Leishmania infantum AS A CAUSATIVE AGENT OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN THE STATE OF MATO GROSSO DO SUL, BRAZIL

CASTRO, Ludiele Souza; FRANÇA, Adriana de Oliveira; FERREIRA, Eduardo de Castro; HANS FILHO, Günther; HIGA JÚNIOR, Minoru German; GONTIJO, Célia Maria Ferreira; PEREIRA, Agnes Antônia Sampaio; DORVAL, Maria Elizabeth Moraes C.

doi:10.1590/S1678-9946201658023

Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by different species of theLeishmania genus. Leishmania(Leishmania) infantum, causing cutaneous leishmaniasis, has been described in patients living in areas where visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. In this study, it was possible to characterize this species in seven slides from cutaneous tissue imprints from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis; PCR; Leishmania infantum

The present study reports a case of Leishmania(Leishmania) infantum as an agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in patients from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul(Brazil). This is the first description of CL in immunocompetent patients in Brazil.

The species L. infantum was first associated with CL in France, in 1980¹, where more autochtonous cases have been reported since then¹^,²^,³. Since this first retrieval, several cases of CL have been reported in other Mediterranean countries⁴^,⁵^,⁶^,⁷^,⁸. Cutaneous leishmaniasis cases due toL. infantum are mainly reported in areas where the visceral disease is endemic.

In Mato Grosso do Sul (Fig. 1), leishmaniasis is endemic and is a significant threat to public health⁹^,¹⁰, where 42.9 cases were reported per 100,000 inhabitants from 2010 to 2013 for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and 21.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitantsfor CL in the same period. Despite the fact that Leishmania(Leishmania) amazonensis andLeishmania (Viannia) braziliensishave been detected in the human population¹⁰^,¹¹^,¹², studies on the isolation of species that cause CL in the State are scarce.

Fig. 1
- The State of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) in Brazil

From 2010 to 2013, 52 slides from cutaneous tissue imprints following punch biopsy, stained by the Giemsa method, with positive diagnosis of CL by direct examination were retrospectively scraped using a sterile scalpel for removal of all the material, which was inserted in a polypropylene tubes of 1.5 ml. Then, 600 µL of Cell Lysis Solution was added, and this solution was subjected to DNA extraction with a commercial kit (Promega Wizard(r) Genomic DNA Purification), following the manufacturer's instructions.

The PCR reaction was performed as described by VOLPINI et al.¹³ and DE ANDRADE et al.¹⁴. For amplification of the kinetoplast DNA ofLeishmania sp., the following primers were used: A: 5'-(C/G)(C/G)(G/C)CC(C/A)CTA T(T/A)TTACACCAACCCC 3' and B: 5'-GGGGAGGGGCGTTCTGCGAA-3'. A fragment of 120 bp was obtained.

Afterwards, 43 samples were considered positive, and subjected to RFLP analysis, where the PCR product was incubated with 10 U of the enzyme Hae III for 4 hours at 37 °C¹³. In all the reactions, DNA ofL. braziliensis (MHOM/BR/75/M2903), L. infantum(MHOM/BR/74/PP75), L. amazonensis (IFLA/BR/67/PH8), and negative controls were used. The DNA used as a positive control was obtained by washing parasites from a culture mass with PBS and a subsequent DNA extraction. A sample containing the reagents mixture with 5 µL of water, without DNA, was used as a negative control.

After the sample analysis, it was possible to characterize the species ofLeishmania, in 40 patients, but in three cases the profile generated in RFLP was not conclusive. Thus, Leishmania(Leishmania) infantum was characterized in the lesions of seven patients with CL (17.5%) (Fig. 2). Of these patients, only one had coinfection with HIV and VL and presented skin lesions. The other patients did not exhibit immunodepression or the associated visceral disease during the diagnosis and therapy.

Fig. 2
- RFLP patterns obtained after Hae III digestion of kDNA amplicons. MM - molecular marker - 50 bp, 1 to 7 - analyzed samples, Lb - positive control of L. braziliensis, Li - positive control of L. infantum, La - positive control of L. amazonensis.

