An ornithological inventory in a reforested woodlot in western Paraná state, southern Brazil

Abstract

This paper presents an ornithological inventory taken between March and December of 2017 in the Brazilian state of Paraná. Although the surroundings contain one relatively well-known location in regard to ornithology, Iguaçu National Park, several other areas merit exploration, among them the Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area (ARIE-SH). The 1,479 ha ARIE-SH is essentially a large remnant of the Atlantic Forest located adjacent to the city of Santa Helena, Paraná, which commencing in the 1980s has undergone considerable reforestation with both native and exotic species, including fruit species. Prior to censusing bird species and to better characterize the avian community, we conducted a bibliographic review of earlier ornithological studies carried out at ARIE-SH. In addition, we conducted opportunistic and unsystematic observations in nearby locations. We recorded 311 species of birds. During the current inventory, and others conducted in the area since 2016, we recorded six Atlantic Forest endemic species, five species threatened in Paraná, and two globally threatened species. Common species which showed high Index of Frequency in Lists include (in descending order) Basileuterus culicivorus, Leptotila verreauxi, Cnemotriccus fuscatus, Corythopis delalandi, Turdus leucomelas and Arremon flavirostris. Nine species observed while conducting this census (Laterallus exilis, Amazona vinacea, Herpsilochmus longirostris, Campylorhamphus trochilirostris, Casiornis rufus, Campylorhynchus turdinus, Myiothlypis flaveola, Eucometis penicillata and Sporophila palustris) are the first records for this region.

Keywords.
Relevant Ecological Interest Area; Citizen Science; Diamante d’Oeste; Biological Refuge; Santa Helena

INTRODUCTION

Scherer-Neto & Straube (1995) divided the development of ornithology in the state of Paraná into four phases: The “Natterer period” (encompassing all regional ornithological works from the 19^th century), the “Chrostowski period” (beginning of the 20^th century to the 1930s), the “Mayer Period” (between the 1940s and 1960s) and the “Current Period” (commencing in the 1970s). The most outstanding investigations of the state’s wild birds occurred during the first three chronological periods.

The first ornithological investigations of Paraná were conducted by the Austrian naturalist Johann Natterer. During his stay in Paraná between September 1820 and May 1821 he visited numerous localities along its coastal plain (Serra do Mar). He also passed through the state’s interior lands west of the Serra do Mar collecting zoological material (Straube, 1993). Between 1921 and 1924, Polish naturalists Tadeusz Chrostowski and Tadeusz Jaczewski, sent by the Polish Museum of Natural History, searched a wide region from the state’s center to its far west, as well as along the Ivaí, Piquiri, and Paraná rivers. During this expedition, they obtained approximately 260 bird taxa, which resulted in the first great ornithological collection for Paraná in this century (Scherer-Neto & Straube, 1995). In 1930, Emil Kaempfer carried out an extensive ornithological expedition in Paraná. He crossed the state from east to west, collecting material from the coastal plain to the western seasonal forests surrounding Foz do Iguaçu (Straube, 2015, 2016, 2017).

Until the mid-20^th century, western Paraná was richly endowed with a variety of bird species, among the most diverse in the Brazilian south and southeast regions (Scherer-Neto et al., 2011). This was largely due to the 180,000 ha of continuous vegetation currently constituting Iguaçu National Park (PNI). This region has been a center of ornithological studies since the 20^th century (Scherer-Neto & Straube, 1995), initiated primarily by naturalists and later by ornithologists investigating the local avifauna community (Straube et al., 2004).

Only 28% of the original Atlantic Forest vegetation cover still stands (Rezende et al., 2018) and, in Brazil, the remaining forest is now fragmented into mostly small (< 50 ha), isolated parcels (Ribeiro et al., 2009). Up to the 1960s, a mosaic of large primary forest fragments remained in Paraná’s northeast (Gubert-Filho, 2010); however, the current scenario is quite different.

Prior to the 21^st century, the avifauna of western and northwestern Paraná (a region which encompasses distinct biomes and types of soil), and especially areas surrounding the Paraná river, was characterized by Sztolcman (1926), Naumburg (1937, 1939), Pinto & Camargo (1956), Scherer-Neto (1983), Anjos & Seger (1988) and Straube & Bornschein (1989, 1995). In the current century, studies have focused on the PNI (Straube & Urben-Filho, 2004; Straube et al., 2004) and more specific reports have been produced (Bencke et al., 2008; Cândido-Jr. et al., 2008; Von Matter et al., 2010; Girardi & Carrano, 2014; Lindsey et al., 2019).

Our study is intended to compliment the studies noted above by inventorying birds in a little studied, avifauna rich area in Parana: ARIE-SH. Prior to conducting the inventory of ARIE-SH avifauna, we reviewed relevant avifauna information based on literature, citizen science online databases, and natural history museum collections. Less rigorous, non-systematic censuses in locations near ARIE-SH where no previous ornithological studies have taken place were also performed and are included.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study area

ARIE-SH is the focus of our inventories. ARIE-SH contains 1,479 ha and was once contiguous with the Atlantic Forest semideciduous forests. It is located in the Brazilian state of Parana’s southwest, centered on latitude 24°51′04″S and longitude 54°21′05″W, about 1 km NW of the city of Santa Helena, between Foz do Iguaçu and Ilha Grande National Parks. The entire area of ARIE-SH is surrounded by water, a canal at the southeast margin and a lake at the other margins. There is a forest opposite ARIE-SH to the west and a reforested strip opposite it to the other compass points, with the water, forest, and reforested strip acting as environmental buffers. Six areas adjacent to ARIE-SH are also non-systematically inventoried (Fig. 1).

Figure 1
Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area in relation to the state of Paraná (A) and the counties of Diamante d’Oeste and Santa Helena (B). Green indicates remaining vegetation of over 50 ha.

Santa Helena County in an area that had experienced rather extreme topographic alteration. Inserted in the hydrographic basins of the Paraná and Iguaçu rivers (western Paraná) located on the left bank (east) of the Paraná river, Santa Helena County (centered at 24°51′37″S, 54°19′58″W) had about one third (260 km²) of its territory flooded in 1982 after damming of the Paraná river with construction of the Itaipu hydroelectric facility (Cavarzere et al., 2020).

In order to shelter and protect regional flora and fauna, as well as to rescue fauna displaced from its habitat due to the formation of this reservoir, the two nation consortia responsible for Itaipu dam (Brazil and Paraguay) officially created seven ecological reserves (Biological Refuges) in the 1980s, two in Brazil (Bela Vista and Santa Helena) and five in Paraguay (Itabó, Limoy, Carapá, Tati Yupi and Yui Rupá); another one, encompassing both countries (Maracaju Binational Reserve) was also created. One of these reserves was initially named Refúgio Biológico Santa Helena (RBSH) and is entirely within Santa Helena County (Fig. 1). The Refuge had an area of 1,479 ha and is isolated from adjacent areas by an excavated channel and a lake, making it an artificial island (Cavarzere et al., 2020).

RBSH was later reclassified as a Relevant Ecological Interest Area, thereby becoming the Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area (ARIE-SH), a protected area designated for sustainable use within the legal scope of the National System for Protected Areas (SNUC). As such, it is also a government defined Integral Protected Area designed to preserve water and mineral resources, fauna and flora, with sustainable tourism and scientific research being the only permitted human activities (Brasil, 2002). ARIE-SH is also integrated into the Paraná Biodiversity Program, which covers more than 2 million ha and connects semideciduous forests to the Araucaria forests along the Iguaçu and Paraná rivers.

According to Koeppen’s classification system (Koeppen, 1948; Alvares et al., 2013), the region that includes ARIE-SH is climatically Subtropical Humid Mesothermal (Cfa), with rainfall distributed uniformly throughout the year (average of 1,650 mm). December and January have the highest average rainfall (150 and 175 mm, respectively), and July and August have the lowest (75 and 100 mm, respectively). The region’s average temperature is 22ºC, with highs reaching 40ºC in the summer and lows down to -2ºC in the winter; frosts are infrequent (Kliver, 2010).

Flora

ARIE-SH was originally covered by semideciduous seasonal forests (IBGE, 2012). By the mid-1970s, a large part of this area had been clear-cut to accommodate agriculture. Since then, more than 6,680 ha of forests have naturally regenerated (Kliver, 2010; Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica, 2020). In 1974 construction began at the Itaipu Binacional hydroelectric dam, 120 km to the south of Santa Helena. To permit construction of the dam and filling of the lake behind it, the area that includes ARIE-SH was expropriated.

In 1981, reforestation began at what would become ARIE-SH. The reforestation project introduced 18 exotic and 24 native species (eight fruit trees) on 183 approximately 100 × 50 m plots. The most used exotic species were Coffee bush Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Malabar plum Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels and Rosewood Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. The main native species plots were guabiroba Campomanesia xanthocarpa Mart. Ex O. Berg and Brazilian cherry Eugenia uniflora L. More currently, the areas of vegetation have undergone natural regeneration and are in various stages of succession (Kliver, 2010; Tambarussi et al., 2019).

In her study of ARIE-SH, Kliver (2010) noted the predominance of vegetation in the secondary stage of regeneration and that the original native vegetation could be found in small lowland areas with a predominance of herbaceous substrate in soaked soil. More recently, Tambarussi et al. (2019) determined that approximately 74% of ARIE-SH’s area could be classified as an Extensive Use Zone where reforestation with exotics resulted in very poor forest regrowth, 22.4% classified as being a Natural Zone, 3.3% classified as being a Recovery Zone, and only 0.1% classified as an Intangible Zone. When contrasted with areas planted with exotic species, areas that were replanted with native species showed more advanced regeneration, with herbaceous and shrub species occupying the understory, a marked presence of terrestrial ferns, and the richest number of tree species - thus presenting an intermediate successional stage (Tambarussi et al., 2019).

Contrarily, the stands of exotic species show low species diversity in the understory and little natural regeneration, even after decades of reforestation. Exceptions are the plots with Coffee bush, the seeds of which were used for germination and dispersion studies (Dalmolin et al., 2011). This species is small and leads to an open canopy that allows for the greatest entry of light and the understory’s consequent development. With the senescence of the first planted specimens in these plots, space opened for large-scale natural regeneration. Exotics plots with less diversity are those planted with Malabar plum and mango Mangifera indica L., where practically nothing grows in the shaded understory. In these plots, the soil is covered only by thick litter, making it difficult to establish other forms of life. Additionally, allelopathy, systemic with the cultivation of Coffee bush (Scherer et al., 2005) and, especially, Malabar plum, cannot be disregarded as a cause of low regeneration in these areas (Cavarzere et al., 2020).

Reviews

Literature

We searched for ornithological records associated with ARIE-SH using databases such as: Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ, https://doaj.org), JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org), PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), Scielo (https://scielo.org), ScienceDirect (https://www.sciencedirect.com), Scopus (https://www.scopus.com), Web of Science (https://login.webofknowledge.com), and Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com). We also considered using Google (https://www.google.com) for grey literature.

