Estrutura para análise do transporte urbano de carga em cidades médias

Flora, Mariana; Ewbank, Henrique; Vieira, José Geraldo Vidal

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Scientific Article • urbe, Rev. Bras. Gest. Urbana 11 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.011.e20180203 copiar

Estrutura para análise do transporte urbano de carga em cidades médias

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

O processo de urbanização, em especial os aspectos relacionados ao tamanho, função, posição e taxa de crescimento das cidades, afetam significativamente o transporte urbano de carga (TUC). Este artigo trata do comportamento do TUC em cidades médias. Aqui serão identificados os atributos que caracterizam e diferenciam as Cidades Médias (CM), e os fatores de influência no TUC. Para análise e validação da pesquisa de opinião foi realizado um teste estatístico não-paramétrico para comparação das distribuições das duas amostras - especialistas e agentes públicos, e uma análise do intervalo de confiança para definição do grau de interação entre os atributos e fatores. Como resultado, nós fornecemos uma estrutura que faz a interação entre os atributos do MC e os fatores que influenciam o TUC. Os fatores “Projetos e medidas de autoridades locais” e “Infraestrutura disponível para o TUC”, juntamente com a falta de subsídios (dados e pesquisas na área) para estudos relacionados ao transporte de cargas (conhecimento, inovação e avanço Tecnológico) foram identificados como os principais problemas que exigem atenção no TUC em MC. Esta proposta pode contribuir para os tomadores de decisão em relação ao planejamento urbano e traz uma contribuição teórica para pesquisas futuras em estudos de planejamento do TUC.

Palavras-chave:
Transporte urbano de carga; Cidades médias; Cidades médias no Brasil; Urbanização

Factor	Study	Impact
Factor	Study	Economic	Environmental	Social
Political-cultural context	Lindholm & Behrends (2012LINDHOLM, M.; BEHRENDS, S. (2012). Challenges in urban freight transport planning - a review in the Baltic Sea Region. Journal of Transport Geography, 22, 129.)			X
Degree of stakeholder involvement in the decision-making process	Kin et al. (2017KIN, B; VERLINDE, S.; MACHARISA, C. (2017). Sustainable urban freight transport in megacities in emerging markets. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 31-41.)			X
	Holguín-Veras et al. (2017)			X
Use of alternative fuels encouragement to transportation companies	Kiba-Janiak (2017)		X
UFT restriction measures	Allen et al. (2007ALLEN, J., THORNE, G., BROWNE, M. (2007). Good Practice Guide on Urban Freight Transport. BESTUFS.)	X
	Kiba-Janiak (2017)	X	X
	Lindholm & Behrends (2012LINDHOLM, M.; BEHRENDS, S. (2012). Challenges in urban freight transport planning - a review in the Baltic Sea Region. Journal of Transport Geography, 22, 129.)	X
	Muñuzuri et al. (2005MUÑUZURI, J., LARRAÑETA, J., ONIEVA, L., CORTÉS, P. (2005). Solutions applicable by local administrations for urban logistics improvement. Cities, 22, 15-28.)	X
	Quak & Koster (2009QUAK, H.; KOSTER, M. (2009). Delivering Goods in Urban Areas: How to Deal with Urban Policy Restrictions and the Environment. Transportation Science, 43, 211-227.)	X	X
Level of inclusion of the UFT in the city's strategic planning	Kiba-Janiak (2017)	X
	Lindholm & Behrends (2012LINDHOLM, M.; BEHRENDS, S. (2012). Challenges in urban freight transport planning - a review in the Baltic Sea Region. Journal of Transport Geography, 22, 129.)	X
Public-Private Partnerships	Allen et al. (2007ALLEN, J., THORNE, G., BROWNE, M. (2007). Good Practice Guide on Urban Freight Transport. BESTUFS.)	X
Public-Private Partnerships	Kin et al. (2017KIN, B; VERLINDE, S.; MACHARISA, C. (2017). Sustainable urban freight transport in megacities in emerging markets. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 31-41.)	X
Policies with an appropriate focus on the drivers of externalities	Quak & Koster (2009QUAK, H.; KOSTER, M. (2009). Delivering Goods in Urban Areas: How to Deal with Urban Policy Restrictions and the Environment. Transportation Science, 43, 211-227.)		X
	Vasconcellos (2005VASCONCELLOS, E. A. (2005). Transport metabolism, social diversity and equity: The case of São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Transport Geography, 13, 329-339.)		X
Policies that change the logistics flow in equilibrium to the inefficiency of available infrastructure	Allen et al. (2007ALLEN, J., THORNE, G., BROWNE, M. (2007). Good Practice Guide on Urban Freight Transport. BESTUFS.)	X
	Muñuzuri et al. (2005MUÑUZURI, J., LARRAÑETA, J., ONIEVA, L., CORTÉS, P. (2005). Solutions applicable by local administrations for urban logistics improvement. Cities, 22, 15-28.)	X
Specific regulation for UFT	Portugal et al. (2011PORTUGAL, L. DE S., MORGADO, A. V., LIMA JUNIOR, O. (2011). Location of cargo terminals in metropolitan areas of developing countries: the Brazilian case. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 900-910.)			X
Safety				X
Infrastructure for loading and unloading of goods	Alho et al. (2018ALHO, A. R., ABREU E SILVA, J., SOUSA, J., BLANCO, E. (2018). Improving mobility by optimizing the number, location and usage of loading/unloading bays for urban freight vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 61, 3-18.)	X

