Effect of açai supplementation (<i>Euterpe Oleracea Mart</i>.) associated with exercise in animals and human: a scoping review

DOS REIS, Tallyne Mayara Pacheco; AGUIAR, Gabriel Gomes; BARBOSA-FILHO, Valter; LIMA, Emerson da Silva; ROSSATO, Mateus

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202235e210266

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REVIEW • Rev Nutr 35 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202235e210266 copy

Effect of açai supplementation (Euterpe Oleracea Mart.) associated with exercise in animals and human: a scoping review

Efeitos da suplementação com açaí (Euterpe Oleracea Mart.) associada ao exercício físico em animais e humanos: revisão de escopo

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

This scoping review aimed to map evidence on açai supplementation combined with exercise in animal and/or human experimental studies.

Methods

The search considered six electronic databases and screening of relevant references. The selection process and data extraction were performed by two independent authors. The study characteristics, and AS (e.g., form, intervention time, amount ingested) and exercise (e.g., types, intensity, and duration) strategies were summarized, as well as their reported results.

Results

From an initial total of 342 studies identified; 11 (5 with animal and 6 with human models) were eligible. In animals, açai supplementation and exercise led to benefits in exercise tolerance and improvements in several hemodynamic parameters, as well as significant improvements in liver markers and glucose metabolism. In humans, açai supplementation indicated positive results in increasing exhaustion time to 90% of VO_2max and increasing intensity at the anaerobic threshold.

Conclusion

We conclude that future research involving animals and humans should examine açai supplementation and exercise with (a) obesity models to test the effect of adiponectin on body composition with analysis of histological and histochemical parameters; (b) eccentric injury protocols with the incorporation of muscle quality variables to assess recovery; (c) chronic açai supplementation and strength training; (d) comparison of different forms of açai supplementation in exercise protocols.

Keywords
Antioxidant; Glucose metabolismo disorders; Oxidative stress; Performance; Sport nutritional sciences