Online database

We searched for bird records associated with ARIE-SH until March 27, 2020 on citizen science online databases (critically revising misidentifications), such as Internet Bird Collection (https://www.hbw.com/ibc), Wiki Aves (http://www.wikiaves.com.br), E-bird (https://ebird.org), Xeno-canto (https://www.xeno-canto.org), and Macaulay Library (https://www.macaulaylibrary.org). We used the following keywords: birds, avifauna, ornithology, Biological Refuge Santa Helena, ARIE Santa Helena, and their respective Portuguese translations.

Natural History Museums

We searched for specimens collected from ARIE-SH and Santa Helena County in the Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia (MHNCI), and Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP).

Bird census

Land birds

About 15 min before sunrise we inventoried the land birds of ARIE-SH on pre-existing trails for a total of 14 one-day visits (which lasted for 3 h each) between March and December of 2017 (Table 1). We used 5-species lists (Mackinnon & Phillips, 1993) when the observer takes notes of all seen or heard species. Each list contains five species, and one species cannot be repeated in the same list but can appear in subsequent ones. We generated Index of Frequency in Lists (IFL) by dividing the number of lists in which a given species occurred by the total number of accumulated lists (Ribon, 2010).

Table 1
Dates of censuses conducted on trails and along the margins of the Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area in 2017.

Campaign	Date	Census type
I	March 10th	land
II	March 24th	land
III	May 12th	land
IV	May 13th	land
V	May 25th	land
VI	July 9th	land
VII	June 21st	water
VIII	June 23rd	water
IX	July 31st	water
X	August 31st	water
XI	September 30th	water
XII	November 11th	water
XIII	November 15th	land
XIV	December 15th	water

Water birds

We inventoried the water birds linked with ARIE-SH following the Scott & Carbonell (1986) directory who used the Ramsar Convention, which suggests that water birds are those that depend on wetlands, to determine the families and, consequently, the species of aquatic avifauna. Except for time of beginning censuses, we deliberately used Lara’s (1994) methodology so that water bird communities could be compared over an interval of approximately 33 years. We determined transects around the ARIE-SH perimeter (32 km) and navigated by motorized boat at a constant speed of about 5 km/h, covering a total of 256 km in all campaigns (Table 1). Inventorying took place between 13:00 and 17:00, starting on the eastern margin, going around ARIE-SH’s perimeter, and ending on its western margin. On a rainy day (September 30), we were forced to interrupt the inventory at the halfway point. The same observers (ISQ and VC) conducted censuses using 8 × 20 and 8 × 42 binoculars. Whenever possible, we photographed species and taped their vocalizations with a digital recorder and directional microphone.

Qualitative census

We additionally took occasional, non-systematic observations at six locations close to ARIE-SH (Fig. 1, Table 2).

Table 2
List of counties and cities near the Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area where sightings occurred, cumulative hours of non-systematic observations and their respective decimal coordinates.

	Municipality	Location	Accumulated hours	Visits	Latitude	Longitude
1	Diamante d’Oeste County	Coluna Prestes	20	2019	-24.87	-54.22
2	Palotina City	UFPR campus (not on map)	-	2016	-24.28	-53.83
3	Santa Helena County	ARIE-SH	40	2016-2019	-24.26	-54.32
4	Santa Helena City	UTFPR campus	200	2016-2020	-24.84	-54.34
5	Santa Helena City	Downtown	5	2016-2020	-24.86	-54.33
6	Santa Helena County	Morro dos Sete Pecados/Subsede	5	2016-2019	-24.75	-54.29
7	Santa Helena County	Sítio Paraná	5	14/03/20	-24.91	-54.36
8	Santa Helena County	Rural site	5	2017	-24.95	-54.32

Analysis

We used the Jaccard Similarity Index defined according to Krebs (1989) to compare the aquatic bird community over an interval of approximately 33 years,

$S_{ji}=\frac{a}{a+b+c}$

where S = Jaccard Similarity Index between campaigns i and j; a = number of species that occur in both campaign i and campaign j (co-occurrence); b = number of species that occur in campaign j but are absent in campaign i; c = number of species that occur in campaign i but are absent in campaign j. We did not compare the terrestrial community between periods due to the heterogeneity of methodologies used in relevant studies and the fact that the present censuses did not sample the entire ARIE-SH area.

We used the Vegan package (Oksanen et al., 2007) within the R environment (R Core Team, 2019) to build species accumulation curves and calculate the similarity index. We further used the warbleR package (Araya‐Salas & Smith-Vidaurre, 2017) to present the spectrogram.

We used the proposal by Piacentini et al. (2015) for bird taxonomy. Atlantic Forest endemic bird species are in agreement with Vale et al. (2018) and threat status follows global (IUCN, 2019), national (Brasil, 2014) and state (Paraná, 2018) references.

RESULTS

Reviews

Literature

Scherer-Neto’s (1997) data provided the foundation for our ARIE-SH avifauna information. The author obtained a total of 143 species over four campaigns carried out every three months. During each campaign, the author covered ARIE-SH trails over three consecutive days (but also in adjacent areas, therefore, outside the ARIE-SH), alternating the starting points between the beginnings and the ends of the trails. He recorded bird species using transect counts and mist-netting and carried out transects in different environments.

In a study restricted to water species, Lara (1994) also inventoried locations near ARIE-SH, observing 28 bird species specifically at ARIE-SH. The author censused every three months over one year using the method we chose to use to census water birds.

Censusing at both ARIE-SH and at the Bela Vista Biological Refuge (RBBV) in the county of Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Seger et al. (1993), including Scherer-Neto’s (1997) records, logged a total of 280 bird species but did not distinguish between the two locations in their records.

The most recent available ARIE-SH avifauna data are from Kliver’s (2010) inventoried carried out in 1998 and in 2010. The author recorded 269 (24 orders and 61 families) species in 1998 and 197 (20 orders and 51 families) species in 2010, for a total of 271 species in 24 orders and 62 families. Between October 2009 and January 2010, the author conducted 80 visits to ARIE-SH at different times of the day, with a mean duration of 1.5 hours each. Observers carried out transects covering 53 km of trails with a constant speed of about 1.5 km/h. Kliver (2010) followed the same sequence on transects, alternating days of drought and rain and censusing during the mornings and afternoons.

Online database

As of March 27, 2020, only Wiki Aves showed bird records (97 species) from Santa Helena County. However, the data supplied by the citizen scientists did not accurately report observation locations; we therefore did not incorporate Wiki Aves records in our compilation.

Natural History Museums

We found two specimens (MZUSP 75893 and MZUSP 75894) of Great Dusky Swift Cypseloides senex collected on April 28, 1982 at the mouth of the São Francisco Falso River in Santa Helena County, as well as another eight species from Santa Helena housed at MHNCI, of which four were collected at ARIE-SH between 1987-1991 (^Appendix).

Bird census

We recorded a total of 125 bird species in at ARIE-SH using two methodologies. Three species are Atlantic Forest endemics (Aramides saracura, Picumnus temminckii, and Tachyphonus coronatus) and one is endangered at state level (Busarellus nigricollis). We recorded no nationally or globally threatened species at ARIE-SH.

Land birds

We accumulated 65 five-species lists, recording 78 species while hiking trails at ARIE-SH. Two Atlantic Forest endemic forest species were recorded only during the land bird census (P. temminckii and T. coronatus). The species accumulation curve shows a tendency towards stabilization (Fig. 2). IFL values varied from one (0.016) to 23 (Basileuterus culicivorus, 0.359) records in lists (Appendix).

Figure 2
Accumulation curve of species recorded during terrestrial census at the Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area, Santa Helena County.

Water birds

During the inventories taken while traveling around the shore of ARIE-SH, we recorded 74 species in 15 orders and 32 families. Twenty-two of the birds recorded were “water birds” as defined following Scott & Carbonell’s (1986) classification of aquatic birds. We recorded the regionally endangered Busarellus nigricollis exclusively on ARIE-SH’s margins. The species accumulation curve for aquatic species did not show stabilization (Fig. 3).

Figure 3
Accumulation curve of aquatic species recorded on the margins of the Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area, Santa Helena County.

Qualitative census

Our records (including occasional, non-systematic observations) and compilations resulted in the identification of 311 bird species for ARIE-SH and surroundings. The number of endemic species rises to six (A. saracura, P. temminckii, Amazona vinacea, Automolus leucophthalmus, Myiornis auricularis and T. coronatus). Regarding state level threatened species, we compiled one critically endangered species (Sporophila palustris), one endangered species (B. nigricollis) and four vulnerable species (A. vinacea, Campylorhamphus trochilirostris, Casiornis rufus and Sporophila leucoptera). At the national level, no threatened species were encountered. At the global level, two species are listed as endangered (A. vinacea and S. palustris). We recorded 17 species in the area that had not been registered (^Appendix).

Analysis

Lara (1994) recorded 28 aquatic bird species (eight exclusive) while we detected 22, of which two were only recorded by us (Table 3). The similarity index between current and previous water bird censuses was Sji = 0.67.

Table 3
List of aquatic bird species recorded within ARIE-SH in previous (Lara, 1994) and recent censuses.

Common to both studies	Lara (1994 )	This study
Dendrocygna viduata	Anhinga anhinga	Dendrocygna bicolor
Cairina moschata	Nycticorax nycticorax	Podilymbus podiceps
Amazonetta brasiliensis	Bubulcus ibis
Nannopterum brasilianus	Aramides cajaneus
Butorides striata	Charadrius collaris
Ardea cocoi	Tringa flavipes
Ardea alba	Calidris fuscicollis
Egretta thula	Sternula superciliaris
Aramus guarauna
Aramides saracura
Pardirallus nigricans
Gallinula galeata
Porphyrio martinicus
Vanellus chilensis
Himantopus melanurus
Tringa solitaria
Jacana jacana
Megaceryle torquata
Chloroceryle amazona
Chloroceryle americana

DISCUSSION

There are a few exceptional preterit records which merit mention as they are no longer present regionally, such as the Scaled Pigeon Patagioenas speciosa and the Crested Eagle Morphnus guianensis, both obtained in Marechal Cândido Rondon, some 25 km east of Santa Helena (Straube & Bornschein, 1989, 1995). Another important record is that of the Large-tailed Antshrike Mackenziaena leachii, obtained in Foz do Iguaçu, Pato Bragado, Marechal Cândido Rondon and Guaíra by Kaempfer (Naumburg, 1937). The Plumbeous Pigeon P. plumbea is also worth mentioning, deposited at MHNCI and currently quite rare in interior Paraná. Some 100 km further east, Pinto & Camargo (1956) presented several species collected in Porto Camargo (Icaraíma municipality), such as the Undulated Tinamou Crypturellus undulatus, the Three-toed Jacamar Jacamaralcyon tridactyla, the Helmeted Woodpecker Celeus galeatus, the Black-capped Antwren Herpsilochmus atricapillus, the Russet-mantled Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla dimidiata and the Crested Oropendola Psarocolius decumanus.Scherer-Neto et al. (1997) reported three important (undocumented) singletons: White-browed Woodpecker Piculus aurulentus, Rufous-headed Tanager Hemithraupis ruficapilla and Green-throated Euphonia Euphonia chalybea, Atlantic Forest endemics which currently do not have records in this region of the state. Such species are of paramount importance for characterizing the avifauna once present. Therefore, they indicate community composition changes which resulted from habitat modification.

