0011.24	0013.98		19.00	14.13-23.87
Magnesium (mg)							0.918
	a	0221.96	208.49-235.43	0171.15	0216.64	0257.76		93.13	89.34-96.92
	b	0228.22	214.24-242.20	0175.96	0213.70	0262.57		83.91	76.78-91.05
Phosphorus (mg)							0.744
	a	1021.78	966.09-1077.47	797.11	0991.52	1152.82		58.07	50.42-65.72
	b	1065.35	977.66-1153.05	807.17	1004.18	1227.28		06.17	3.29-9.04
Sodium (mg)							0.413
	a	2883.18	2716.91-3049.45	2150.86	2754.51	3543.20		68.51	61.58-75.44
	b	2951.60	2803.98-3099.22	2329.65	2846.12	3544.72		76.35	71.09-81.60

Minerals [EAR/UL]		Average	95% CI	Percentiles			p-value^ Mann-Whitney at the 5% significance level.	Prevalence of inadequate intake of minerals
Minerals [EAR/UL]		Average	95% CI	25	50	75	p-value^ Mann-Whitney at the 5% significance level.	%	95% CI
Calcium (mg)
	a [1100]	0547.61	495.08-600.13	0357.94	0517.99	0717.62	0.518	95.37	91.31-99.44
	b [800]	0551.54	463.15-639.93	0344.81	0491.26	700.17	0.518	82.99	71.74-94.25
Iron (mg)
	a [7,7]	0012.35	11.33-13.36	0009.79	0011.66	0015.06	0.588	08.88	3.85-13.91
	b [6,0]	0012.09	11.43-12.75	0009.63	0011.51	0013.81	0.588	03.03	0.01-6.05
Zinc (mg)
	a [8,5]	0012.07	11.32-12.82	0009.36	0011.47	0015.06	0.284	18.17	10.69-25.65
	b [9,4]	0012.87	11.78-13.95	0010.16	0012.30	0015.56	0.284	19.88	13.06-26.70
Magnesium (mg)
	a [340]	239.51	223.90-255.12	0188.58	0237.13	0277.37	0.801	93.06	88.29-97.83
	b [330]	250.19	229.38-271.01	0194.48	0232.14	0289.58	0.801	83.15	71.89-94.41
Phosphorus (mg)
	a [1055]	1101.52	1037.15-1165.90	0882.52	1091.90	1227.85	0.350	45.06	35.26-54.87
	b [580]	1187.20	1053.62-1320.79	0899.44	1112.37	1384.27	0.350	03.82	0.45-7.18
Sodium (mg)
	a [2300]^* ***** UL values.	3098.40	2922.99-3273.81	2269.01	3050.05	3687.12	0.375	74.16	65.78-82.53
	b [2300]^* ***** UL values.	3208.51	3001.10-3415.91	2523.41	3157.66	3809.91	0.375	85.65	79.62-91.69

Minerals [EAR/UL]	Average	95% CI	Percentiles			p-value^ Mann-Whitney at the 5% significance level;	Prevalence of inadequate intake of minerals
Minerals [EAR/UL]	Average	95% CI	25	50	75	p-value^ Mann-Whitney at the 5% significance level;	%	95% CI
Calcium (mg)
a [1100]	0426.98	383.15-470.80	0285.54	0411.87	0541.55	0.455	100.00	–
b [800]	0426.12	390.18-462.05	0267.78	0390.85	0549.47	0.455	096.53	93.09-99.96
Iron (mg)
a [7,9]	0010.23	9.33-11.13	0008.04	0009.18	0010.85	0.418	020.16	10.82-29.50
b [8,1]	0009.64	8.96-10.31	0007.66	0009.18	0011.30	0.418	34.15	25.64-42.66
Zinc (mg)
a [7,3]	0009.91	9.24-10.59	0007.97	0009.99	0011.55	0.861	16.14	7.75-24.53
b [6,8]	0010.01	9.44-10.57	0007.26	0010.08	0012.06	0.861	017.78	10.86-24.69
Magnesium (mg)
a [300]	0196.95	181.32-212.58	0159.20	0184.22	0228.29	0.678	093.23	86.90-99.56
b [250]	0197.76	189.21-206.31	0156.72	0193.70	0227.91	0.678	084.97	78.18-91.76
Phosphorus (mg)
a [1055]	0908.15	851.58-964.72	0736.27	0892.85	1046.42	0.889	076.61	65.70-87.53
b [580]	0896.46	860.63-932.29	0709.13	0886.65	1060.17	0.889	009.43	4.41-14.44
Sodium (mg)
a [2300]^* ***** UL values.	2576.52	2361.51-2791.52	2096.29	2493.88	2915.35	0.544	060.46	48.53-72.39
b [2300]^* ***** UL values.	2595.51	2493.09-2697.93	2034.170	2592.90	3069.94	0.544	063.45	54.85-72.06

Factors		Calcium		Iron		Zinc		Magnesium		Phosphorus		Sodium
Factors		OR	p	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p
Gender
	Female	1	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	1	–
	Male	6.9	0.004	6.1	<0.001	–	–	–	–	3.6	<0.001	0.4	<0.001
Age group
	15-18,9	1	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	1	–	1	–
	19-24,9	5.1	0.007	–	–	–	–	3.0	0.015	26.3	<0.001	0.6	<0.027
Region								^** * Dependent variable: 0 = inadequate intake and 1 = adequate intake. Mineral intake was adjusted for individual energy intake [31] and within-person variability [32,33];
	North	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
	Northeast	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.8	0.629	–	–	–	–
	Southeast	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.6	0.419	–	–	–	–
	South	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.4	0.279	–	–	–	–
	Mid-West	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.1	0.914	–	–	–	–
SEL
	High	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
	Average	–	–	–	–	0.2	0.048	–	–	–	–	2.8	<0.047
	Low	–	–	–	–	0.2	0.017	–	–	–	–	3.2	<0.027
Physical Activity
	Insuf. act.	1	–	1	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
	Active	5.0	0.003	1.9	<0.031	–	–	3.0	0.005	–	–	–	–
Body weight status						^ Adjustment variable.		^ Adjustment variable.
	No OW/OB	–	–	1	–	1	–	1	–	–	–	1
	OW/OB	–	–	0.5	<0.021	0.7	0.091	0.5	0.084	–	–	2.1	<0.002

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[1] Correspondence to: APWT. DEL’ARCO. E-mail: apwt.delarco@gmail.com.