Socio-environmental indicators in the integrated river basin management at the Sorocaba metropolitan region, São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil

Leinfelder, Fernanda Maria Soares Urquieta; Correa, Carina Julia Pensa; Leal, Mariana Santos; Tonello, Kelly Cristina

doi:10.14393/SN-v31-2019-38708

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Papers • Soc. nat. 31 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.14393/SN-v31-2019-38708 copy

Socio-environmental indicators in the integrated river basin management at the Sorocaba metropolitan region, São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

We aimed to diagnose the current status of water resources at the seven river basins that form the Sorocaba Metropolitan Region (SMR) in São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil, by using indicators that would enable us to identify socio-environmental issues. Indicators of demography and social responsibility, water quality, water supply and demand, as well as state and response indicators of sanitation services, were obtained for the SMR basins. Three basins are strongly compromised in terms of environmental indicators, and two of them also underperformed on social indicators, despite the high local wealth. The three basins that have low wealth, low urbanization rate and low demographic density yielded good or intermediary values for social indicators, yet two of those basins should be given special attention, as they were revealed to be having issues related not only to water supply and demand but also to water pollution. Lastly, the basin that harbors the largest water supply in the region yielded good values for environmental indicators, yet it also yielded poor results for social ones. As the SMR basins have diverse features, their integrated management may pose a huge challenge, insofar as it should meet different social, economic and environmental needs that are necessary for development. In that sense, the present study should contribute to identifying actions that should be taken at the municipal and regional scales in order to foment sustainable development in the region.

Keywords:
Regional Development; Environmental Management; Water Resources

Indicator	Reference range	Assessment criterion
Geometric Annual Growth Rate (GAGR): represents the mean growth of the population residing in a given region over a given period, indicating the rate at which population grows (SEADE, 2014aSEADE. Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise De DadoS. Informações dos Municípios Paulistas. 2014a. Consulta por localidades. Indicadores de Território e População. Available in: <http://www.imp.seade.gov.br/frontend/>. Acessed: July 24, 2016. http://www.imp.seade.gov.br/frontend/... ).	< 0 ≥ 0 and < 0.6 ≥ 0.6 and < 1.2 ≥ 1.2 and < 1.8 ≥ 1.8 and < 2.4 ≥ 2.4 and < 3 ≥ 3% per year	-
Total Population: the total number of individuals that reside in a given region (SEADE, 2014b______Informações dos Municípios Paulistas: Indicadores de População e Estatísticas Vitais. 2014b. Available in: <http://www.imp.seade.gov.br/frontend/>. Acessed: July 1, 2016. http://www.imp.seade.gov.br/frontend/... ).	≤ 50,000 > 50,000 and ≤ 100,000 > 100,000 and ≤ 500,000 >500,000 and ≤1,000,000 > 1,000,000	-
Population Density: the number of inhabitants residing in a given geographic region at a given moment in relation to the area of that region, indicating the intensity with which the territory is occupied (SEADE, 2014c______Informações dos Municípios Paulistas: Indicadores de Caracterização do Território. 2014c. Available in: <http://www.imp.seade.gov.br/frontend/>. Acessed: July 1, 2016. http://www.imp.seade.gov.br/frontend/... ).	≤ 10 > 10 and ≤ 30 > 30 and ≤ 50 > 50 and ≤ 70 > 70 and ≤ 100 > 100 and ≤ 1,000 > 1,000 inhab/km²	-
Urbanization Rate: the percentage of urban population in relation to the total population (SEADE, 2014c______Informações dos Municípios Paulistas: Indicadores de Caracterização do Território. 2014c. Available in: <http://www.imp.seade.gov.br/frontend/>. Acessed: July 1, 2016. http://www.imp.seade.gov.br/frontend/... ).	≤ 70% > 70% and ≤ 80% > 80% and ≤ 90% > 90%	-
São Paulo State Index of Social Responsibility (SPSISR): an index that measures human development in the municipalities of São Paulo state by using municipal wealth, schooling level and longevity to assess the life conditions of the population (SEADE, 2014d______Informações dos Municípios Paulistas: Indicadores de Condições de Vida. 2014d. Available in: <http://www.imp.seade.gov.br/frontend/>. Acessed: July 1, 2016. http://www.imp.seade.gov.br/frontend/... ).	Group 1	- High wealth level/good social indicators
	Group 2	- High wealth level/poor social indicators
	Group 3	- Low wealth level/good social indicators
	Group 4	- Low wealth level/average social indicators
	Group 5	- Low wealth level/poor social indicators