Reforestation

ARIE-SH lies approximately 80 km northeast from PNI, an area containing 335 bird species (Straube et al., 2004). This great species richness is a reflection of PNI’s large size, abundant native vegetation and diversity of habitats, which include mixed and seasonal forests. However, because ARIE-SH and PNI are close to one another and share a seasonal forest biome, their avifauna compositions should have been similar before ARIE-SH was deforested (Willis, 1979). In addition, small (≥ 20 ha) reforested seasonal semideciduous Atlantic Forest remnants in northern Paraná do have equal or higher bird richness and similar functional group structures when compared to contiguous native vegetation. Thus, they can maintain levels of biodiversity and reduce species extinction debt (Santos-Júnior et al., 2016). Furthermore, as long as contiguous to native fragments, interior Atlantic Forest reforested areas in São Paulo state with native and exotic plant species proved to be ecologically more functional for birds and to contribute to the maintenance of resident and visiting species by providing food resources (Athiê & Dias, 2012). Since we recently recorded only 125 species within ARIE-SH, we present a few arguments why such differences currently occur.

Some trophic guilds-specialized forest species, such as large frugivores and understory insectivores, tend to disappear from degraded environments (Willis, 1979; Ribon et al., 2003). Some of these species were only recorded in past ARIE-SH censuses, such as the large frugivores Crypturellus obsoletus and Penelope superciliaris. The former, a terrestrial species having low sensitivity to forest fragmentation (Anjos, 2006), uses small forest remnants (10 ha) as long as there is continuous connection among forest patches (Barbosa et al., 2017). Because there is continuous reforested vegetation bordering the eastern margins of the lake connecting ARIE-SH to PNI, this species’ absence strongly suggests habitat modification. Although Penelope superciliaris avoids habitat modification (Pereira-Ribeiro et al., 2018), it can be found in small forest remnants (Anjos, 2001) and even in disturbed ones (pers. obs.). Both C. obsoletus and P. superciliaris are game birds and, especially in the case of P. superciliaris, invite intense poaching activity, which may play a major role in their dearth (Pereira-Ribeiro et al., 2018). This conclusion is corroborated by the fact that P. superciliaris was quickly sighted during our visits to nearby locations (^Appendix) that do not suffer the hunting pressure. The ecological consequences of this species absence are of paramount importance as both species are able to swallow fruits with large seeds that smaller bird species cannot disperse, greatly contributing to the fruit’s trees spreading throughout its environment (Pizo, 2004).

Dendrocolaptids and thamnophilids are examples of understory insectivorous. Species belonging to this tropic guild are among the first to disappear from forest fragments at the earliest sign of habitat modification (Stouffer et al., 2011). Therefore, a more permeable matrix facilitates their dispersal within landscapes. Not only matrices, but passive restoration, is a cheap and effective solution to recover some taxocenes in the Atlantic Forest (Guerrero & Rocha, 2010). We did not record any dendrocolaptid species and only three thamnophilids, with T. caerulescens being the most common. This species is less sensitive to forest fragmentation (Ribon et al., 2003; Anjos, 2006), occurring in several small fragments (Barbosa et al., 2017) and, apparently, is not affected by changes in the vegetation’s structure at ARIE-SH.

In an area of similar size to ARIE-SH in the municipality of Rio Claro, São Paulo state, a Eucalyptus sp. woodlot with native understory in interior São Paulo state, the bird community is impoverished when compared with a 10-times smaller native remnant (Willis, 2003), a trend in Neotropical forests (Iezzi et al., 2018). The fact that non-deciduous tree species (permanent canopy cover precluding the passage of sunlight) have been used for the reforestation of ARIE-SH resulted in the absence of a native understory. A clear understory contributes to the loss of bird species in such environments, as already reported for the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo (Marsden et al., 2001) and for Argentina (Iezzi et al., 2018). Although Eucalyptus sp. forests can be important within a matrix context, meaning bird species can use them to move among fragments (Barbosa et al., 2017), this is not the case in ARIE-SH, which is surrounded by water and in extremely close proximity to monocultures on the east, such as soybean and maze. Because large-scale (at least 10-year-old) tree planting in corridors adjacent to mature forests results in rapid increased abundance and expanded distribution of forest birds (Pejchar et al., 2018), we draw attention to the need to investigate whether the plant species used for reforestation are adequate for fauna usage of the protection strip bordering Itaipu dam and whether it is being used for travel among National Parks.

Although other empirical studies have observed that habitat modification can lead to an absence of specialist species, it is possible that the noted absence of a species in ARIE-SH is due to recording error or observational failure and that the species was present. Observational failure can be caused by (1) imperfect detection, especially evident when the chance of detecting a species is less than 1 (Mackenzie et al., 2017), or (2) because the species are in ARIE-SH microhabitats that we did not visit.

Similarity

The Similarity Index between the composition of the aquatic avifauna found by Lara (1994) suggests that almost 70% of the aquatic avifauna remained the same at ARIE-SH. This index is relatively high when compared to those found by da Da Silva-Jr. (2007), who monitored bird composition within the Caiapó River Valley in the state of Goiás, pre- and post-filling of small lakes behind two dams. The author obtained Sji = 0.23, an expressive, but expected, dissimilar result since the author censused bird communities during completely different times: before and after damming.

Lara (1994) visited ARIE-SH some five years after Itaipu dam began filling up. Then, microhabitats which are not currently found, may have been present, such as sand beaches suitable for finding several piper species. We only recorded groups of the White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus (not on beaches, but afloat on macrophytes) and lone individuals of Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria, while Lara (1994) could find another three of these migratory species. In addition, the author detected the Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, a very common species in pastures which we did not see on aquatic environments. Apart from the Gray-necked Wood-Rail Aramides cajaneus, commoner to the northeast of the state (Scherer-Neto et al., 2011), the remaining species we did not record within ARIE-SH were actually seen by us in similar habitats on other locations in the municipality. Similarly, the two species Lara (1994) failed to detect during her censuses probably result from randomness.

Species accounts

Busarellus nigricollis (Black-collared Hawk): Considered endangered in Paraná (Paraná, 2018). This species occurs in almost all of Brazil (Bierregaard et al., 2020), but there are few records of its presence in Paraná. We saw a lone individual on the shores of Lake Itaipu in a bay with exposed stumps surrounded by riparian vegetation (24°47′46″S, 54°21′56″W) in June, August, September and November (Fig. 4). There was an abundance of aquatic macrophytes observed, such as Eicchornia spp. and Salvinia sp. First recorded in Paraná in Altônia in 1989 (Straube & Bornschein, 1995), some five years after Itaipu lake damming. No collector found this large and conspicuous species in this region before, which suggests a recent distribution expansion in the state due to water habitats (absent before damming) created by Itaipu dam. Currently, the species seem to occur almost exclusively on the banks of the Paraná (Scherer-Neto & Straube, 1995) and Paranapanema rivers.

Figure 4
Individual of Busarellus nigricollis photographed at Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area, Santa Helena county.

Laterallus exilis (Gray-breasted Crake): Data deficient in Paraná (Paraná, 2018). It has been observed in the southern region of the Brazilian Amazonia, eastern Brazil (Taylor, 2020) and in northeastern Argentina (Pearman et al., 2000). We skinned an individual who collided with a wall of a UTFPR - Santa Helena faculty building (24°50′43″S, 54°20′38″W) on August 29, 2019 (UTFPR-SH-010). This observation took place about 600 km from the nearest prior sighting of this species, Serra do Mar, Paraná (Batista, 2015), and is the first documented record of the species outside Paraná’s coastal region (Scherer-Neto et al., 2011; Fig. 5). This species inhabits predictable habitats such as flooded grasslands, rice fields, wetlands, and can be easily detected through the playback technique. Its few records in the state denotes a probable underrepresentation and more individuals may be found in specific searches for the species.

Figure 5
Male Laterallus exilis (UTFPR-56) in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views registered at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná campus, city of Santa Helena.

Amazona vinacea (Vinaceous-breasted Parrot): Vulnerable in Paraná (Paraná, 2018). An Atlantic Forest endemic occurring in southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and the province of Misiones in Argentina (Collar et al., 2020). The species has disappeared from most areas in Paraguay and Argentina where they had been historically recorded. Most notably the Itaipu Reserves Complex in Paraguay is of paramount importance for the species (Cockle et al., 2007). The species has a distribution that is quite coincident with that of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze. Our observation is one of the few sightings of A. vinacea in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest (Urben-Filho et al., 2008). We saw six individuals flying over the UTFPR-SH campus (24°50′42″, 54°20′36″W) on December 14, 2018 (Fig. 6). They were silent and appeared to be coming from either the Limoy Reserve on the Paraguayan side of the Paraná River or from ARIE-SH.

Figure 6
Three of the six Amazona vinacea individuals photographed at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná campus, city of Santa Helena (WA4249943).

Herpsilochmus longirostris (Large-billed Antwren): Its distribution in Brazil extends from the states of Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Goiás, extending to the south of Ceará and south of Piauí, Paraná and São Paulo (Zimmer & Isler, 2020). Considered endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado (Silva, 1995), it has a characteristic distributions pattern typical of Cerrado species, which arrive in the interior of Paraná traveling down the Paraná River. Known to be found along the banks of the Ivaí and Paraná rivers (Straube & Urben-Filho, 2005), sightings of this species have been logged approximately 70 km to the north in Palotina (Osaki, 2016) and 100 km to the north in Guaíra (Freitas, 2011), evidencing their presence in western Paraná. While traversing ARIE-SH’s western marginal trail (24°49′59″S, 54°22′04″W) on June 9, 2017, we saw, photographed (Fig. 7), and recorded their vocalizations. Our record represents the southernmost record of the species in Brazil.

Figure 7
Female Herpsilochmus longirostris photographed at Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area, Santa Helena County.

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris (Red-billed Scythebill): Vulnerable in Paraná (Paraná, 2018), it has the widest distribution of its genus, appearing in all five regions of the country and in 22 Brazilian states (Marantz et al., 2020). Although it has been logged in Paraná’s Tibagi River Basin (Anjos et al., 1997), its general distribution pattern indicates that it occurs across Paraná along the Paraná River. Our record is of an individual that collided with a window at the Federal University of Paraná’s campus in the city of Palotina and is the southernmost record of this species in Brazil (Fig. 8).

Figure 8
Individual of Campylorhamphus trochilirostris photographed on the Universidade Federal do Paraná campus, city of Palotina.