	Muñuzuri et al. (2005MUÑUZURI, J., LARRAÑETA, J., ONIEVA, L., CORTÉS, P. (2005). Solutions applicable by local administrations for urban logistics improvement. Cities, 22, 15-28.)	X
Infrastructure for intermodal transport	Muñuzuri et al. (2005MUÑUZURI, J., LARRAÑETA, J., ONIEVA, L., CORTÉS, P. (2005). Solutions applicable by local administrations for urban logistics improvement. Cities, 22, 15-28.)	X		X
Infrastructure for intermodal transport	Portugal et al. (2011PORTUGAL, L. DE S., MORGADO, A. V., LIMA JUNIOR, O. (2011). Location of cargo terminals in metropolitan areas of developing countries: the Brazilian case. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 900-910.)	X		X
Public facilities and terminals for the UFT	Kiba-Janiak (2017)	X
Public facilities and terminals for the UFT	Muñuzuri et al. (2005MUÑUZURI, J., LARRAÑETA, J., ONIEVA, L., CORTÉS, P. (2005). Solutions applicable by local administrations for urban logistics improvement. Cities, 22, 15-28.)	X
Circulation routes to the UFT	Allen et al. (2012ALLEN, J., BROWNE, M., CHERRETT, T. (2012). Investigating relationships between road freight transport, facility location, logistics management and urban form. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 45.)	X
	Allen et al. (2007ALLEN, J., THORNE, G., BROWNE, M. (2007). Good Practice Guide on Urban Freight Transport. BESTUFS.)	X		X
	Lindholm & Behrends (2012LINDHOLM, M.; BEHRENDS, S. (2012). Challenges in urban freight transport planning - a review in the Baltic Sea Region. Journal of Transport Geography, 22, 129.)	X
	Portugal et al. (2011PORTUGAL, L. DE S., MORGADO, A. V., LIMA JUNIOR, O. (2011). Location of cargo terminals in metropolitan areas of developing countries: the Brazilian case. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 900-910.)			X
Access to infrastructure and transport service	Kiba-Janiak (2017)	X
Allocation of spaces for the logistical operations of cities	Allen et al. (2012ALLEN, J., BROWNE, M., CHERRETT, T. (2012). Investigating relationships between road freight transport, facility location, logistics management and urban form. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 45.)	X
	Allen et al. (2007ALLEN, J., THORNE, G., BROWNE, M. (2007). Good Practice Guide on Urban Freight Transport. BESTUFS.)	X
	Muñuzuri et al. (2005MUÑUZURI, J., LARRAÑETA, J., ONIEVA, L., CORTÉS, P. (2005). Solutions applicable by local administrations for urban logistics improvement. Cities, 22, 15-28.)	X
Places of concentration of jobs	Boarnet et al. (2017BOARNET, M.; HONG, A.; SANTIAGO-BARTOLOMEI, R. (2017). Urban spatial structure, employment subcenters, and freight travel. Journal of Transport Geography, 60, 267-276.)	X
Location and extension of facilities and commercial businesses	Allen et al. (2012ALLEN, J., BROWNE, M., CHERRETT, T. (2012). Investigating relationships between road freight transport, facility location, logistics management and urban form. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 45.)	X
	Lindholm & Behrends (2012LINDHOLM, M.; BEHRENDS, S. (2012). Challenges in urban freight transport planning - a review in the Baltic Sea Region. Journal of Transport Geography, 22, 129.)	X
Size of urbanized areas	Allen et al. (2012ALLEN, J., BROWNE, M., CHERRETT, T. (2012). Investigating relationships between road freight transport, facility location, logistics management and urban form. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 45.)	X