Author	Sample characteristics	Intervention (Açai)	Intervention (Exercise)	Variables	Açai+Exercise effects
Zapata-Sudo, et al. [¹1 Wewege MA, Thom JM, Rye KA, Parmenter BJ. Aerobic, resistance or combined training: A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults with metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis. 2018;274:162-71.]	18 Wistar rats Control group n=6 Myocardial Infarction group=12 n=6 with açai supplementation, n=6 without açai supplementation	100 mg/kg/day açai seed extract, for 4 weeks.	Treadmill run until fatigue (8m/min, 12m/min, 18m/min with 3 min each step)	Performance total running distance Hemodynamic parameters SAP, DAP, left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular diastolic pressure, relaxation rate, cardiac hypertrophy Other rat weight, collagen volume of the left ventricle	Performance ↓exercise intolerance Hemodynamic parameters ↑SAP, ↑Left ventricular systolic pressure, ↓Left ventricular diastolic pressure, ↓cardiac hypertrophy Other ↓ Collagen Volume Fraction
de Bem, et al. [²2 Rezende LFM, Sá TH, Markozannes G, Rey-López JP, Lee IM, Tsilidis KK, et al. Physical activity and cancer: an umbrella review of the literature including 22 major anatomical sites and 770 000 cancer cases. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(13):826-33.]	40 diabetic rats n=10 rats (açai+exercise) n=10 rats (exercise) n=10 rats (açai+sedentary) n=10 rats (sedentary) 40 Control rats n=10 rats (açai+exercise) n=10 rats (exercise) n=10 rats (açai+sedentary) n=10 rats (sedentary)	200 mg /kg/day of acai seed extract for 4 weeks	Treadmill running (30 min/day; 5 day/week, during 4 weeks at 50 to 60% of the maximal velocity)	Serum assays TC, HDL, LDL, VLDL, TG, AST, ALT Western blotting LKB1, PLKB1, AMPK, pAMPK, SREBP-1C, ACC, pACC, MTP, ABCG5, ABCG8, HMGCo-A Others SOD, CAT, GPx, glycogen, liver weight, steatosis, carbonyl(plasma), carbony (liver), MDA(plasma), MDA(liver), 8-Isoprostane	Western Blotting ↓GL final, ↓MTP, ↓HMGCoA-R, ↑ABCG8, Other ↓liver weight, ↓steatosis, ↓carbonyl (plasma) ↓MDA (plasma), ↓% 8-isoprostane, ↑SOD (liver), ↑GPx (liver)
de Bem, et al. [³3 Pan Q, Li Q, Deng W, Zhao D, Qi L, Huang W, et al. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Peripheral neuropathy in chinese patients with diabetes: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:617.]	40 diabetic rats n=10 rats (açai+exercise) n=10 rats (exercise) n=10 rats (açai+sedentary) n=10 rats (sedentary) 40 Control rats n=10 rats (açai+exercise) n=10 rats (exercise) n=10 rats (açai+sedentary) n=10 rats (sedentary)	GA: 200mg / kg / day açai seed extract. For 4 weeks. GC: nothing	Treadmill running (30 min /day; 5 day/week, during 4 weeks at 50 to 60% of the maximal velocity)	Lipid profile TC, VLDL, HDL, LDL, TG, HbA1c Western Blotting IR, AKT, pAKT, GLUT-4, pAMPK Serum Assays IL-6, TNFα, GLP-1, Leptin Other Insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B	Diabetic group ↓HbA1C, ↓Insulin, ↓Homa-IR, ↓IR, ↑pAKT, ↑Adiponectin
Soares, et al. [⁴4 Powers SK, Jackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev. 2008;88(4):1243-76.]	81 Wistar rats n=17 sedentary n=14 sedentary + chronic ASE n=18 training n=17 training + chronic ASE n=15 training + acute ASE	200mg/kg/day for 5 weeks Training+ASE acute=30 min before test	Treadmill running until fatigue (3m/min, increasing 4m/min every 3 min until exhaustion)	Performance total running distance time Western blotting p-eNOS, MDA, SOD, GPX, Catalase, NO2, PAMPK/AMPK, SIRT-1, Nrf-2, PGC1α Other Weight, glucose, lactate.	Performance total running distance: ↑training+chronic ASE time: ↑training+chronic ASE Western blotting Training+acute ASE ↑p-eNOS, ↑MDA Training+chronic ASE ↑SOD, ↑GPX, ↑Catalase, ↑NO2, ↑P-AMPK/AMPK, ↑SIRT-1, ↑Nrf-2, ↑PGC1α
Lavorato, et al. [⁵5 Powers SK, Nelson WB, Hudson MB. Exercise-induced oxidative stress in humans: cause and consequences. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;51(5):942-50.]	50 rats n=10 rats (Control) n=10 rats (High-fat Diet) n=10 rats (High-fat Diet + Açai) n=10 rats (High-fat Diet + AET) n=10 rats (High-fat Diet + Açai + AET)	GA: 100mg/kg/day açai seed extract, for 4 weeks. GC: nothing	Treadmill running until fatigue (5 times/week, 60 min/day, 60-70% of maximum running speed (MRS), for 8 weeks)	Performance total running distance time Body composition and running capacity IBM, FBM, BMG, BW, HW, VW, LVW, Initial TTF, Final TTF Western blotting mRNA, MDA, CP, SOD, Catalase, GTS.	Performance total running distance: ↑TTF+HAT Body composition and running capacity ↑BGM ↑FinalTTF Western blotting Training+chronic ASE ↓MDA, ↓CP, ↑Catalase, ↑GTS