Casiornis rufus (Rufous Casiornis): Vulnerable in Paraná (Paraná, 2018), it is found in Bolivia, central Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná and São Paulo, and recently reported in Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay and northern Argentina. During the austral winter, it can be found in small numbers in Peru and north and northeastern Brazil (Scholes, 2020). There are few records of the species having been observed in Paraná (Scherer-Neto et al., 2011). We observed two individuals and taped their vocalizations while walking a trail on the east bank of ARIE-SH (24°50′43″S, 54°21′40″W) on October 20, 2019 (Fig. 9). Our observation is about 250 km south of the previous most southern logged observation in the state (Souza, 2019).

Figure 9
Casiornis rufus photographed at Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area, Santa Helena County.

Campylorhynchus turdinus (Thrush-like Wren): Found in Brazil’s Amazon region, both to the north and south of the Amazon River, also in the states of Mato Grosso (Pantanal), Bahia and northern Espírito Santo (Kroodsma et al., 2020). It has been suggested that the geographic expansion of the species towards the south is a result not only of deforestation, but also of climate change (Hayes et al., 2018). The first record of the species in Paraná was from the city of Foz do Iguaçu (Bencke et al., 2008), which is an urban environment. We first observed it (Fig. 10) in Santa Helena’s city center (24°51′02″S, 54°20′00″W) on March 10, 2017.

Figure 10
Campylorhynchus turdinus photographed in the city of Santa Helena.

Myiothlypis flaveola (Flavescent Warbler): It ranges mainly through north, south and eastern Brazil (Curson & Bonan, 2019. The species is typical in dry seasonal forests found in the country’s interior, which includes northeastern Paraná, but has not been previously recorded in western Paraná (Fitzpatrick et al., 2004; Scherer-Neto et al., 2011). Model et al. (2014) reported its presence in an urban fragment of the city of Cascavel (24°57′20″S, 53°27′19″W), but this report is not documented. Our record from ARIE-SH (24°50′03″S, 54°21′02″W) represents the southernmost record of the species in Brazil, approximately 150 km from the previous southernmost documented sighting (Stencel & Caxambu, 2018). It probably reached western Paraná via the reforested margins of Itaipu Lake. We taped the vocalizations (Fig. 11) of at least two individuals on the 25^th of May and 15^th of November in 2017 and on the 20^th of October in 2019.

Figure 11
Spectrogram of the vocalization (after playback) of an individual of Myiothlypis flaveola recorded at Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area, Santa Helena County.

Eucometis penicillata (Gray-headed Tanager): This species ranges from western portion of the Brazilian state of Maranhão, to the states of Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais and São Paulo (Hilty, 2020). There are few records of the species from Paraná, and all are centered to the northeast bordering São Paulo state (Scherer-Neto et al., 2011). The previous most southern logged observation was at the Caiuá Ecological Station (Scherer-Neto et al., 2008, 2011) near the city Diamante do Norte, Paraná. We observed and photographed an individual (Fig. 12) on June 8, 2019, in secondary vegetation at Coluna Prestes (24°52′05″S, 54°13′06″W) near the city of Diamante d’Oeste, almost 400 km south of the Caiuá Ecological Station. Our observation is the southernmost for Brazil.

Figure 12
Eucometis penicillata photographed at Coluna Prestes, Diamante d’Oeste County.

Sporophila palustris (Marsh Seedeater): Critically endangered in Paraná (Paraná, 2018). Sporophila palustris Marsh Seedeater appears in the center and center east and south of Brazil, northern Argentina, and possibly northern Paraguay (Lowen et al., 1996; Jaramillo, 2020; Vizentin-Bugoni et al., 2013). It breeds in its southern range: Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Uruguay, and northern Argentina (BirdLife International, 2017). A sighting of the species in northwestern Paraná was confirmed over two decades ago (Scherer-Neto & Straube, 1995) and again, much more recently, in eastern Paraná. On November 2, 2016, Paludo (2016) observed two S. palustris individuals in Campina Grande do Sul near Curitiba in eastern Paraná; two days later, we logged and photographed (Fig. 13) one male S. palustris in a small open field on the UTFPR-SH campus. The brief interval and the relatively close proximity of these two S. palustris sightings indicates that flocks of the species were likely migrating south at the beginning of their reproductive season. The individual was among hundreds of S. caerulescens and dozens of S. lineola feeding on native the sourgrass Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde in an area where the exotic 2 m-tall Guinea grass Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) predominated (24°50′49″S, 54°20′07″W). We did not spot S. palustris on following days. These hundreds of other individuals stayed at this location for one week, after which their numbers were significantly lower. We suspect the site served as a resting point while flying over during a migration route. These grasses were cleared in 2017, and new construction has taken their place.

Figure 13
Male Sporophila palustris photographed at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná campus, city of Santa Helena.

On the same date we also saw two male S. collaris and, on the next day, one male S. leucoptera. This S. leucoptera observation was 70 km south of its previous most southern sighting in Paraná, but our sighting is undocumented.

CONCLUSION

There is a relatively great amount of information about the birds of ARIE-SH, but most of it was generated more than 30 years ago, rendering this location as extremely under sampled. The terrestrial bird community at ARIE-SH seems to have undergone a major change over the intervening years, especially with respect to species sensitive to habitat modifications. Some terrestrial species were no longer in evidence (large frugivores and understory insectivores), and others were recorded at ARIE-SH for the first time. From our observations, ARIE-SH’s aquatic bird community remains relatively unchanged. Although the site had been reasonably well studied, it is of utmost importance to continuously monitor its bird populations to properly document how their community is being affected by habitat modification in the form of flora fragmentation and composition. The changes in the native forest avian species’ populations at ARIE-SH reported in our inventories reinforces the importance of avian surveys taking to gauge the effects of severe habitat modification, such as occurred at ARIE-SH, on bird populations, especially endangered species’ populations, if the goal of maintaining avian diversity is to be met.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná campus Santa Helena for financial and structural support. To Fundação Araucária for a scholarship for ISQ. To Edson Poier for making water censuses possible. To Itaipu Binacional for allowing this study to be conducted. To Pedro Scherer-Neto who contributed to the difficult-to-obtain literature used here. To Luís F. Silveira for kindly allowing access to MZUSP bird collection. Antenor Silva-Júnior kindly contributed with specimens’ data deposited under his care. For accompanying us traversing Santa Helena and region: Adriana B. Bussler, Ana P. Zingler, Jonas P. Grigolo, Júlio C.S.M. de Souza, Liamara C. Zagonel, Lucas P. de Oliveira, Nathália L.E. Januário and Sara O.G. Maicrovicz. Data on ARIE-SH were exhaustively collected thanks to the fundamental collaboration of Denise Lange, Edicléia Bonini, Heleno Brandão, Leonardo Biral (who also identified the sourgrass species), Rejane B. de Oliveira and Tatiane Tambarussi. To André Rüdiger who alerted us to the record of C. trochilirostris. We thank João Maicrovicz and Jaqueline R. dos Santos for contributing with information during the 2020 coronavirus quarantine period. We extend our gratitude to all citizen scientists who, even unintentionally, greatly contribute to our understanding of Brazilian birds. Dione Seripierri kindly provided difficult-to-find references. We conducted our research according to a SISBio permit (56171-1). Anonymous reviewers greatly contributed to the first draft of this manuscript. Christopher C. Fields reviewed the English.

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• Published with the financial support of the "Programa de Apoio às Publicações Científicas Periódicas da USP"

APPENDIX

List of bird species recorded within Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area (ARIE-SH) and surroundings. IFL: Index of Frequency in Lists. DdO: Diamante d’Oeste, SH: municipality of Santa Helena, UTFPR: Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná campus. Documentations are A: aural, P: photographed, R: recording, V: visual. Numbers refer to studies. 1: Scherer-Neto (1986, 1987), 2: Lara (1994), 3: Kliver (2010) and 4: this study. MHNCI = Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, MZUSP = Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo.