Specific characteristics of the customer/receiver	Allen et al. (2007ALLEN, J., THORNE, G., BROWNE, M. (2007). Good Practice Guide on Urban Freight Transport. BESTUFS.)	X
Type of business segment		X
Data availability	Portugal et al. (2011PORTUGAL, L. DE S., MORGADO, A. V., LIMA JUNIOR, O. (2011). Location of cargo terminals in metropolitan areas of developing countries: the Brazilian case. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 900-910.)	X
Data availability	Rødseth (2017RØDSETH, K. (2017). Productivity growth in urban freight transport: An index number approach. Transport Policy, 56, 86-95.)	X
Ideas that promote green UFT	Kiba-Janiak (2017)		X
Research on UFT	Lindholm & Behrends (2012LINDHOLM, M.; BEHRENDS, S. (2012). Challenges in urban freight transport planning - a review in the Baltic Sea Region. Journal of Transport Geography, 22, 129.)		X
Logistics planning and best practices on UFT	Alho et al. (2018ALHO, A. R., ABREU E SILVA, J., SOUSA, J., BLANCO, E. (2018). Improving mobility by optimizing the number, location and usage of loading/unloading bays for urban freight vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 61, 3-18.)	X
	Allen et al. (2007ALLEN, J., THORNE, G., BROWNE, M. (2007). Good Practice Guide on Urban Freight Transport. BESTUFS.)	X
	Rødseth (2017RØDSETH, K. (2017). Productivity growth in urban freight transport: An index number approach. Transport Policy, 56, 86-95.)	X
Applied Technologies in UFT	Allen et al. (2007ALLEN, J., THORNE, G., BROWNE, M. (2007). Good Practice Guide on Urban Freight Transport. BESTUFS.)	X
	Muñuzuri et al. (2005MUÑUZURI, J., LARRAÑETA, J., ONIEVA, L., CORTÉS, P. (2005). Solutions applicable by local administrations for urban logistics improvement. Cities, 22, 15-28.)	X
	Swiatek et al. (2014SWIATEK, D., POKORNY, M. S., TATTO, J. A., MELO, V. A. Z. C., DIAS, E. M. (2014). Traffic management solutions in large cities - the integrated centre of urban mobility (CIMU) in São Paulo. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Systems. Santorini Island, Greece. Latest Trends on System, v II.)	X
Consumer behavior	Allen et al. (2007ALLEN, J., THORNE, G., BROWNE, M. (2007). Good Practice Guide on Urban Freight Transport. BESTUFS.)	X
Consumer behavior	Guldbrand et al. (2015GULDBRAND, S., JOHANSSON, L., WESTBLOM, L. (2015). Estimating freight deliveries in urban environments - An application to Frihamnen. Master of Science Thesis in the Supply Chain Management master’s Programme. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology.)	X
Conduct of the population towards policies and measures directed to the UFT	Holguín-Veras et al. (2017)			X
Population size	Kin et al. (2017KIN, B; VERLINDE, S.; MACHARISA, C. (2017). Sustainable urban freight transport in megacities in emerging markets. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 31-41.)	X