Leishmania infantum has been identified as a causative agent of CL in humans from the Mediterranean. In the Southeast of Europe, this is the only species that has been detected in autochthonous cases⁵.

In France, a fairly comprehensive study examined all the cases of leishmaniasis in the country, from 2009 to 2012. At that time, of the 317 autochthonous cases of leishmaniasis, 39 (12.3%) were cases of CL and all of them due to L. infantum².

Cases of L. infantum as an etiological agent of CL have previously been described in the Americas¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,¹⁸. In Brazil, this species was first reported in the cutaneous lesions of immunosupressed patients by OLIVEIRA NETO et al.¹⁹. However, in the State of MatoGrosso do Sul, this species has only been isolated in patients with VL¹²^,²⁰.

The finding of L. infantum in lesions of patients with CL inMato Grosso do Sul is expected, since there are several reports of the presence of this species causing this clinical manifestation in endemic areas for VL in the Old and New World, as already mentioned. The scarcity of molecular studies aimed at identifying the species involved in cases of CL in this area contributed to the fact that L. infantum have not been previously identified, so that CL cases for this etiology are probably underdiagnosed and certainly undernotified.

This is the first description of the participation of L. infantum as a causative agent of the disease in immunocompetent patients in Brazil.

The identification of Leishmania spp. in certain transmission foci, particularly in areas where different sympatric species occur is important since it will improve the epidemiological knowledge of this disease. In addition, it contributes to the adoption of control measures, improvement of prognosis, and selection of appropriate therapeutic protocols²¹^,²²^,²³.

Besides the characterization of the species, the isoenzyme identification of circulating strains can provide important information about these dermotropics strains, as observed in different locations²⁴^,²⁵. Further studies are required to isolate and characterize the different strains of Leishmania spp. that affect humans in Mato Grosso do Sul, and to gain a better understanding of their tropism for cutaneous areas.