Taxa English name IFL ARIE-SH DdO SH UTFPR Documentation Tinamiformes Tinamidae Crypturellus obsoletus Brown Tinamou 1,3 Crypturellus parvirostris Small-billed Tinamou 1,3 Crypturellus tataupa Tataupa Tinamou 0.094 1,3,4 X A,R Rhynchotus rufescens Red-winged Tinamou 1,3,4 X X A Nothura maculosa Spotted Nothura 1,3 Anseriformes Anatidae Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous Whistling-Duck 1,4 V Dendrocygna viduata White-faced Whistling-Duck 0.016 1,2,3,4 X A,P,V Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck 0.016 1,2,3,4 P,V Sarkidiornis sylvicola Comb Duck 1,3 Amazonetta brasiliensis Brazilian Teal 1,2,3,4 X A,P,V Anas bahamensis White-cheeked Pintail 1 Netta erythrophthalma Southern Pochard 3 Netta peposaca Rosy-billed Pochard 3 Nomonyx dominicus Masked Duck 1,3 Galliformes Cracidae Penelope superciliaris Rusty-margined Guan 3,4 X A,V Podicipediformes Podicipedidae Rollandia rolland White-tufted Grebe 3 X MHNCI Tachybaptus dominicus Least Grebe 1,3 Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe 1,3,4 P,V Ciconiiformes Ciconiidae Mycteria americana Wood Stork 3,4 V Suliformes Phalacrocoracidae Nannopterum brasilianus Neotropic Cormorant 1,2,4 P,V Anhingidae Anhinga anhinga Anhinga 1,2,4 V Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Tigrisoma lineatum Rufescent Tiger-Heron 3,4 V Ixobrychus involucris Stripe-backed Bittern 3 Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night-Heron 1,2,3 Sítio Paraná P,V Butorides striata Striated Heron 1,2,3,4 A,P,V Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret 1,2,3,4 P,V Ardea cocoi Cocoi Heron 0.016 1,2,3,4 P,V Ardea alba Great Egret 1,2,3,4 P,V Syrigma sibilatrix Whistling Heron 1,3,4 A,P,V Egretta thula Snowy Egret 1,2,3,4 P,V Threskiornithidae Mesembrinibis cayennensis Green Ibis 0.016 3,4 X A,V Phimosus infuscatus Bare-faced Ibis 4 X P,V Cathartiformes Cathartidae Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture 1,3,4 P,V Coragyps atratus Black Vulture 0.031 1,3,4 X X P,V Accipitriformes Pandionidae Pandion haliaetus Osprey 1,3,4 P,V Accipitridae Leptodon cayanensis Gray-headed Kite 3 Elanoides forficatus Swallow-tailed Kite 1,4 X V Elanus leucurus White-tailed Kite 3,4 X V Ictinia plumbea Plumbeous Kite 3,4 V Busarellus nigricollis Black-collared Hawk 4 V Rostrhamus sociabilis Snail Kite 3,4 P,V Geranospiza caerulescens Crane Hawk 3 Urubitinga urubitinga Great Black Hawk 3,4 V Rupornis magnirostris Roadside Hawk 0.031 1,3,4 X A,P,V Parabuteo leucorrhous White-rumped Hawk 3 Gruiformes Aramidae Aramus guarauna Limpkin 2,3,4 X A,P,V Rallidae Aramides cajaneus Gray-necked Wood-Rail 1,2,3 Aramides saracura Slaty-breasted Wood-Rail 1,2,3,4 X A,P,V Laterallus melanophaius Rufous-sided Crake 3 Laterallus exilis Gray-breasted Crake X S Porzana flaviventer Yellow-breasted Crake 3 Mustelirallus albicollis Ash-throated Crake 3,4 A Pardirallus nigricans Blackish Rail 1,2,3,4 A Gallinula galeata Common Gallinule 0.047 1,2,3,4 A,P,V Porphyriops melanops Spot-flanked Gallinule 1,3 Porphyrio martinicus Purple Gallinule 1,2,3,4 V Fulica armillata Red-gartered Coot 3 Fulica leucoptera White-winged Coot 3 Heliornithidae Heliornis fulica Sungrebe 1 Charadriiformes Charadriidae Vanellus chilensis Southern Lapwing 0.063 1,2,3,4 X A,P,V Pluvialis dominica American Golden-Plover 3 Charadrius collaris Collared Plover 2,3 Recurvirostrie Himantopus melanurus White-backed Stilt 1,2,3,4 P,V Scolopacidae Gallinago undulata Giant Snipe 3 Actitis macularius Spotted Sandpiper 4 P,V Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper 2,3,4 P,V Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs 1,4 P,V Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs 1,2,3 Calidris fuscicollis White-rumped Sandpiper 2,3 Jacanidae Jacana jacana Wattled Jacana 0.016 1,2,3,4 A,P,V Sternidae Sternula superciliaris Yellow-billed Tern 2 Phaetusa simplex Large-billed Tern 3,4 X A,V Rynchopidae Rynchops niger Black Skimmer 1,3 Columbiformes Columbidae Columbina minuta Plain-breasted Ground-Dove 1 Columbina talpacoti Ruddy Ground-Dove 0.078 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Columbina squammata Scaled Dove 1,3,4 A,P,V Columbina picui Picui Ground-Dove 1,3,4 A,P,V Claravis pretiosa Blue Ground-Dove 3 Patagioenas picazuro Picazuro Pigeon 0.203 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Patagioenas cayennensis Pale-vented Pigeon 1,3,4 A,P,V Patagioenas plumbea Plumbeous Pigeon X MHNCI Zenaida auriculata Eared Dove 1,3,4 X A,P,V Leptotila verreauxi White-tipped Dove 0.250 1,3,4 X A,P,V Leptotila rufaxilla Gray-fronted Dove 1,3 Geotrygon montana Ruddy Quail-Dove 3 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Piaya cayana Squirrel Cuckoo 1,3,4 X A,P,V Coccyzus melacoryphus Dark-billed Cuckoo 1,3,4 X X A,P,V,MHNCI Crotophaga major Greater Ani 1,3,4 A,P,V Crotophaga ani Smooth-billed Ani 0.031 1,3,4 X A,P,V Guira guira Guira Cuckoo 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Tapera naevia Striped Cuckoo 1,3,4 A Dromococcyx pavoninus Pavonine Cuckoo 0.063 4 A,R Strigiformes Tytonidae Tyto furcata American Barn Owl 3,4 X S Strigidae Megascops choliba Tropical Screech-Owl 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Strix hylophila Rusty-barred Owl 3 Athene cunicularia Burrowing Owl 1,3,4 A,P,V Nyctibiiformes Nyctibiidae Nyctibius griseus Common Potoo 3,4 X X A,P,V,MHNCI Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Lurocalis semitorquatus Short-tailed Nighthawk 3,4 A,V Nyctidromus albicollis Common Pauraque 0.016 3,4 X A Hydropsalis parvula Little Nightjar 3,4 X A Hydropsalis torquata Scissor-tailed Nightjar 3 Podager nacunda Nacunda Nighthawk 3,4 X P,V Chordeiles acutipennis Lesser Nighthawk 3 Apodiformes Apodidae Cypseloides senex Great Dusky Swift 1 X MHNCI,MZUSP Streptoprocne zonaris White-collared Swift 3 Trochilidae Phaethornis pretrei Planalto Hermit 0.078 1,3,4 X X X A,V Phaethornis eurynome Scale-throated Hermit 3 Florisuga fusca Black Jacobin 4 X A,P,V Anthracothorax nigricollis Black-throated Mango 3 Stephanoxis loddigesii Violet-crowned Plovercrest 3 Chlorostilbon lucidus Glittering-bellied Emerald 1,3 X A,V Thalurania glaucopis Violet-capped Woodnymph 3 Hylocharis chrysura Gilded Hummingbird 0.016 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Leucochloris albicollis White-throated Hummingbird 4 X A,P,V Amazilia versicolor Versicolored Emerald 0.016 1,3 V Trogoniformes Trogonidae Trogon surrucura Surucua Trogon 0.094 3,4 X X A,P,V Trogon rufus Black-throated Trogon 3 Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Megaceryle torquata Ringed Kingfisher 0.016 1,2,3,4 X A,V Chloroceryle amazona Amazon Kingfisher 1,2,3,4 A,P,V Chloroceryle americana Green Kingfisher 2,3,4 A,V Momotidae Baryphthengus ruficapillus Rufous-capped Motmot 3 Subsede P Galbuliformes Bucconidae Nystalus chacuru White-eared Puffbird 3 Piciformes Ramphastidae Selenidera maculirostris Spot-billed Toucanet 3 Pteroglossus castanotis Chestnut-eared Aracari 0.078 3,4 X A,P,V Picidae Picumnus temminckii Ochre-collared Piculet 0.031 1,3,4 X A,P,V Melanerpes candidus White Woodpecker 3,4 X A,V Melanerpes flavifrons Yellow-fronted Woodpecker 3 Veniliornis spilogaster White-spotted Woodpecker 0.047 1,3,4 X A,P,V Piculus aurulentus White-browed Woodpecker 1,3 Colaptes melanochloros Green-barred Woodpecker 1,3,4 X A,V Colaptes campestris Campo Flicker 1,3,4 X A,V Celeus flavescens Blond-crested Woodpecker 0.031 3,4 X A,P,V Dryocopus lineatus Lineated Woodpecker 3 Campephilus robustus Robust Woodpecker 3 Falconiformes Falconidae Caracara plancus Southern Caracara 1,3,4 A,P,V Milvago chimachima Yellow-headed Caracara 1,3,4 X A,P,V Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon 3 Micrastur semitorquatus Collared Forest-Falcon 0.016 3,4 X A,R Falco sparverius American Kestrel 1,3 X A,V Falco rufigularis Bat Falcon 3 P,V Falco femoralis Aplomado Falcon 3,4 X V Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon 1,3 Psittaciformes Psittacidae Ara chloropterus Red-and-green Macaw 3 Psittacara leucophthalmus White-eyed Parakeet 1,3,4 A Pyrrhura frontalis Maroon-bellied Parakeet 3 Myiopsitta monachus X A,V Forpus xanthopterygius Blue-winged Parrotlet 1,3 Brotogeris chiriri Yellow-chevroned Parakeet 0.063 3,4 X A,P,V Pionopsitta pileata Pileated Parrot 1,3 Pionus maximiliani Scaly-headed Parrot 3 Amazona vinacea Vinaceous-breasted Parrot 3,4 X P,V Amazona aestiva Turquoise-fronted Parrot 3,4 X A Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Dysithamnus mentalis Plain Antvireo 3 Herpsilochmus longirostris Large-billed Antwren 4 A,P,R,V Thamnophilus doliatus Barred Antshrike 0.016 4 X X A,P,V Thamnophilus ruficapillus Rufous-capped Antshrike 3 Thamnophilus caerulescens Variable Antshrike 0.219 1,3,4 X A,P,V Taraba major Great Antshrike 3 Mackenziaena leachii Large-tailed Antshrike 3 Pyriglena leucoptera White-shouldered Fire-eye 1 Drymophila malura Dusky-tailed Antbird 1 