Attribute for characterization	Attribute behavior in medium-sized cities	Studies
Population size	Cities with population between 1 and 5 million inhabitants.	UN (2014)
	Cities and/or population arrangements (grouping of two or more municipalities where there is a strong population integration by commuting) with population between 100 and 750 thousand inhabitants.	Salas-Olmedo & Nogués (2012); IBGE (2016)
	Cities with population between 14 and 400 thousand inhabitants.	Amorim Filho et al. (2007)
Growth rate of urbanized areas or urban sprawl	In general, MCs present a more accelerated process of urban expansion	Angeoletto et al. (2016ANGEOLETTO, F., CORREA SANTOS, J. W., RUIZ SANZ, J. P., FREDERICO FONSECA DA SILVA, F., ALBERTÍN, R. (2016). Socio-environmental typology of Brazilian medium size cities: contributions for a sustainable urban development. Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, 8(2), 272-287.); Bolay (2016BOLAY, J. C. (2016). Prosperity and Social Inequalities: Montes Claros, How to Plan an Intermediary City in Brazil. Current Urban Studies, 4, 175-174.); Espindola et al. (2017ESPINDOLA, G. M., COSTA CARNEIRO, E. L. N., FAÇANHA, A. C. (2017). Four decades of urban sprawl and population growth in Teresina, Brazil. Applied Geography, 79, 73-83.); Gao et al. (2016GAO, B., HUANG, Q., HE, C., SUN, Z., ZHANG, D. (2016). How does sprawl differ across cities in China? A multi-scale investigation using nighttime light and census data. Landscape and Urban Planning, 148, 89-98.)
Position of cities in the urban hierarchy	The MCs, given their function of intermediation in the hierarchy of cities, occupy a position of strategic nucleus in the urban networks.	Amorim Filho et al. (2007); Conte & Fresca (2011CONTE, C. H., FRESCA, T. M. (2011). Cidades Médias Percursos Conceituais e Realidade - Exemplo Foz Do Iguaçu. Revista Geografar, 6(1), 192-211.); Dias & Araújo (2013DIAS, P., ARAÚJO, M. (2013). Notas sobre Cidades Médias: Uma Proposta para a Bahia. Geo UERJ, 1, 285-311.); Santos (2009SANTOS, C. (2009). A formação e produção do espaço urbano: discussões preliminares acerca da importância das cidades médias para o crescimento da rede urbana brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, 5, 177-190.)
	MCs present 4 levels of urban hierarchy: 1) Large Regional Centers, 2) Medium-sized upper-level cities, 3) Medium-sized Cities, and 4) Emerging Urban Centers.	Amorim Filho et al. (2007)
Urban Function	MCs in general have relevant importance in the global economic system.	Bolay & Rabinovich (2004BOLAY, J. C., RABINOVICH, A. (2004). Intermediate cities in Latin America - risk and opportunities of coherent urban development. Cities, 21, 407-421.); Conte & Fresca (2011CONTE, C. H., FRESCA, T. M. (2011). Cidades Médias Percursos Conceituais e Realidade - Exemplo Foz Do Iguaçu. Revista Geografar, 6(1), 192-211.)
	MCs generally present 11 types of urban function that characterize their role in the global economic system (see Table 4)	Bolay & Rabinovich (2004BOLAY, J. C., RABINOVICH, A. (2004). Intermediate cities in Latin America - risk and opportunities of coherent urban development. Cities, 21, 407-421.)

	Attributes that characterize as medium-sized cities
	Growth rate of urbanized areas or urban sprawl	Population size	Position of cities in the urban hierarchy	Urban Function Typology for Medium-sized Cities
Large Cities	Accelerated	above 750k inhabitants	Metropolis and/or Major Urban Centers	NA
Medium Cities	Very accelerated	between 200k and 750k inhabitants (average point in 400k ponto médio em 400k inhabitants)	Major Regional Centers	Regional market; Service center; Economic locality; Tourist center; Communication hub; Metropolitan suburbs; National/International Interface; Cities in conurbation area; Association of a group of cities; Urban region
		between 70k and 200k inhabitants	Higher-level MC	Regional market; Tourist center; Communication hub; National/International Interface; Cities in conurbation area; Association of a group of cities; Urban region
		between 14k e 100k inhabitants	Medium-sized cities
		up to 50k inhabitants	Emerging Urban Centers	Tourist center; National/International Interface; Cities in conurbation area; Association of a group of cities; Urban region
Small Cities	Very accelerated	up to 14,000 inhabitants	Small Cities	NA

