Species richness and community composition of sphingid moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) along an elevational gradient in southeast Peru

Sublett, Clayton A.; Cook, Jerry L.; Janovec, John P.

doi:10.3897/zoologia.36.e32938

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RESEARCH ARTICLE • Zoologia (Curitiba) 36 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e32938 copy

Species richness and community composition of sphingid moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) along an elevational gradient in southeast Peru

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

A clear low-elevation skewed unimodal richness pattern is presented for hawkmoths in Southeast Peru. Several hypotheses offer plausible explanations for such a distribution. The effects of water-energy dynamics are partially supported by a strong correlation between temperature and species richness at higher elevations. Further, hypotheses of plant diversity influences on hawkmoth ranges are supported by species richness peaking in transitional habitats. Sphingid subfamilies do not appear to be influenced by habitat type or elevational factors, such as temperature. This may make subfamily analysis a poor means of characterizing sphingid community composition unless study sites vary in the level of disturbance. This study documents 134 species in 23 genera of Sphingidae from five Southeastern Peru sites from the 7,545 specimens collected for the study.

KEY WORDS:
Biodiversity; community structure; elevation; Neotropical region

No	Species	Los Amigos	Atalaya	Vitobamba	Culebrayoc	Wayquecha
1	Adhemarius dentoni (Clark, 1916)	0	2	0	0	0
2	Adhemarius gagarini (Zikan, 1935)	1	0	0	0	0
3	Adhemarius palmeri (Boisduval, 1870)	43	15	17	0	0
4	Adhemarius sexoculata (Grote, 1865)	0	0	0	25	108
5	Adhemarius tigrina (Felder, 1874)	0	0	16	34	0
6	Adhemarius ypsilon (Rothschild & Jordon, 1903)	0	1	8	0	0
7	Adhemarius sp. 1 (likely A. gannascus or A. daphne)	21	26	30	42	0
8	Agrius cingulate (Fabricius, 1775)	3	8	2	6	54
9	Amphimoea walker (Boisduval, 1875)	18	1	1	0	0
10	Callionima acuta (Rothschild & Jordon, 1910)	44	24	6	0	1
11	Callionima denticulate (Schaus, 1895)	0	6	5	0	0
12	Callionima falcifera (Gehlen, 1943)	30	4	0	0	1
13	Callionima inuus (Rothschild & Jordon, 1903)	27	18	1	4	0
14	Callionima nomius (Walker, 1856)	8	4	1	1	0
15	Callionima pan (Cramer, 1779)	21	6	0	0	0
16	Callionima parce (Fabricius, 1775)	12	28	13	7	0
17	Cocytius antaeus (Drury, 1773)	0	3	1	0	1
18	Cocytius belzebuth (Boisduval, 1875)	9	0	0	0	0
19	Cocytius duponchel (Poey, 1832)	121	27	36	31	11
20	Cocytius lucifer (Rothschild & Jordon, 1903)	7	2	19	1	0
21	Enyo bathus (Rothschild, 1904)	7	5	0	1	0
22	Enyo cavifer (Rothschild & Jordon, 1903)	0	1	0	3	0
23	Enyo gorgon (Cramer, 1777)	1	0	0	0	0
24	Enyo lugubris (Linnaeus, 1771)	14	8	3	16	40
25	Enyo ocypete (Linnaeus, 1758)	62	29	17	3	1
26	Erinnyis alope (Drury, 1773)	12	56	23	2	23
27	Erinnyis crameri (Schaus, 1898)	0	0	0	2	2