Conopophagidae Conopophaga lineata Rufous Gnateater 1,3 X A,V Formicariidae Chamaeza campanisona Short-tailed Antthrush 3 Dendrocolaptidae Sittasomus griseicapillus Olivaceous Woodcreeper 3 Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Red-billed Scythebill UFPR Palotina P Dendrocolaptes platyrostris Planalto Woodcreeper 1,3 Xiphocolaptes albicollis White-throated Woodcreeper 3 Furnariidae Furnarius rufus Rufous Hornero 0.031 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Phleocryptes melanops Wren-like Rushbird 1 Automolus leucophthalmus White-eyed Foliage-gleaner X A,V Philydor rufum Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner 3 Certhiaxis cinnamomeus Yellow-chinned Spinetail 0.016 1,3,4 A,P,V Synallaxis ruficapilla Rufous-capped Spinetail 3 Synallaxis cinerascens Gray-bellied Spinetail 3 Synallaxis frontalis Sooty-fronted Spinetail 0.016 1,3,4 X A,R Synallaxis spixi Spix’s Spinetail 1,3 Pipridae Pipra fasciicauda Band-tailed Manakin X A,P,R,V Chiroxiphia caudata Swallow-tailed Manakin 3 Tityridae Schiffornis virescens Greenish Schiffornis 3 Tityra inquisitor Black-crowned Tityra 3 Tityra cayana Black-tailed Tityra 3 Pachyramphus viridis Green-backed Becard 3 Pachyramphus castaneus Chestnut-crowned Becard 3 Pachyramphus validus Crested Becard 0.016 3,4 X X A,P,V Cotingidae Pyroderus scutatus Red-ruffed Fruitcrow 3 Platyrinchidae Platyrinchus mystaceus White-throated Spadebill 3 Rhynchocyclidae Mionectes rufiventris Gray-hooded Flycatcher 3 Leptopogon amaurocephalus Sepia-capped Flycatcher 0.125 3,4 X A,P,V Corythopis delalandi Southern Antpipit 0.234 3,4 X A,P,V Phylloscartes ventralis Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet 3 Tolmomyias sulphurescens Yellow-olive Flycatcher 3,4 A Todirostrum cinereum Common Tody-Flycatcher 0.047 4 X X A,P,V Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps Ochre-faced Tody-Flycatcher 1,3 Myiornis auricularis Eared Pygmy-Tyrant 3 X A,P,V Hemitriccus diops Drab-breasted Pygmy-Tyrant 3 Hemitriccus obsoletus Brown-breasted Pygmy-Tyrant 3 Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer Pearly-vented Tody-tyrant 0.016 3,4 X A,P,V Tyrannidae Euscarthmus meloryphus Tawny-crowned Pygmy-Tyrant 1,3 Camptostoma obsoletum Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet 1,3,4 A,P,V Elaenia sp. X S MHNCI Elaenia flavogaster Yellow-bellied Elaenia 1,3,4 X A,P,V Elaenia spectabilis Large Elaenia 0.016 4 X A,P,V,S Elaenia mesoleuca Olivaceous Elaenia 4 A,R Myiopagis caniceps Gray Elaenia 0.016 4 X A,P,R,V Myiopagis viridicata Greenish Elaenia 0.047 4 X A,P,R,V Capsiempis flaveola Yellow Tyrannulet 0.063 1,4 X A,P,R,V Phaeomyias murina Mouse-colored Tyrannulet 0.016 4 A,P,R,V Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris Warbling Doradito 3 Serpophaga subcristata White-crested Tyrannulet 1,3,4 X A,P,R,V Legatus leucophaius Piratic Flycatcher 3 Ramphotrigon megacephalum Large-headed Flatbill 3 Myiarchus swainsoni Swainson’s Flycatcher 1,3 Myiarchus ferox Short-crested Flycatcher 0.031 3,4 A,P,V Myiarchus tyrannulus Brown-crested Flycatcher 0.047 3 A Sirystes sibilator Sibilant Sirystes 1,3 Casiornis rufus Rufous Casiornis 4 A,P,V Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee 0.188 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Machetornis rixosa Cattle Tyrant 1,3,4 X A,P,V Myiodynastes maculatus Streaked Flycatcher 0.031 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Megarynchus pitangua Boat-billed Flycatcher 0.141 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Myiozetetes similis Social Flycatcher 0.109 1,4 X X A,P,V Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Kingbird 0.016 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Tyrannus savana Fork-tailed Flycatcher 1,3,4 X A,P,V Empidonomus varius Variegated Flycatcher 0.016 3,4 X X A,P,V Colonia colonus Long-tailed Tyrant 3 Myiophobus fasciatus Bran-colored Flycatcher 0.016 1,3 A Pyrocephalus rubinus Vermilion Flycatcher 3 Fluvicola albiventer Black-backed Water-Tyrant 1,3,4 P,V Arundinicola leucocephala White-headed Marsh Tyrant 1,3,4 P,V Cnemotriccus fuscatus Fuscous Flycatcher 0.250 1,3,4 X A,P,R,V,MHNCI Lathrotriccus euleri Euler’s Flycatcher 0.125 3,4 A,R Contopus cinereus Tropical Pewee 3 Knipolegus cyanirostris Blue-billed Black-Tyrant X A,P,V Hymenops perspicillatus Spectacled Tyrant 3 Satrapa icterophrys Yellow-browed Tyrant 3 Vireonidae Cyclarhis gujanensis Rufous-browed Peppershrike 0.047 3,4 X A,P,V Vireo chivi Chivi Vireo 0.078 1,3,4 X A,R Corvidae Cyanocorax chrysops Plush-crested Jay 0.063 1,3,4 X A,P,V Hirundinidae Pygochelidon cyanoleuca Blue-and-white Swallow 1,3 X A,V Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Southern Rough-winged Swallow 1,3,4 A,P,V Progne tapera Brown-chested Martin 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Progne chalybea Gray-breasted Martin 1,3 X X A,P,V Tachycineta albiventer White-winged Swallow 1,3 Tachycineta leucorrhoa White-rumped Swallow 1,3,4 V Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow 1,3 Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow 1,3 Troglodytidae Troglodytes musculus Southern House Wren 0.125 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Campylorhynchus turdinus Thrush-like Wren X A,P,R,V Donacobiidae Donacobius atricapilla Black-capped Donacobius 0.016 3,4 A,P,V Turdidae Turdus leucomelas Pale-breasted Thrush 0.234 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Turdus rufiventris Rufous-bellied Thrush 0.031 1,3,4 X A,P,V Turdus amaurochalinus Creamy-bellied Thrush 0.031 1,3,4 X A,P,V Turdus subalaris Eastern Slaty Thrush 3 Turdus albicollis White-necked Thrush 3 Mimidae Mimus saturninus Chalk-browed Mockingbird 1,3,4 X A,P,V Mimus triurus White-banded Mockingbird 3 Motaciliidae Anthus lutescens Yellowish Pipit Morro dos Sete Pecados A,P,V Anthus hellmayri Hellmayr’s Pipit 1,3 Passerelidae Zonotrichia capensis Rufous-collared Sparrow 1,3 X A Ammodramus humeralis Grassland Sparrow 1,3 A Arremon flavirostris Saffron-billed Sparrow 0.234 1,3,4 X A,P,V,MHNCI Parulidae Setophaga pitiayumi Tropical Parula 0.078 3,4 X A,V Geothlypis aequinoctialis Masked Yellowthroat 1,3,4 A,V Basileuterus culicivorus Golden-crowned Warbler 0.359 1,3,4 X A,P,V Myiothlypis flaveola Flavescent Warbler 0.047 4 A,R,V Myiothlypis leucoblephara White-browed Warbler 3 Icteridae Procacicus solitarius Solitary Black Cacique 3 Cacicus haemorrhous Red-rumped Cacique 0.063 3,4 X X X A,P,R,V Icterus pyrrhopterus Variable Oriole 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Gnorimopsar chopi Chopi Blackbird 3 Agelasticus cyanopus Unicolored Blackbird 3 Chrysomus ruficapillus Chestnut-capped Blackbird 1,3 Molothrus oryzivorus Giant Cowbird 4 P,V Molothrus bonariensis Shiny Cowbird 0.016 1,3,4 X A,P,V Sturnella superciliaris White-browed Meadowlark 1,3,4 X A,P,V Thraupidae Pipraeidea melanonota Fawn-breasted Tanager 3,4 X A,P,V Pipraeidea bonariensis Blue-and-yellow Tanager X P,V Cissopis leverianus Magpie Tanager 3 Schistochlamys ruficapillus Cinnamon Tanager 3 Paroaria capitata Yellow-billed Cardinal V Tangara sayaca Sayaca Tanager 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Tangara palmarum Palm Tanager X A,V Tangara cayana Burnished-buff Tanager 0.031 1,3,4 X X A,P,V Conirostrum speciosum Chestnut-vented Conebill 0.047 3,4 X A,P,V Sicalis flaveola Saffron Finch 3,4 A,P,V Haplospiza unicolor Uniform Finch 3 Hemithraupis guira Guira Tanager 3 Hemithraupis ruficapilla Rufous-headed Tanager 3 Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Grassquit 1,3 X A,P,V Eucometis penicillata Gray-headed Tanager X P,V Trichothraupis melanops Black-goggled Tanager 0.031 1,3,4 A,R,V Coryphospingus cucullatus Red-crested Finch 0.031 1,3,4 X A,P,V Tachyphonus coronatus Ruby-crowned Tanager 0.016 1,3,4 X A,P,R,V Tersina viridis Swallow Tanager 0.016 3,4 X X A Dacnis cayana Blue Dacnis 0.047 3,4 X X A,P,V Coereba flaveola Bananaquit X X A,V Sporophila collaris Rusty-collared Seedeater 3,4 X A,P,V Sporophila nigricollis Yellow-bellied Seedeater 3 Sporophila caerulescens Double-collared Seedeater 1,3,4 X A,P,V Sporophila leucoptera White-bellied Seedeater X V Sporophila palustris Marsh Seedeater X P,V Sporophila angolensis Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch 1 Saltator similis Green-winged Saltator 0.016 3,4 A,V Thlypopsis sordida Orange-headed Tanager 3 Pyrrhocoma ruficeps Chestnut-headed Tanager 3 Cardinalidae Habia rubica Red-crowned Ant-Tanager 3 Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea Glaucous-blue Grosbeak 3 Cyanoloxia brissonii Ultramarine Grosbeak 1,3 Fringiliidae Spinus magellanicus Hooded Siskin 1,3 Euphonia chlorotica Purple-throated Euphonia 0.078 3,4 X X A,P,R,V Euphonia violacea Violaceous Euphonia 3 Euphonia chalybea Green-throated Euphonia 3 Estrildidae Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill X X A Passeridae Passer domesticus House Sparrow 3,4 X P,V