UFT influence factors		Questions about UFT in MC	Possible solutions	Studies
Projects and Measures adopted by Local Authorities	UFT restriction measures	Time windows for delivery/pick-up have been quite restrictive	Consider adopting less costly and less restrictive measures	Pojani & Stead (2015POJANI, D., DOMINIC STEAD, D. (2015). Sustainable Urban Transport in the Developing World: Beyond Megacities. Sustainability, 7, 7784-7805.); Van Lier et al. (2016)
	Level of inclusion of UFT in the strategic planning of cities	It is not sufficiently used in practice, although its importance is recognized by local governments	Inclusion of UFT in strategic plans in more MC, and its practical application	Kramar et al. (2015KRAMAR, U., CVAHTE, T., STERNAD, M., TOPOLŠEK, D. (2015). Strategic mobility plan for a small and medium cities: Case of Celje. Spatium, 33, 47-54.); Pojani & Stead (2015POJANI, D., DOMINIC STEAD, D. (2015). Sustainable Urban Transport in the Developing World: Beyond Megacities. Sustainability, 7, 7784-7805.)
		The strategies adopted do not always prove adequate to the reality of CM	Adoption of joint strategies and not just isolated measures
	Degree of stakeholder involvement in the decision-making process	Need for greater involvement of stakeholders	Greater involvement would bring less divergence among those involved	Pojani & Stead (2015POJANI, D., DOMINIC STEAD, D. (2015). Sustainable Urban Transport in the Developing World: Beyond Megacities. Sustainability, 7, 7784-7805.); Van Lier et al. (2016)
		Divergence between stakeholders regarding practices adopted by local authorities	Awareness and education campaigns on the subject
	Policies focused on the drivers of externalities	In MCs, the greatest pollution factor comes from vehicular activity	Adoption of more effective measures against pollution causes	González et al. (2017GONZÁLEZ, C. M., GÓMEZ, C. D., ROJAS, N. Y., ACEVEDO, H., ARISTIZÁBAL, B. H. (2017). Relative impact of on-road vehicular and point-source industrial emissions of air pollutants in a medium-sized Andean city. Atmospheric Environment, 152, 279-289.)
Infrastructure availability for UFT		Clearance spaces for loading and unloading below required demand	Prioritize maintenance of existing roads than building new ones	Pojani & Stead (2015POJANI, D., DOMINIC STEAD, D. (2015). Sustainable Urban Transport in the Developing World: Beyond Megacities. Sustainability, 7, 7784-7805.); Van Lier et al. (2016)
Infrastructure availability for UFT		Problem traffic (congestion)
Urban Space Configuration		Urban sprawl in MC occurs in an accelerated manner	It is necessary that the urbanization process takes place in a planned and organized way	Espindola et al. (2017ESPINDOLA, G. M., COSTA CARNEIRO, E. L. N., FAÇANHA, A. C. (2017). Four decades of urban sprawl and population growth in Teresina, Brazil. Applied Geography, 79, 73-83.)
Knowledge, Innovation and Technological Advancement		Lack of data and benchmarking based on studies of urban logistics	Use of already available and inexpensive mobile technologies	Gutiérrez-Gallego et al. (2015); Karagiannakidis et al. (2014KARAGIANNAKIDIS, D., SDOUKOPOULOS, A., GAVANAS, N., ITSIAVA-LATINOPOULOU, M. (2014). Sustainable urban mobility indicators for medium-sized cities: The case of Serres, Greece. In Conference on Sustainable Urban Mobility, Volos, Greece,.); Pojani & Stead (2015POJANI, D., DOMINIC STEAD, D. (2015). Sustainable Urban Transport in the Developing World: Beyond Megacities. Sustainability, 7, 7784-7805.)
Knowledge, Innovation and Technological Advancement			Use of GIS technology to aid decision making