28	Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus, 1758)	43	93	8	4	217
29	Erinnyis impunctata Rothschild & Jordon, 1903	0	0	3	0	0
30	Erinnyis lassauxii (Boisduval, 1859)	3	25	0	0	0
31	Erinnyis obscura (Fabricius, 1775)	3	13	2	3	15
32	Erinnyis oenotrus (Cramer, 1780)	13	51	27	4	8
33	Eumorpha anchemolus (Cramer, 1779)	13	11	6	2	1
34	Eumorpha capronnieri (Boisduval, 1875)	8	11	16	0	0
35	Eumorpha cissi (Schaufuss, 1870)	0	1	2	39	0
36	Eumorpha fasciatus (Sulzer, 1776)	1	1	0	0	4
37	Eumorpha labruscae (Linnaeus, 1758)	3	0	1	1	2
38	Eumorpha megaeacus (Hübner, 1816)	0	1	0	0	0
39	Eumorpha obliquus (Rothschild & Jordon, 1903)	0	0	2	0	0
40	Eumorpha phorbas (Cramer, 1775)	17	33	12	0	1
41	Eumorpha satellitia (Linnaeus, 1771)	4	17	3	0	0
42	Eumorpha triangulum (Rothschild & Jordon, 1903)	2	13	81	37	0
43	Eumorpha vitis (Linnaeus, 1758)	5	8	0	7	0
44	Euryglottis aper (Walker, 1856)	0	0	0	1	18
45	Euryglottis dognini Rothschild, 1869	0	0	0	88	29
46	Euryglottis guttiventris (Rothschild & Jordon, 1903)	0	0	0	128	8
47	Hemeroplanes ornatus Rothschild, 1894	1	2	1	0	0
48	Hemeroplanes triptolemus (Cramer, 1779)	1	4	0	0	0
49	Isognathus caricae (Linnaeus, 1785)	0	1	0	0	0
50	Isognathus excelsior (Boisduval, 1875)	0	1	1	0	0
51	Isognathus leachii (Swainson, 1823)	59	31	0	0	2
52	Lintneria aurigutta (Rothschild & Jordon, 1903)	0	0	0	11	0
53	Madoryx bubastus (Cramer, 1777)	5	1	0	0	0
54	Madoryx plutonius (Hübner, 1819)	5	3	4	0	0
55	Madoryx sp. 1	2	0	0	0	0
56	Madoryx sp. 2	1	0	0	0	0
57	Manduca albiplaga (Walker, 1856)	19	16	13	0	0
58	Manduca andicola (Rothschild & Jordon, 1916)	5	1	13	1	0
59	Manduca clarki (Rothschild & Jordon, 1916)	2	1	0	0	0
60	Manduca dalica (Kirby, 1877)	5	0	7	0	0
61	Manduca diffissa (Butler, 1871)	15	22	14	0	0
62	Manduca extrema (Gehlen, 1926)	0	27	52	0	0
63	Manduca florestan (Stoll, 1782)	0	9	3	0	0
64	Manduca hannibal (Cramer, 1779)	10	3	1	0	1
65	Manduca lamasi Eitschberger & Haxaire, 2007	47	9	4	0	0
66	Manduca lefeburii (Guérin-Méneville, 1844)	0	3	8	0	0
67	Manduca rustica (Fabricius, 1775)	9	34	4	0	0
68	Manduca schausi (Clark, 1919)	0	0	11	0	1
69	Manduca scutata (Rothschild & Jordon, 1903)	0	3	0	0	0
70	Manduca sexta (Linnaeus, 1763)	12	4	0	0	0
71	Manduca trimacula (Rothschild & Jordon, 1903)	0	0	12	1	0
72	Manduca sp. 1	2	0	0	0	0
73	Manduca sp. 2	0	2	0	0	0
74	Manduca sp. 3	0	2	0	0	0
75	Manduca sp. 4	22	2	51	32	1
76	Manduca sp. 5	3	0	0	0	0
77	Neococytius cluentius (Cramer, 1776)	45	6	9	3	18
78	Nyceryx coffaeae (Walker, 1856)	8	9	1	0	0
79	Nyceryx hyposticta (Felder, 1874)	0	1	1	20	45
80	Nyceryx maxwelli (Rothschild, 1896)	0	1	1	0	0
81	Nyceryx nictitans (Boisduval, 1875)	0	0	4	0	0
82	Nyceryx stuarti (Rothschild, 1894)	15	18	0	0	0
83	Nyceryx tacita (Druce, 1888)	0	0	2	0	0
84	Oryba achemenides (Cramer, 1779)	3	3	1	0	0
85	Oryba kadeni (Schaufuss, 1870)	2	2	4	0	0
86	Pachylia darceta Druce, 1881	338	54	37	0	0
87	Pachylia ficus (Linnaeus, 1758)	84	28	24	9	11
88	Pachylia syces (Hübner, 1819)	1	2	0	0	1
89	Pachylioides resumens (Walker, 1856)	31	19	15	20	2