Taxa			English name	IFL	ARIE-SH	DdO	SH	UTFPR	Documentation
Tinamiformes
	Tinamidae
		Crypturellus obsoletus	Brown Tinamou		1,3
		Crypturellus parvirostris	Small-billed Tinamou		1,3
		Crypturellus tataupa	Tataupa Tinamou	0.094	1,3,4			X	A,R
		Rhynchotus rufescens	Red-winged Tinamou		1,3,4	X		X	A
		Nothura maculosa	Spotted Nothura		1,3
Anseriformes
	Anatidae
		Dendrocygna bicolor	Fulvous Whistling-Duck		1,4				V
		Dendrocygna viduata	White-faced Whistling-Duck	0.016	1,2,3,4		X		A,P,V
		Cairina moschata	Muscovy Duck	0.016	1,2,3,4				P,V
		Sarkidiornis sylvicola	Comb Duck		1,3
		Amazonetta brasiliensis	Brazilian Teal		1,2,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Anas bahamensis	White-cheeked Pintail		1
		Netta erythrophthalma	Southern Pochard		3
		Netta peposaca	Rosy-billed Pochard		3
		Nomonyx dominicus	Masked Duck		1,3
Galliformes
	Cracidae
		Penelope superciliaris	Rusty-margined Guan		3,4	X			A,V
Podicipediformes
	Podicipedidae
		Rollandia rolland	White-tufted Grebe		3		X		MHNCI
		Tachybaptus dominicus	Least Grebe		1,3
		Podilymbus podiceps	Pied-billed Grebe		1,3,4				P,V
Ciconiiformes
	Ciconiidae
		Mycteria americana	Wood Stork		3,4				V
Suliformes
	Phalacrocoracidae
		Nannopterum brasilianus	Neotropic Cormorant		1,2,4				P,V
	Anhingidae
		Anhinga anhinga	Anhinga		1,2,4				V
Pelecaniformes
	Ardeidae
		Tigrisoma lineatum	Rufescent Tiger-Heron		3,4				V
		Ixobrychus involucris	Stripe-backed Bittern		3
		Nycticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned Night-Heron		1,2,3		Sítio Paraná		P,V
		Butorides striata	Striated Heron		1,2,3,4				A,P,V
		Bubulcus ibis	Cattle Egret		1,2,3,4				P,V
		Ardea cocoi	Cocoi Heron	0.016	1,2,3,4				P,V
		Ardea alba	Great Egret		1,2,3,4				P,V
		Syrigma sibilatrix	Whistling Heron		1,3,4				A,P,V
		Egretta thula	Snowy Egret		1,2,3,4				P,V
	Threskiornithidae
		Mesembrinibis cayennensis	Green Ibis	0.016	3,4	X			A,V
		Phimosus infuscatus	Bare-faced Ibis		4	X			P,V
Cathartiformes
	Cathartidae
		Cathartes aura	Turkey Vulture		1,3,4				P,V
		Coragyps atratus	Black Vulture	0.031	1,3,4	X	X		P,V
Accipitriformes
	Pandionidae
		Pandion haliaetus	Osprey		1,3,4				P,V
	Accipitridae
		Leptodon cayanensis	Gray-headed Kite		3
		Elanoides forficatus	Swallow-tailed Kite		1,4		X		V
		Elanus leucurus	White-tailed Kite		3,4			X	V
		Ictinia plumbea	Plumbeous Kite		3,4				V
		Busarellus nigricollis	Black-collared Hawk		4				V
		Rostrhamus sociabilis	Snail Kite		3,4				P,V
		Geranospiza caerulescens	Crane Hawk		3
		Urubitinga urubitinga	Great Black Hawk		3,4				V
		Rupornis magnirostris	Roadside Hawk	0.031	1,3,4		X		A,P,V
		Parabuteo leucorrhous	White-rumped Hawk		3
Gruiformes
	Aramidae
		Aramus guarauna	Limpkin		2,3,4	X			A,P,V
	Rallidae
		Aramides cajaneus	Gray-necked Wood-Rail		1,2,3
		Aramides saracura	Slaty-breasted Wood-Rail		1,2,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Laterallus melanophaius	Rufous-sided Crake		3
		Laterallus exilis	Gray-breasted Crake					X	S
		Porzana flaviventer	Yellow-breasted Crake		3
		Mustelirallus albicollis	Ash-throated Crake		3,4				A
		Pardirallus nigricans	Blackish Rail		1,2,3,4				A
		Gallinula galeata	Common Gallinule	0.047	1,2,3,4				A,P,V
		Porphyriops melanops	Spot-flanked Gallinule		1,3
		Porphyrio martinicus	Purple Gallinule		1,2,3,4				V
		Fulica armillata	Red-gartered Coot		3
		Fulica leucoptera	White-winged Coot		3
	Heliornithidae
		Heliornis fulica	Sungrebe		1
Charadriiformes
	Charadriidae
		Vanellus chilensis	Southern Lapwing	0.063	1,2,3,4		X		A,P,V
		Pluvialis dominica	American Golden-Plover		3
		Charadrius collaris	Collared Plover		2,3
	Recurvirostrie
		Himantopus melanurus	White-backed Stilt		1,2,3,4				P,V
	Scolopacidae
		Gallinago undulata	Giant Snipe		3
		Actitis macularius	Spotted Sandpiper		4				P,V
		Tringa solitaria	Solitary Sandpiper		2,3,4				P,V
		Tringa melanoleuca	Greater Yellowlegs		1,4				P,V
		Tringa flavipes	Lesser Yellowlegs		1,2,3
		Calidris fuscicollis	White-rumped Sandpiper		2,3
	Jacanidae
		Jacana jacana	Wattled Jacana	0.016	1,2,3,4				A,P,V
	Sternidae
		Sternula superciliaris	Yellow-billed Tern		2
		Phaetusa simplex	Large-billed Tern		3,4			X	A,V
	Rynchopidae
		Rynchops niger	Black Skimmer		1,3
Columbiformes
	Columbidae
		Columbina minuta	Plain-breasted Ground-Dove		1
		Columbina talpacoti	Ruddy Ground-Dove	0.078	1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Columbina squammata	Scaled Dove		1,3,4				A,P,V
		Columbina picui	Picui Ground-Dove		1,3,4				A,P,V
		Claravis pretiosa	Blue Ground-Dove		3
		Patagioenas picazuro	Picazuro Pigeon	0.203	1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Patagioenas cayennensis	Pale-vented Pigeon		1,3,4				A,P,V
		Patagioenas plumbea	Plumbeous Pigeon				X		MHNCI
		Zenaida auriculata	Eared Dove		1,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Leptotila verreauxi	White-tipped Dove	0.250	1,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Leptotila rufaxilla	Gray-fronted Dove		1,3
		Geotrygon montana	Ruddy Quail-Dove		3
Cuculiformes
	Cuculidae
		Piaya cayana	Squirrel Cuckoo		1,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Coccyzus melacoryphus	Dark-billed Cuckoo		1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V,MHNCI
		Crotophaga major	Greater Ani		1,3,4				A,P,V
		Crotophaga ani	Smooth-billed Ani	0.031	1,3,4		X		A,P,V
		Guira guira	Guira Cuckoo		1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Tapera naevia	Striped Cuckoo		1,3,4				A
		Dromococcyx pavoninus	Pavonine Cuckoo	0.063	4				A,R
Strigiformes
	Tytonidae
		Tyto furcata	American Barn Owl		3,4		X		S
	Strigidae
		Megascops choliba	Tropical Screech-Owl		1,3,4		X	X	A,P,V
		Strix hylophila	Rusty-barred Owl		3
		Athene cunicularia	Burrowing Owl		1,3,4				A,P,V
Nyctibiiformes
	Nyctibiidae
		Nyctibius griseus	Common Potoo		3,4		X	X	A,P,V,MHNCI
Caprimulgiformes
	Caprimulgidae
		Lurocalis semitorquatus	Short-tailed Nighthawk		3,4				A,V
		Nyctidromus albicollis	Common Pauraque	0.016	3,4			X	A
		Hydropsalis parvula	Little Nightjar		3,4			X	A
		Hydropsalis torquata	Scissor-tailed Nightjar		3
		Podager nacunda	Nacunda Nighthawk		3,4		X		P,V
		Chordeiles acutipennis	Lesser Nighthawk		3
Apodiformes
	Apodidae
		Cypseloides senex	Great Dusky Swift		1		X		MHNCI,MZUSP
		Streptoprocne zonaris	White-collared Swift		3
	Trochilidae
		Phaethornis pretrei	Planalto Hermit	0.078	1,3,4	X	X	X	A,V
		Phaethornis eurynome	Scale-throated Hermit		3
		Florisuga fusca	Black Jacobin		4		X		A,P,V
		Anthracothorax nigricollis	Black-throated Mango		3
		Stephanoxis loddigesii	Violet-crowned Plovercrest		3
		Chlorostilbon lucidus	Glittering-bellied Emerald		1,3		X		A,V
		Thalurania glaucopis	Violet-capped Woodnymph		3
		Hylocharis chrysura	Gilded Hummingbird	0.016	1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Leucochloris albicollis	White-throated Hummingbird		4		X		A,P,V
		Amazilia versicolor	Versicolored Emerald	0.016	1,3				V
Trogoniformes
	Trogonidae
		Trogon surrucura	Surucua Trogon	0.094	3,4	X		X	A,P,V
		Trogon rufus	Black-throated Trogon		3
Coraciiformes
	Alcedinidae
		Megaceryle torquata	Ringed Kingfisher	0.016	1,2,3,4	X			A,V
		Chloroceryle amazona	Amazon Kingfisher		1,2,3,4				A,P,V
		Chloroceryle americana	Green Kingfisher		2,3,4				A,V
	Momotidae
		Baryphthengus ruficapillus	Rufous-capped Motmot		3		Subsede		P
Galbuliformes
	Bucconidae
		Nystalus chacuru	White-eared Puffbird		3
Piciformes
	Ramphastidae
		Selenidera maculirostris	Spot-billed Toucanet		3
		Pteroglossus castanotis	Chestnut-eared Aracari	0.078	3,4		X		A,P,V
	Picidae
		Picumnus temminckii	Ochre-collared Piculet	0.031	1,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Melanerpes candidus	White Woodpecker		3,4		X		A,V
		Melanerpes flavifrons	Yellow-fronted Woodpecker		3
		Veniliornis spilogaster	White-spotted Woodpecker	0.047	1,3,4			X	A,P,V
		Piculus aurulentus	White-browed Woodpecker		1,3
		Colaptes melanochloros	Green-barred Woodpecker		1,3,4			X	A,V
		Colaptes campestris	Campo Flicker		1,3,4	X			A,V
		Celeus flavescens	Blond-crested Woodpecker	0.031	3,4			X	A,P,V
		Dryocopus lineatus	Lineated Woodpecker		3
		Campephilus robustus	Robust Woodpecker		3
Falconiformes
	Falconidae
		Caracara plancus	Southern Caracara		1,3,4				A,P,V
		Milvago chimachima	Yellow-headed Caracara		1,3,4		X		A,P,V
		Herpetotheres cachinnans	Laughing Falcon		3
		Micrastur semitorquatus	Collared Forest-Falcon	0.016	3,4			X	A,R
		Falco sparverius	American Kestrel		1,3		X		A,V
		Falco rufigularis	Bat Falcon		3				P,V
		Falco femoralis	Aplomado Falcon		3,4			X	V
		Falco peregrinus	Peregrine Falcon		1,3
Psittaciformes
	Psittacidae
		Ara chloropterus	Red-and-green Macaw		3
		Psittacara leucophthalmus	White-eyed Parakeet		1,3,4				A
		Pyrrhura frontalis	Maroon-bellied Parakeet		3
		Myiopsitta monachus					X		A,V
		Forpus xanthopterygius	Blue-winged Parrotlet		1,3
		Brotogeris chiriri	Yellow-chevroned Parakeet	0.063	3,4		X		A,P,V
		Pionopsitta pileata	Pileated Parrot		1,3
		Pionus maximiliani	Scaly-headed Parrot		3
		Amazona vinacea	Vinaceous-breasted Parrot		3,4			X	P,V
		Amazona aestiva	Turquoise-fronted Parrot		3,4			X	A
Passeriformes
	Thamnophilidae
		Dysithamnus mentalis	Plain Antvireo		3
		Herpsilochmus longirostris	Large-billed Antwren		4				A,P,R,V
		Thamnophilus doliatus	Barred Antshrike	0.016	4	X	X		A,P,V
		Thamnophilus ruficapillus	Rufous-capped Antshrike		3
		Thamnophilus caerulescens	Variable Antshrike	0.219	1,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Taraba major	Great Antshrike		3
		Mackenziaena leachii	Large-tailed Antshrike		3
		Pyriglena leucoptera	White-shouldered Fire-eye		1
		Drymophila malura	Dusky-tailed Antbird		1
	Conopophagidae
		Conopophaga lineata	Rufous Gnateater		1,3	X			A,V
	Formicariidae
		Chamaeza campanisona	Short-tailed Antthrush		3