City	State	Region	Population
Caldas Novas	GO	Midwest	70,473
Acaraú	CE	Northeast	57,542
Bacabal	MA	Northeast	77,860
Ipojuca	PE	Northeast	91,341
Cascavel	CE	Northeast	296,537
Caraguatatuba	SP	Southeast	55,414
Itu	SP	Southeast	67,875
Januária	MG	Southeast	67,875
Cataguases	MG	Southeast	74,171
Alfenas	MG	Southeast	77,618
Caçapava	SP	Southeast	91,162
Aracruz	ES	Southeast	93,325
Poços de Caldas	MG	Southeast	151,449
Pindamonhangaba	SP	Southeast	164,000
Sete Lagoas	MG	Southeast	229,485
Franca	SP	Southeast	360,544
Juiz de Fora	MG	Southeast	538,764
São José do Rio Preto	SP	Southeast	549,203
Castro	PR	South	67,082
Alegrete	RS	South	78,984

Attributes for Characterization of Medium-sized Cities
		Population size	Size of urbanized areas or urban sprawl	Position of cities in the urban hierarchy	Urban Function
Factors that influence UFT	Projects and Measures adopted by Local Authorities	Variable 1 Average ≥ 6,941 Average ≤ 8,126	Variable 7 Average ≥ 6,694 Average ≤ 8,372	Variable 13 Average ≥ 6,375 Average ≤ 8,158	Variable 19 Average ≥ 7,322 Average ≤ 8,678
	Infrastructure available for UFT	Variable 2 Average ≥ 6,440 Average ≤ 7,960	Variable 8 Average ≥ 6,541 Average ≤ 8,059	Variable 14 Average ≥ 6,197 Average ≤ 8,003	Variable 20 Average ≥ 7,030 Average ≤ 8,637
	Urban Space Configuration	Variable 3 Average ≥ 6,720 Average ≤ 8,147	Variable 9 Average ≥ 6,304 Average ≤ 7,830	Variable 15 Average ≥ 6,786 Average ≤ 8,214	Variable 21 Average ≥ 6,504 Average ≤ 8,030
	Companies Features	Variable 4 Average ≥ 5,525 Average ≤ 7,275	Variable 10 Average ≥ 5,140 Average ≤ 7,0600	Variable 16 Average ≥ 6,285 Average ≤ 8,049	Variable 22 Average ≥ 6,171 Average ≤ 7,963
	Knowledge, Innovation and Technological Advancement	Variable 5 Average ≥ 5,519 Average ≤ 7,415	Variable 11 Average ≥ 4,917 Average ≤ 6,750	Variable 17 Average ≥ 6,154 Average ≤ 7,846	Variable 23 Average ≥ 6,037 Average ≤ 7,763
	Population (Behavior)	Variable 6 Average ≥ 6,423 Average ≤ 7,977	Variable 12 Average ≥ 6.379 Average ≤ 8,021	Variable 18 Average ≥ 6,195 Average ≤ 7,739	Variable 24 Average ≥ 6,495 Average ≤ 7,971

Attributes for Characterization of Medium-sized Cities
		Population size	Size of urbanized areas or urban sprawl	Position of cities in the urban hierarchy	Urban Function
Factors that influence UFT	Projects and Measures adopted by Local Authorities	High	High	High	Very High
	Infrastructure available for UFT	High	High	High	High
	Urban Space Configuration	High	High	High	High
	Companies Features	Medium	Medium	High	High
	Knowledge, Innovation and Technological Advancement	Medium	Medium	High	Medium
	Population (Behavior)	High	High	High	High
Average equal to 0 - NO interaction Average from 0 up to 4 - degree of interaction LOW Average from 4 up to 7 - degree of interaction MEDIUM Average from 7 up to 8 - degree of interaction HIGH Average from 8 or higher - degree of interaction VERY HIGH

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Fábio Duarte