Indicator	Reference range	Assessment criterion
Water Quality Index (WQI): indicates contamination of water bodies by domestic effluents (CETESB 2014a).	79 < WQI ≤ 100 51 < WQI ≤ 79 36 < WQI ≤ 51 19 < WQI ≤ 36 WQI ≤ 19	EXCELLENT GOOD REGULAR POOR VERY POOR
Quality Index of Gross Waters for Public Supply (WPI): index formed by a ponderation of WQI and the index of organoleptic toxic substances; evaluates the toxic compounds and the variables that affect water organoleptic quality, which are mainly derived from diffuse sources (CETESB, 2014a).	79 < WPI ≤ 100 51 < WPI ≤ 79 36 < WPI ≤ 51 19 < WPI ≤ 36 WPI ≤ 19	EXCELLENT GOOD REGULAR POOR VERY POOR
Water Quality Index for Aquatic Life Protection (ALI): water quality for protection of fauna and flora, considering the presence and concentration of toxic contaminants as well as their effect on aquatic organisms (CETESB, 2014a).	ALI ≤ 2.5 2.6 < ALI ≤ 3.3 3.4 < ALI ≤ 4.5 4.6 < ALI ≤ 6.7 ALI ≥ 6.8	EXCELLENT GOOD REGULAR POOR VERY POOR
Trophic Status Index (TSI): indicates the degree by which the water is enriched with nutrients (or ‘trophic degree’ of the water body) as well as the effect related to excessive growth of algae and infestation by aquatic macroalgae (CETESB, 2014a).	TSI ≤ 47 47 < TSI ≤ 52 52 < TSI ≤ 59 59 < TSI ≤ 63 63 < TSI ≤ 67 TSI > 67	ULTRAOLIGOTROPHIC OLIGOTROPHIC MESOTROPHIC EUTROPHIC SUPEREUTROPHIC HIPEREUTROPHIC

Indicator	Reference range	Assessment criterion
Coverage of Waste Collection Services (CWC): the estimated percentage of total population granted access to services of domestic solid waste collection in relation to the total population (SNIS, 2012).	CWC ≥ 90% 90% > CWC ≥ 50% CWC < 50%	GOOD REGULAR POOR
Coverage of Sewerage Services (CSS): the estimated percentage of total population granted access to wastewater collection services in relation to the total population (SNIS, 2012).	CSS ≥ 90% 90% > CSS ≥ 50% CSS < 50%	GOOD REGULAR POOR
Index of Losses in the Water Distribution System (ILW): the estimated percentage of losses in the public system of water supply (SNIS, 2012).	25% ≥ ILW > 5% 40% > ILW > 25% ILW ≥ 40%	GOOD REGULAR POOR

Indicator	Reference range	Assessment criterion
Landfill Quality Index (LQI): an index obtained by evaluating the facilities of waste treatment or final waste disposal, in terms of both operation and structure (CETESB, 2014b______ Inventário Estadual de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos - Série Relatórios 2013. São Paulo: CETESB, 2014b. Available in: <https://cetesb.sp.gov.br/residuossolidos/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/11/residuosSolidos2014.pdf>. Acessed: November 12, 2019. https://cetesb.sp.gov.br/residuossolidos... ).	0 < LQI ≤ 7.0 7.0 < LQI ≤ 10	INADEQUATE ADEQUATE
Ratio of Collected Domestic Effluents (CDE) in relation to the total domestic effluents produced: the percentage of collected domestic effluents in relation to the domestic effluents generated (CETESB, 2014a).	CDE < 50% 90% > CDE ≥ 50% CDE ≥ 90%	POOR REGULAR GOOD
Ratio of Treated Domestic Effluents (TDE) in relation to the total domestic effluents produced: the percentage of treated domestic effluents in relation to the domestic effluents generated (CETESB, 2014a).	TDE < 50% 90% > TDE ≥ 50% TDE ≥ 90%	POOR REGULAR GOOD
Ratio of Domestic Organic Loading Rate Reduction (OLR): the percentage of domestic polluting organic load removed by treatment in relation to the total domestic polluting organic load (CETESB, 2014a).	OLR < 50% 80% > OLR ≥ 50% OLR ≥ 80%	POOR REGULAR GOOD
Index of Collection and Treatability of Sewage from the Municipality’s Urban Population (ICTSM): allows for establishing a global comparison of the efficiency of the sanitary sewage system (collection, farness, treatment and treatment efficiency, and quality of the water body that receives the effluents) (CETESB, 2014a).	0 < ICTSM < 2.5 2.6 < ICTSM< 5.0 5.1 < ICTSM ≤ 7.5 7.6 < ICTSM ≤ 10	VERY POOR POOR REGULAR GOOD