90	Perigonia grisea Rothschild & Jordon, 1903	0	2	1	12	0
91	Perigonia lusca (Fabricius, 1777)	18	6	1	3	0
92	Perigonia stulta Herrich-Schaffer, 1854	0	3	18	9	9
93	Perigonia sp. 1	0	0	0	0	1
94	Perigonia sp. 2	0	0	0	0	2
95	Protambulyx astygonus (Boisduval, 1875)	0	1	0	0	0
96	Protambulyx eurycles Rothschild & Jordon, 1903	22	2	5	0	0
97	Protambulyx goeldii Rothschild & Jordon, 1903	27	9	0	0	0
98	Protambulyx ockendeni Rothschild & Jordon, 1903	5	0	0	1	0
99	Protambulyx strigilis (Linnaeus, 1771)	99	17	33	5	0
100	Pseudosphinx tetrio Rothschild & Jordon, 1903	38	215	2	0	37
101	Xylophanes amadis (Stoll, 1872)	7	1	0	0	0
102	Xylophanes anubus (Crammer, 1777)	23	4	29	1	1
103	Xylophanes chiron (Drury, 1773)	100	61	15	2	39
104	Xylophanes cyrene (Druce, 1881)	0	3	0	0	0
105	Xylophanes cosmius Rothschild & Jordon, 1903	41	22	10	0	0
106	Xylophanes docilis (Butler, 1875)	0	0	19	259	4
107	Xylophanes dolius (Rothschild & Jordon, 1906)	18	40	28	0	0
108	Xylophanes elara (Druce, 1878)	6	0	1	0	0
109	Xylophanes fassli Gehlen, 1928	0	0	8	1	0
110	Xylophanes fusimacula (Felder, 1874)	0	15	30	0	0
111	Xylophanes guianensis (Rothschild, 1894)	5	3	0	0	1
112	Xylophanes germen (Schaus, 1890)	0	0	8	3	0
113	Xylophanes hannemanni Closs, 1917	0	17	13	0	0
114	Xylophanes lamontagnei Vagilia & Haxaire, 2003	0	7	32	51	0
115	Xylophanes libya (Druce, 1878)	45	89	61	1	0
116	Xylophanes loelia (Druce, 1878)	0	2	0	0	1
117	Xylophanes mariae Haxaire, 2013	0	0	0	39	123
118	Xylophanes media Rothschild & Jordon, 1903	0	14	30	0	0
119	Xylophanes ockendeni Rothschild, 1904	0	0	0	4	0
120	Xylophanes pluto (Fabricius, 1777)	4	27	2	1	0
121	Xylophanes porcus (Hübner, 1823)	0	2	30	0	0
122	Xylophanes Pyrrhus Rothschild & Jordon, 1906	0	0	1	79	9
123	Xylophanes resta Rothschild & Jordon, 1903	0	0	0	198	7
124	Xylophanes rhodotus Rothschild, 1904	0	0	0	1	0
125	Xylophanes schausi (Rothschild, 1894)	3	0	0	1	0
126	Xylophanes tersa ((Linnaeus, 1771)	2	13	31	71	17
127	Xylophanes thyelia (Linnaeus, 1758)	8	43	66	0	0
128	Xylophanes titana (Druce, 1787)	16	40	25	7	0
129	Xylophanes undata Rothschild & Jordon, 1903	2	43	82	0	0
130	Xylophanes sp. 1	0	0	1	0	0
131	Xylophanes sp. 2	0	0	23	0	0
132	Xylophanes sp. 3	0	0	99	507	36
133	Xylophanes sp. 4	3	1	0	0	0
134	Xylophanes sp. 5	0	3	21	0	0
	Total: 7,545	1,820	1,581	1,385	1,845	914

Site	S_obs	S_est	Completeness (%)	Genera_obs	Fisher’s alpha
Los Amigos	65	74	87.84	19	17.77
Atalaya	85	103	82.52	20	23.88
Vitobamba	86	105	81.90	21	20.29
Culebrayoc	56	74	75.68	17	10.90
Wayquecha	39	52	75.00	17	9.61

Site	Contribution to species richness (%)				Contribution to total abundance (%)
Site	Cosmo	LL	MO	Endemic	Cosmo	LL	MO	Endemic
Los Amigos	32.5	38.8	0	8.8	43.9	39.5	0	1.0
Atalaya	26.0	42.7	0	8.3	47.1	32.7	0	0.9
Vitobamba	24.4	38.4	3.5	7.0	23.1	37.6	8.6	2.5
Culebrayoc	30.4	0	17.9	5.4	11.4	0	71.9	0.9
Wayquecha	60.5	0	23.3	4.7	55.8	0	37.6	0.3
Total	21.0	34.7	8.1	21.0	34.2	23.3	23.7	1.2

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: Jerry L. Cook (jcook@shsu.edu)