REFERENCES

¹ Rioux JA, Lanotte G, Maazoun R, Perello R, Pratlong F. Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, agent du bouton d'Orient autochtone. A propos de l'identification biochimique de deus souches isolées dans les Pyrénées-Orientales. CR Seances Acad Sci D. 1980;291:701-3.
² Lachaud L, Dedet JP, Marty P, Faraut F, Buffet P, Gangneux JP, et al. Surveillance of leishmaniases in France, 1999 to 2012. Euro Surveill. 2013;18:20534.
³ Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Marty P, Portús M, Deniau M, Dereure J, et al. Leishmania-human immunodeficiency virus coinfection the Mediterranean basin: isoenzymatic characterization of 100 isolates of the Leishmania infantum complex. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:323-6.
⁴ Aoun K, Bouratbine A. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review. Parasite. 2014;21:14.
⁵ Del Giudice P, Marty P, Lacour JP, Perrin C, Pratlong F, Haas H, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. Case reports and literature review. Arc Dermatol. 1998;134:193-8.
⁶ Frank C, Hadziandoniou M, Pratlong F, Garifallou A, Rioux JA. Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Greece: sixteen autochthonous cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993;87:184-5.
⁷ Harrat Z, Pratlong F, Belazzoug S, Dereure J, Deniau M, Rioux JA, et al. Leishmania infantum and L major in Algeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996;90:625-9.
⁸ Scott JA, Davidson RN, Grant HR, Felmingham D, Scott GM, Olliaro P, et al. Aminosidine (paromomycin) in the treatment of leishmaniasis imported into the United Kingdom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86:617-9.
⁹ Menezes Filho JF, Barros RM, Silva AL, Mambelli M, Silva PG. Leishmaniose cutâneo mucosa ou tegumentar americana: revisão da literatura e caso clínico. Odontol Mod. 1986;13:32-42.
¹⁰ Nunes VL, Dorval ME, Oshiro ET, Noguchi RC, Arão LB, Hans Filho G, et al. Estudo epidemiológico sobre Leishmaniose Tegumentar (LT) no município de Corguinho, Mato Grosso do Sul - estudos na população humana. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1995;28:185-93.
¹¹ Dorval ME, Oshiro ET, Cupolillo E, Castro AC, Alves T. Ocorrência de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Estado Mato Grosso do Sul associada à infecção por Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2006;39:43-6.
¹² Lima Júnior MS, Andreotti R, Dorval ME, Oshiro ET, Oliveira AG, Matos MF. Identificação de espécies de Leishmania isoladas de casos humanos em Mato Grosso do Sul por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2009;42:303-8.
¹³ Volpini AC, Passos VM, Oliveira GC, Romanha AJ. PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (Leishmania) amazonensis causing American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop. 2004;90:31-7.
¹⁴ de Andrade HM, Reis AB, dos Santos SL, Volpini AC, Marques MJ, Romanha AJ. Use of PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania species in naturally-infected dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2006;140:231-8.
¹⁵ De Lima H, Rodríguez N, Feliciangeli MD, Barrios MA, Sosa A, Agrela I, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania chagasi/Le. infantum in an endemic area of Guarico State, Venezuela. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:721-6.
¹⁶ Melby PC, Kreutzer RD, MacMahon-Pratt D, Gam AA, Neva FA. Cutaneous leishmaniais: review of 59 cases seen at the National Institutes of Health. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15:924-37.
¹⁷ Noyes H, Chance M, Ponce C, Ponce E, Maingon R. Leishmania chagasi: genotypically similar parasites from Honduras cause both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. Exp Parasitol. 1997;85:264-73.
¹⁸ Zeledón R, Hidalgo H, Víquez A, Urbina A. Atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis in a semiarid region of north-west Costa Rica. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989;83:786.
¹⁹ Oliveira Neto MP, Grimaldi G Jr, Momem H, Pacheco RS, Marzochi MC, MacMahon-Pratt D. Active cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil induced by Leishmania donovani chagasi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1986;81:303-9.
²⁰ Oliveira AG, Galati EA, de Oliveira O, de Oliveira GR, Espindola IA, Dorval ME, et al. Abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and urban transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006;101:869-74.
²¹ Bañuls A, Hide M, Prugnolle F. Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. Adv Parasitol. 2007;64:1-109.
²² Jirkù M, Zemanová E, Al-Jawabreh A, Schönian G, Lukes J. Development of a direct species-specific PCR assay for differential diagnosis of Leishmania tropica. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;55:75-9.
²³ Wortmann G, Hochberg L, Houng HH, Sweeney C, Zapor M, Aronson N, et al. Rapid identification of Leishmania complexes by a real-time PCR assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:999-1004.
²⁴ Belhadj S, Pratlong F, Hammami M, Kallel K, Dedet JP, Chaker E. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in the Sidi Bourouis focus (Northern Tunisia): epidemiological study and isoenzymatic characterization of the parasites. Acta Trop. 2003; 85:83-6.
²⁵ Martin-Sanchez J, Gramiccia M, Di Muccio T, Ludovisi A, Morillas-Marquez F. Isoenzymatic polymorphism of Leishmania infantum in southern Spain. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004;98:228-32.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
2016

History

Received
16 Apr 2014
Accepted
10 June 2015

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

[1] ¹ Rioux JA, Lanotte G, Maazoun R, Perello R, Pratlong F. Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, agent du bouton d'Orient autochtone. A propos de l'identification biochimique de deus souches isolées dans les Pyrénées-Orientales. CR Seances Acad Sci D. 1980;291:701-3.

[2] ² Lachaud L, Dedet JP, Marty P, Faraut F, Buffet P, Gangneux JP, et al. Surveillance of leishmaniases in France, 1999 to 2012. Euro Surveill. 2013;18:20534.

[3] ³ Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Marty P, Portús M, Deniau M, Dereure J, et al. Leishmania-human immunodeficiency virus coinfection the Mediterranean basin: isoenzymatic characterization of 100 isolates of the Leishmania infantum complex. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:323-6.

[4] ⁴ Aoun K, Bouratbine A. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review. Parasite. 2014;21:14.

[5] ⁵ Del Giudice P, Marty P, Lacour JP, Perrin C, Pratlong F, Haas H, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. Case reports and literature review. Arc Dermatol. 1998;134:193-8.

[6] ⁶ Frank C, Hadziandoniou M, Pratlong F, Garifallou A, Rioux JA. Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Greece: sixteen autochthonous cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993;87:184-5.

