Hidden diversity of <i>Salvinia</i> (Salviniaceae) revealed by molecular identification in a Neotropical floodplain

Silva, Adrian Cesar da; Scorsim, Bárbara; Rosado, Aline; Oliveira, Alessandra Valéria de

doi:10.1590/2175-7860202576017

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Original Papers • Rodriguésia 76 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576017 linkcopy

Hidden diversity of Salvinia (Salviniaceae) revealed by molecular identification in a Neotropical floodplain

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Salvinia species are important to aquatic ecosystems but challenging to identify in the field due to their morphological similarities. In the upper Paraná River basin, Salvinia auriculata, Salvinia herzogii, and Salvinia minima are among the most abundant aquatic plants. For this reason, this study aimed to confirm the identification of these species using molecular markers ITS (nuclear) and trnL-trnF (chloroplast). Genetic distances, phylogenetic analysis, and molecular delimitation were applied to group sequences into Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs). Results showed that S. auriculata formed a single MOTU, while S. herzogii clustered with S. molesta from GenBank, indicating a new occurrence of S. molesta in the region. One S. minima specimen was confirmed, while another was identified as S. natans, marking the first record of this species in Brazil. The identification of S. herzogii as S. molesta accentuate the challenge of distinguishing these species without the sorophore. The presence of S. natans in sympatry with S. minima is concerning due to its invasive potential. The study highlights the importance of molecular techniques in distinguishing morphologically similar species.

Key words:
aquatic macrophyte; fern; molecular markers; species delimitation

Herbarium voucher	ID	Point of collection	Coordinates
Salvinia auriculata
HUEM40705	S1	MS, Taquarussu, Baía river	22°40’55.1”S; 53°12’56.7”W
HUEM40710	S2	MS, Taquarussu, Baía river	22°40’13.1”S; 53°12’19.5”W
HUEM40793	S3	MS, Taquarussu, Baía river	22°44’57.5”S; 53°20’45.9”W
HUEM40709	S4	MS, Taquarussu, Ivinhema river, Pato’s lagoon	22º49’33.66”S; 53º33’’9.9”W
HUEM40712	S5	PR, Porto Rico, Paraná river, ressaco do Leopoldo	22º45’24’’S; 53º16’7,98”W
Salvinia herzogii
HUEM40707	S6	MS, Taquarussu, Baía river	22°44’57.5”S; 53°20’45.9”W
HUEM40708	S7	PR, Diamante do Norte, Rosana’s reservoir	22°39’32.9”S; 52°46’46.4”W
Salvinia minima
HUEM40111	S8	MS, Taquarussu, Baía river	22°40’55.1”S; 53°12’56.7”W
HUEM40706	S9	MS, Taquarussu, Baía river	22°40’11.2”S; 53°12’21.6”W

Sequences	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1 PP125760 Salvinia S1
2 PP125761 Salvinia S5	0,032
3 MF111106.1 Salvinia molesta	0,164	0,151
4 DQ522291.1 Salvinia oblongifolia	0,219	0,203	0,082
5 PP125762 Salvinia S9	0,270	0,253	0,176	0,191
6 AF448791.1 Salvinia natans	0,270	0,253	0,176	0,191	0,000
7 DQ522290.1 Salvinia minima	0,294	0,285	0,179	0,187	0,148	0,148
8 PP125763 Salvinia S8	0,289	0,280	0,174	0,176	0,138	0,138	0,008
9 JX297320.2 Azolla caroliniana	0,642	0,651	0,615	0,612	0,594	0,594	0,591	0,592

Sequences	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22
1 PP156675 Salvinia S1
2 PP156677 Salvinia S3	0,010
3 PP156678 Salvinia S2	0,008	0,002
4 PP156674 Salvinia S4	0,008	0,002	0,000
5 PP156673 Salvinia S5	0,008	0,002	0,000	0,000
6 Salvinia auriculata Machado et al. 2016	0,008	0,002	0,000	0,000	0,000
7 Salvinia herzogii Machado et al. 2016	0,036	0,030	0,028	0,028	0,028	0,028
8 EU269688 Salvinia molesta	0,034	0,028	0,026	0,026	0,026	0,026	0,006
9 EU269689 Salvinia molesta	0,034	0,028	0,026	0,026	0,026	0,026	0,006	0,000
10 MW017464 Salvinia molesta	0,034	0,028	0,026	0,026	0,026	0,026	0,006	0,000	0,000
11 PP156672 Salvinia S6	0,034	0,028	0,026	0,026	0,026	0,026	0,006	0,000	0,000	0,000
12 PP156679 Salvinia S7	0,034	0,028	0,026	0,026	0,026	0,026	0,006	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000
13 AY651839 Salvinia oblongifolia	0,022	0,016	0,014	0,014	0,014	0,014	0,034	0,032	0,032	0,032	0,032	0,032
14 EU269692 Salvinia oblongifolia	0,020	0,014	0,012	0,012	0,012	0,012	0,032	0,030	0,030	0,030	0,030	0,030	0,002
15 EU269693 Salvinia oblongifolia	0,020	0,014	0,012	0,012	0,012	0,012	0,032	0,030	0,030	0,030	0,030	0,030	0,002	0,000
16 EU269687 Salvinia minima	0,048	0,042	0,040	0,040	0,040	0,040	0,046	0,044	0,044	0,044	0,044	0,044	0,048	0,046	0,046
17 EU269686 Salvinia minima	0,048	0,042	0,040	0,040	0,040	0,040	0,046	0,044	0,044	0,044	0,044	0,044	0,048	0,046	0,046	0,004
18 DQ066503 Salvinia sp.	0,048	0,042	0,040	0,040	0,040	0,040	0,046	0,044	0,044	0,044	0,044	0,044	0,048	0,046	0,046	0,004	0,000
19 PP156676 Salvinia S8	0,050	0,044	0,042	0,042	0,042	0,042	0,048	0,046	0,046	0,046	0,046	0,046	0,046	0,044	0,044	0,006	0,002	0,002
20 EU269690 Salvinia natans	0,104	0,098	0,095	0,095	0,095	0,095	0,104	0,102	0,102	0,102	0,102	0,102	0,100	0,097	0,097	0,095	0,095	0,095	0,097
21 EU269691 Salvinia natans	0,107	0,100	0,098	0,098	0,098	0,098	0,106	0,104	0,104	0,104	0,104	0,104	0,102	0,100	0,100	0,097	0,097	0,097	0,100	0,002
22 MF177095 Salvinia cucullata	0,129	0,122	0,120	0,120	0,120	0,120	0,134	0,131	0,131	0,131	0,131	0,131	0,127	0,127	0,127	0,113	0,118	0,118	0,120	0,091	0,093
23 HQ909788 Azolla cristata	0,351	0,342	0,338	0,338	0,338	0,338	0,347	0,344	0,344	0,344	0,344	0,344	0,339	0,336	0,336	0,325	0,322	0,322	0,322	0,317	0,317	0,336

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E-mail: rodriguesia@jbrj.gov.br

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