	Dendrocolaptidae
		Sittasomus griseicapillus	Olivaceous Woodcreeper		3
		Campylorhamphus trochilirostris	Red-billed Scythebill				UFPR Palotina		P
		Dendrocolaptes platyrostris	Planalto Woodcreeper		1,3
		Xiphocolaptes albicollis	White-throated Woodcreeper		3
	Furnariidae
		Furnarius rufus	Rufous Hornero	0.031	1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Phleocryptes melanops	Wren-like Rushbird		1
		Automolus leucophthalmus	White-eyed Foliage-gleaner			X			A,V
		Philydor rufum	Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner		3
		Certhiaxis cinnamomeus	Yellow-chinned Spinetail	0.016	1,3,4				A,P,V
		Synallaxis ruficapilla	Rufous-capped Spinetail		3
		Synallaxis cinerascens	Gray-bellied Spinetail		3
		Synallaxis frontalis	Sooty-fronted Spinetail	0.016	1,3,4	X			A,R
		Synallaxis spixi	Spix’s Spinetail		1,3
	Pipridae
		Pipra fasciicauda	Band-tailed Manakin			X			A,P,R,V
		Chiroxiphia caudata	Swallow-tailed Manakin		3
	Tityridae
		Schiffornis virescens	Greenish Schiffornis		3
		Tityra inquisitor	Black-crowned Tityra		3
		Tityra cayana	Black-tailed Tityra		3
		Pachyramphus viridis	Green-backed Becard		3
		Pachyramphus castaneus	Chestnut-crowned Becard		3
		Pachyramphus validus	Crested Becard	0.016	3,4	X		X	A,P,V
	Cotingidae
		Pyroderus scutatus	Red-ruffed Fruitcrow		3
	Platyrinchidae
		Platyrinchus mystaceus	White-throated Spadebill		3
	Rhynchocyclidae
		Mionectes rufiventris	Gray-hooded Flycatcher		3
		Leptopogon amaurocephalus	Sepia-capped Flycatcher	0.125	3,4	X			A,P,V
		Corythopis delalandi	Southern Antpipit	0.234	3,4	X			A,P,V
		Phylloscartes ventralis	Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet		3
		Tolmomyias sulphurescens	Yellow-olive Flycatcher		3,4				A
		Todirostrum cinereum	Common Tody-Flycatcher	0.047	4	X	X		A,P,V
		Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps	Ochre-faced Tody-Flycatcher		1,3
		Myiornis auricularis	Eared Pygmy-Tyrant		3	X			A,P,V
		Hemitriccus diops	Drab-breasted Pygmy-Tyrant		3
		Hemitriccus obsoletus	Brown-breasted Pygmy-Tyrant		3
		Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer	Pearly-vented Tody-tyrant	0.016	3,4	X			A,P,V
	Tyrannidae
		Euscarthmus meloryphus	Tawny-crowned Pygmy-Tyrant		1,3
		Camptostoma obsoletum	Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet		1,3,4				A,P,V
		Elaenia sp.			X		S		MHNCI
		Elaenia flavogaster	Yellow-bellied Elaenia		1,3,4		X		A,P,V
		Elaenia spectabilis	Large Elaenia	0.016	4		X		A,P,V,S
		Elaenia mesoleuca	Olivaceous Elaenia		4				A,R
		Myiopagis caniceps	Gray Elaenia	0.016	4	X			A,P,R,V
		Myiopagis viridicata	Greenish Elaenia	0.047	4	X			A,P,R,V
		Capsiempis flaveola	Yellow Tyrannulet	0.063	1,4	X			A,P,R,V
		Phaeomyias murina	Mouse-colored Tyrannulet	0.016	4				A,P,R,V
		Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris	Warbling Doradito		3
		Serpophaga subcristata	White-crested Tyrannulet		1,3,4		X		A,P,R,V
		Legatus leucophaius	Piratic Flycatcher		3
		Ramphotrigon megacephalum	Large-headed Flatbill		3
		Myiarchus swainsoni	Swainson’s Flycatcher		1,3
		Myiarchus ferox	Short-crested Flycatcher	0.031	3,4				A,P,V
		Myiarchus tyrannulus	Brown-crested Flycatcher	0.047	3				A
		Sirystes sibilator	Sibilant Sirystes		1,3
		Casiornis rufus	Rufous Casiornis		4				A,P,V
		Pitangus sulphuratus	Great Kiskadee	0.188	1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Machetornis rixosa	Cattle Tyrant		1,3,4		X		A,P,V
		Myiodynastes maculatus	Streaked Flycatcher	0.031	1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Megarynchus pitangua	Boat-billed Flycatcher	0.141	1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Myiozetetes similis	Social Flycatcher	0.109	1,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Tyrannus melancholicus	Tropical Kingbird	0.016	1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Tyrannus savana	Fork-tailed Flycatcher		1,3,4		X		A,P,V
		Empidonomus varius	Variegated Flycatcher	0.016	3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Colonia colonus	Long-tailed Tyrant		3
		Myiophobus fasciatus	Bran-colored Flycatcher	0.016	1,3				A
		Pyrocephalus rubinus	Vermilion Flycatcher		3
		Fluvicola albiventer	Black-backed Water-Tyrant		1,3,4				P,V
		Arundinicola leucocephala	White-headed Marsh Tyrant		1,3,4				P,V
		Cnemotriccus fuscatus	Fuscous Flycatcher	0.250	1,3,4	X			A,P,R,V,MHNCI
		Lathrotriccus euleri	Euler’s Flycatcher	0.125	3,4				A,R
		Contopus cinereus	Tropical Pewee		3
		Knipolegus cyanirostris	Blue-billed Black-Tyrant			X			A,P,V
		Hymenops perspicillatus	Spectacled Tyrant		3
		Satrapa icterophrys	Yellow-browed Tyrant		3
	Vireonidae
		Cyclarhis gujanensis	Rufous-browed Peppershrike	0.047	3,4	X			A,P,V
		Vireo chivi	Chivi Vireo	0.078	1,3,4	X			A,R
	Corvidae
		Cyanocorax chrysops	Plush-crested Jay	0.063	1,3,4	X			A,P,V
	Hirundinidae
		Pygochelidon cyanoleuca	Blue-and-white Swallow		1,3		X		A,V
		Stelgidopteryx ruficollis	Southern Rough-winged Swallow		1,3,4				A,P,V
		Progne tapera	Brown-chested Martin		1,3,4		X	X	A,P,V
		Progne chalybea	Gray-breasted Martin		1,3	X	X		A,P,V
		Tachycineta albiventer	White-winged Swallow		1,3
		Tachycineta leucorrhoa	White-rumped Swallow		1,3,4				V
		Hirundo rustica	Barn Swallow		1,3
		Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	Cliff Swallow		1,3
	Troglodytidae
		Troglodytes musculus	Southern House Wren	0.125	1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Campylorhynchus turdinus	Thrush-like Wren				X		A,P,R,V
	Donacobiidae
		Donacobius atricapilla	Black-capped Donacobius	0.016	3,4				A,P,V
	Turdidae
		Turdus leucomelas	Pale-breasted Thrush	0.234	1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Turdus rufiventris	Rufous-bellied Thrush	0.031	1,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Turdus amaurochalinus	Creamy-bellied Thrush	0.031	1,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Turdus subalaris	Eastern Slaty Thrush		3
		Turdus albicollis	White-necked Thrush		3
	Mimidae
		Mimus saturninus	Chalk-browed Mockingbird		1,3,4		X		A,P,V
		Mimus triurus	White-banded Mockingbird		3
	Motaciliidae
		Anthus lutescens	Yellowish Pipit				Morro dos Sete Pecados		A,P,V
		Anthus hellmayri	Hellmayr’s Pipit		1,3
	Passerelidae
		Zonotrichia capensis	Rufous-collared Sparrow		1,3		X		A
		Ammodramus humeralis	Grassland Sparrow		1,3				A
		Arremon flavirostris	Saffron-billed Sparrow	0.234	1,3,4	X			A,P,V,MHNCI
	Parulidae
		Setophaga pitiayumi	Tropical Parula	0.078	3,4	X			A,V
		Geothlypis aequinoctialis	Masked Yellowthroat		1,3,4				A,V
		Basileuterus culicivorus	Golden-crowned Warbler	0.359	1,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Myiothlypis flaveola	Flavescent Warbler	0.047	4				A,R,V
		Myiothlypis leucoblephara	White-browed Warbler		3
	Icteridae
		Procacicus solitarius	Solitary Black Cacique		3
		Cacicus haemorrhous	Red-rumped Cacique	0.063	3,4	X	X	X	A,P,R,V
		Icterus pyrrhopterus	Variable Oriole		1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Gnorimopsar chopi	Chopi Blackbird		3
		Agelasticus cyanopus	Unicolored Blackbird		3
		Chrysomus ruficapillus	Chestnut-capped Blackbird		1,3
		Molothrus oryzivorus	Giant Cowbird		4				P,V
		Molothrus bonariensis	Shiny Cowbird	0.016	1,3,4		X		A,P,V
		Sturnella superciliaris	White-browed Meadowlark		1,3,4			X	A,P,V
	Thraupidae
		Pipraeidea melanonota	Fawn-breasted Tanager		3,4	X			A,P,V
		Pipraeidea bonariensis	Blue-and-yellow Tanager				X		P,V
		Cissopis leverianus	Magpie Tanager		3
		Schistochlamys ruficapillus	Cinnamon Tanager		3
		Paroaria capitata	Yellow-billed Cardinal						V
		Tangara sayaca	Sayaca Tanager		1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Tangara palmarum	Palm Tanager				X		A,V
		Tangara cayana	Burnished-buff Tanager	0.031	1,3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Conirostrum speciosum	Chestnut-vented Conebill	0.047	3,4	X			A,P,V
		Sicalis flaveola	Saffron Finch		3,4				A,P,V
		Haplospiza unicolor	Uniform Finch		3
		Hemithraupis guira	Guira Tanager		3
		Hemithraupis ruficapilla	Rufous-headed Tanager		3
		Volatinia jacarina	Blue-black Grassquit		1,3	X			A,P,V
		Eucometis penicillata	Gray-headed Tanager			X			P,V
		Trichothraupis melanops	Black-goggled Tanager	0.031	1,3,4				A,R,V
		Coryphospingus cucullatus	Red-crested Finch	0.031	1,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Tachyphonus coronatus	Ruby-crowned Tanager	0.016	1,3,4	X			A,P,R,V
		Tersina viridis	Swallow Tanager	0.016	3,4		X	X	A
		Dacnis cayana	Blue Dacnis	0.047	3,4	X	X		A,P,V
		Coereba flaveola	Bananaquit				X	X	A,V
		Sporophila collaris	Rusty-collared Seedeater		3,4			X	A,P,V
		Sporophila nigricollis	Yellow-bellied Seedeater		3
		Sporophila caerulescens	Double-collared Seedeater		1,3,4	X			A,P,V
		Sporophila leucoptera	White-bellied Seedeater					X	V
		Sporophila palustris	Marsh Seedeater					X	P,V
		Sporophila angolensis	Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch		1
		Saltator similis	Green-winged Saltator	0.016	3,4				A,V
		Thlypopsis sordida	Orange-headed Tanager		3
		Pyrrhocoma ruficeps	Chestnut-headed Tanager		3
	Cardinalidae
		Habia rubica	Red-crowned Ant-Tanager		3
		Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea	Glaucous-blue Grosbeak		3
		Cyanoloxia brissonii	Ultramarine Grosbeak		1,3
	Fringiliidae
		Spinus magellanicus	Hooded Siskin		1,3
		Euphonia chlorotica	Purple-throated Euphonia	0.078	3,4	X	X		A,P,R,V
		Euphonia violacea	Violaceous Euphonia		3
		Euphonia chalybea	Green-throated Euphonia		3
	Estrildidae
		Estrilda astrild	Common Waxbill				X	X	A
	Passeridae
		Passer domesticus	House Sparrow		3,4		X		P,V

Edited by

Edited by: Luís Fábio Silveira

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 May 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  26 Apr 2020
• Accepted
  10 Feb 2021
• Published
  31 Mar 2021