[7] ⁷ Harrat Z, Pratlong F, Belazzoug S, Dereure J, Deniau M, Rioux JA, et al. Leishmania infantum and L major in Algeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996;90:625-9.

[8] ⁸ Scott JA, Davidson RN, Grant HR, Felmingham D, Scott GM, Olliaro P, et al. Aminosidine (paromomycin) in the treatment of leishmaniasis imported into the United Kingdom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86:617-9.

[9] ⁹ Menezes Filho JF, Barros RM, Silva AL, Mambelli M, Silva PG. Leishmaniose cutâneo mucosa ou tegumentar americana: revisão da literatura e caso clínico. Odontol Mod. 1986;13:32-42.

[10] ¹⁰ Nunes VL, Dorval ME, Oshiro ET, Noguchi RC, Arão LB, Hans Filho G, et al. Estudo epidemiológico sobre Leishmaniose Tegumentar (LT) no município de Corguinho, Mato Grosso do Sul - estudos na população humana. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1995;28:185-93.

[11] ¹¹ Dorval ME, Oshiro ET, Cupolillo E, Castro AC, Alves T. Ocorrência de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Estado Mato Grosso do Sul associada à infecção por Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2006;39:43-6.

[12] ¹² Lima Júnior MS, Andreotti R, Dorval ME, Oshiro ET, Oliveira AG, Matos MF. Identificação de espécies de Leishmania isoladas de casos humanos em Mato Grosso do Sul por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2009;42:303-8.

[13] ¹³ Volpini AC, Passos VM, Oliveira GC, Romanha AJ. PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (Leishmania) amazonensis causing American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop. 2004;90:31-7.

[14] ¹⁴ de Andrade HM, Reis AB, dos Santos SL, Volpini AC, Marques MJ, Romanha AJ. Use of PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania species in naturally-infected dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2006;140:231-8.

[15] ¹⁵ De Lima H, Rodríguez N, Feliciangeli MD, Barrios MA, Sosa A, Agrela I, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania chagasi/Le. infantum in an endemic area of Guarico State, Venezuela. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:721-6.

[16] ¹⁶ Melby PC, Kreutzer RD, MacMahon-Pratt D, Gam AA, Neva FA. Cutaneous leishmaniais: review of 59 cases seen at the National Institutes of Health. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15:924-37.

[17] ¹⁷ Noyes H, Chance M, Ponce C, Ponce E, Maingon R. Leishmania chagasi: genotypically similar parasites from Honduras cause both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. Exp Parasitol. 1997;85:264-73.

[18] ¹⁸ Zeledón R, Hidalgo H, Víquez A, Urbina A. Atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis in a semiarid region of north-west Costa Rica. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989;83:786.

[19] ¹⁹ Oliveira Neto MP, Grimaldi G Jr, Momem H, Pacheco RS, Marzochi MC, MacMahon-Pratt D. Active cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil induced by Leishmania donovani chagasi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1986;81:303-9.

[20] ²⁰ Oliveira AG, Galati EA, de Oliveira O, de Oliveira GR, Espindola IA, Dorval ME, et al. Abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and urban transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006;101:869-74.

[21] ²¹ Bañuls A, Hide M, Prugnolle F. Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. Adv Parasitol. 2007;64:1-109.

[22] ²² Jirkù M, Zemanová E, Al-Jawabreh A, Schönian G, Lukes J. Development of a direct species-specific PCR assay for differential diagnosis of Leishmania tropica. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;55:75-9.

[23] ²³ Wortmann G, Hochberg L, Houng HH, Sweeney C, Zapor M, Aronson N, et al. Rapid identification of Leishmania complexes by a real-time PCR assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:999-1004.

[24] ²⁴ Belhadj S, Pratlong F, Hammami M, Kallel K, Dedet JP, Chaker E. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in the Sidi Bourouis focus (Northern Tunisia): epidemiological study and isoenzymatic characterization of the parasites. Acta Trop. 2003; 85:83-6.

[25] ²⁵ Martin-Sanchez J, Gramiccia M, Di Muccio T, Ludovisi A, Morillas-Marquez F. Isoenzymatic polymorphism of Leishmania infantum in southern Spain. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004;98:228-32.