Indicator		Sub-basin
Indicator		MMT	LS	MS	UMT	US	UI	J
Driving force	GAGR (% per year)	1.4	1.1	1.3	1.1	0.8	0.4	-0.6
	TP (x 1000 inhab)	183.3	259.6	851.2	371.3	73.31	58.8	7.8
	PD (inhab/km²)	137.0	104.7	628.9	303.1	69.3	36.5	10.4
	UR (%)	90.7	78.0	95.0	95.0	35.0	73.0	71.5
State	Q_{mean (m³/inhab.year)}	1215.4 ***	2355.8 **	323.9 ***	742.9 ***	2506.8 *	1469.4 **	29334.5 *
	TSGD_Q95% (%)	73.7 ***	32.8 **	119.0 ***	77.7 ***	3.7 *	33.6 **	0.4 *
	TSGD_Qmean (%)	27.1 ***	12.1 **	43.8 ***	28.6 ***	1.38 *	14.1 **	0.2 *
	DSup_Q7,10 (%)	88.6 ***	52.0 ***	101.9 ***	104.3 ***	2.3 *	41.1 **	0.2 *
	Dground_expl (%)	43.8 **	7.8 *	173.6 ***	24.8 *	2.9 *	14.6 *	0.3 *
	WSR (%)	87.5 **	86.2 **	97.0 *	85.8 **	39.9 ***	74.6 **	64.7 **
	CWC (%)	97.4 *	92.3 *	29.9 ***	100.0 *	98.2 *	100.0 *	90.2 *
	CSS (%)	82.6 **	68.2 **	92.5 *	79.4 **	19.4 ***	57.9 **	57.0 **
	ILW (%)	37.9 **	48.3 ***	35.4 **	46.0 ***	51.1 ***	37.3 **	39.4 **
Response	LQI	9.8 *	9.7 *	8.7 *	8.8 *	8.0 *	8.5*	9.0 *
	CDE (%)	95.3 *	78.3 **	71.3 **	77.8 **	55.0 **	75.5 **	73.0 **
	TDE (%)	39.6 ***	36.6 ***	25.4 ***	65.5 **	50.5 **	34.6 ***	56.1 **
	OLR (%)	60.1 **	57.5 **	38.8 ***	23.3 ***	49.5 ***	65.4 **	43.9 ***
	ICTSM	7.3 **	7.0 **	5.0 **	3.5 **	6.0 **	7.2 **	5.9 **

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[TFN1] Source: Adapted from SEADE (2014a), SEADE (2014b), SEADE (2014c), SEADE (2014d)

Per capita supply - Q_mean in relation to the total population: the water potential, in terms of per capita volume or social reserves, that allows for correlating water supply in relation to the total population, characterizing the degree to which a given region is rich or poor in water (DAEE, 2015 and SEADE, 2014b).	Q_mean > 2,500 2,500 ≥ Q_mean ≥ 1,500 Q_mean < 1,500 (m³/inhab.year)	GOOD ATTENTION CRITICAL
Total Surface Water and Groundwater Demand (TSGD_Q95%) in relation to Q_95% supply: the balance between total demand (surface water and groundwater) and the Q_95% supply (DAEE, 2015).	TSGD_Q95% < 30% 50% ≥ TSGD_Q95% ≥ 30% TSGD_Q95% > 50%	GOOD ATTENTION CRITICAL
Total Surface Water and Groundwater Demand (TSGD_Qmean) in relation to supply: the balance between total demand (surface water and groundwater) and the Q_mean supply (DAEE, 2015).	TSGD_Qmean < 10% 20% ≥ TSGD_Qmean ≥ 10% TSGD_Qmean > 20%	GOOD ATTENTION CRITICAL
Surface Water Demand (DSurf_Q7,10) in relation to the minimum surface flow Q_7,10: the balance between surface water demand and the Q_7,10 supply (DAEE, 2015).	DSurf_Q7,10 < 30% 50% ≥ DSurf_Q7,10 ≥ 30% DSurf_Q7,10 > 50%	GOOD ATTENTION CRITICAL
Groundwater Demand (Dground_expl) in relation to exploitable reserves: the balance between groundwater demand and groundwater supply (DAEE, 2015).	Dground_expl < 30% 50% ≥ Dground_expl ≥ 30% Dground_expl > 50%	GOOD ATTENTION CRITICAL