Author	Sample characteristics	Intervention (Açai)	Intervention (Exercise)	Variables	Açai + Exercise effects
Sadowska- -Krępa, et al. [⁶6 Mason JM, Randall TA, Capkova Frydrychova R. Telomerase lost? Chromosoma. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 1];125:65-73. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00412-015-0528-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00412-015-0528-... ]	7 men, obstacle jumpers. (Age: 16 to 18 years)	GA: 100ml Juice açai/day. For 42 days (6 weeks). GC: nothing	Sprint test of 300m (Begin)+6 to 7 training sessions/week, with 90 min each session+Sprint test of 300m (End)	Muscle damage markers CK, LDH Antioxidant Markers SOD, GSH-Px, CAT GR Non-enzymatic activity GSH, Uric Acid, Total plasma polyphenols, TBARS Hemogram Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG, Total cholesterol/HDL, LDL/HDL, TG/HDL, AIP Other [La]	Antioxidant Markers ↑ GR after 1h recovery Non-enzymatic activity ↑GSH Pre-exercise ↑ Total Plasma Polyphenols Pre-exercise Hemogram ↓Total Cholesterol pre-exercise and after 1hr recovery ↓LDL pre-exercise and after 1h recovery ↓LDL/HDL pre-exercise Other ↓[La] post-exercise
Carvalho- -Peixoto, et al. [⁷7 Moopanar TR, Allen DG. Reactive oxygen species reduce myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity in fatiguing mouse skeletal muscle at 37°C. J Physiol. 2005;564(1):189-99.]	14 pentathletes (7 Açai group and 7 Control group). (Age: 20 to 32 years)	GA: 300 ml of acai juice / day. For 3 days. GC: 300ml of yellow fruit juice / day for 3 days.	VO2max test (treadmill) + 5min to 60% VO2max Time to exhaustion at 90% VO2max	Performance Time to exhaustion at 90% VO2máx Muscle damage markers LDH, CK Hemogram Total Leukocytes, Lynphocytes, Semented cells, Ammonia, Urate, Urea, Creatinine, ALT, AST Oxidative stress marker MDA Antioxidant marker GPx Others C-RPE, L-RPE	Performance ↑Time to exhaustion at 90% VO2máx Muscle damage markers ↑LDH Hemogram Baseline ↓Lymphocytes, ↓Creatinine Post-Exercise to Exaustion ↓Lynphocytes, ↓Ammonia, ↑ Urea, ↓Creatina Oxidative stress marker ↓MDA Others ↓C-RPE during all time exhaustion test, ↓L-RPE 4th of time exhaustion test
Fantini, et al. [⁸8 Souza Machado F, Kuo J, Wohlenberg MF, Rocha Frusciante M, Freitas M, Oliveira AS, et al. Subchronic treatment with acai frozen pulp prevents the brain oxidative damage in rats with acute liver failure. Metab Brain Dis. 2016;31(6):1427-34.]	Study 01: Açai Group=10 men Placebo Group= 10 men Age= 21years Study 02 Açai Group=10 men Placebo Group= 10 men Age= 21years	Study 01: 4 capsules with 1g açai extract per capsule. 2 capsules before protocol and 2 capsules after protocol. Study 02: 4 capsules with 1g açai extract per capsule. 2 capsules before protocol and 2 capsules after protocol	Study 01: 1RM leg press + VO2max test + Downhill Running (15min) + T test (agility). Study 02: 1RM leg press + VO2max test + Downhill Running (15min)+T test (agility)	Study 01 Performance Agility performance, Vertical displacement Muscle damage markers Muscle soreness (Gastrocnemius, Hamstring, Quadriceps), Range of motion (Knee and Hip). Study 02 Muscle damage marker CK Inflammation marker CRP	Study 01 Muscle damage markers ↓ Muscle soreness in hamstrings and quadriceps 24h and 48h after downhill running. Study 02 No effects
Viana, et al. [⁹9 Pastor R, Tur JA. Antioxidant supplementation and adaptive response to training: a systematic review. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(16):1889-912.]	17 Bodybuilders. (Age: 21 to 42 years)	GA: 90 g sachet (2x 45g)/day per 3 days. GC: nothing	Warm Up (2 set of 15 reps)+1RM test	Hemogram Leucocytes, Lymphocytes, Ammonia, TG, TGP, Uric Acid, Creatinine	Hemogram ↓Leukocyte, ↓TGP Muscle damage markers ↓CK, ↓LDH Antioxidant Markers
Viana, et al. [⁹9 Pastor R, Tur JA. Antioxidant supplementation and adaptive response to training: a systematic review. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(16):1889-912.]				Muscle damage markers CK, LDH Oxidative stress markers MDA Antioxidant Marker GPx	↓GPx
Cruz, et al. [¹⁰10 Paniagua-Zambrana N, Bussmann RW, Macía MJ. The socioeconomic context of the use of Euterpe precatoria Mart. and E. oleracea Mart. in Bolivia and Peru. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 1];13(1):1-17. Available from: https://link.springer.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-017-0160-0 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0160-... ]	14 runners (8 men açai Group) (6 men control Group) (Age: 24 to 48 years)	GA: 200 g pulp/ day (2x de 100g) for 25 days. GC: No red fruits	10 km running test (Begin) Week 1= 26 km (4x/week) Week 2= 32 km (4x/week) Week 3= 28km (4x/week) 10 km running test (End)	Performance Time to 10km Muscle damage markers CK Others RPE, caloric intake, anthropometry	Muscle damage markers ↓CK 24h after 10 km running test
Terrazas, et al. [¹¹11 Pacheco-Palencia LA, Duncan CE, Talcott ST. Phytochemical composition and thermal stability of two commercial açai species, Euterpe oleracea and Euterpe precatoria. Food Chem. 2009;115(4):1199-205.]	10 cyclists (5 men açai Group) (5 men control Group) (Age: 24 to 48 years)	GA: 400g pulp/day for 15 days. GC: 400g placebo/ day for 15 days.	Incremental Test: bicycle starting at 150W+25W every 2 minutes until exhaustion.	Performance Wmax, HRT, ATi Antioxidant marker TEAC Oxidative stress markers MDA Anti-inflammatory markers IL-6, TNF-alfa Others Lactate, RPET	Performance ↑ATi Antioxidant marker ↑TEAC Oxidative stress marker ↓ MDA Other ↓Lactate to 300W

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[1] Correspondence to: M ROSSATO. E-mail: mateusrossato@ufam.edu.br.