Histological evaluation of the lesion induced by inoculation of Leishmania mexicana in the cheek pouch of the hamster

Avaliação histológica da lesão induzida pela inoculação de Leishmania mexicana na bolsa jugal do hamster

ARTIGO

Histological evaluation of the lesion induced by inoculation of Leishmania mexicana in the cheek pouch of the hamster

Avaliação histológica da lesão induzida pela inoculação de Leishmania mexicana na bolsa jugal do hamster

Maria Sueli Parreira de Arruda¹, Maria Esther Salles Nogueira² and Ana Paula Bordon¹

Abstract We have studied the role of the immune response in the morphology of the leishmaniotic granuloma induced in the cheek pouch of hamsters, an immunologically privileged site, after inoculation of 3 x 10⁵Leishmania mexicana. Animals were histologically and immunologically evaluated until 120 days after inoculation. Independent of the time of sacrifice, the animals were always non-reactors to the footpad test (FPT). At histology, the introduction of L. mexicana in the cheek pouch leads to an abscess that evolves to a granulomatous reaction rich in amastigote forms, and later it leads to resolution, even in the absence of immune response detectable by FPT. Our results demonstrate that the development of immune response is not preponderant for the control of infection induced by L. mexicana inoculated subcutaneously in the cheek pouch of the hamster. It also suggests that the macrophages present in the leishmaniotic granuloma are capable of eliminating this parasite, even in the absence of immune response evaluated by FPT.

Key-words: Cheek pouch. Experimental leishmaniasis. Leishmania mexicana.

Resumo No presente estudo, investigamos o papel da resposta imune na morfologia do granuloma leishmaniótico induzido na bolsa jugal do hamster, um local imunologicamente privilegiado, após inoculação de 3x10⁵ Leishmania mexicana. Os animais foram avaliados histológica e imunologicamente até os 120 dias da inoculação. Independente da época do sacrifício, os animais foram sempre não reatores ao teste do coxim plantar. Histologicamente, a inoculação de Leishmania mexicana na bolsa jugal resultou na formação de abcesso que evoluiu para reação granulomatosa rica em formas amastigotas e, posteriormente, para resolução. Esses resultados sugerem que o desenvolvimento da resposta imune não é preponderante no controle da infecção induzida pela Leishmania mexicana inoculada subcutaneamente na bolsa jugal do hamster. Sugerem ainda que os macrófagos que compõe os granulomas leishmanióticos são capazes de eliminar esse parasita, independente da presença de resposta imune avaliável pelo teste do coxim plantar.

Palavras-chaves: Bolsa jugal do hamster. Leishmaniose experimental. Leishmania mexicana.

Similar to that which happens with other diseases in which the etiological agent is an intracellular parasite, the morphologic substrate of leishmaniasis is the granuloma. According to Adams¹, the granulomatous lesion initiates as an infiltrate of immature mononuclear cells, evolve to a mature granuloma after aggregation and maturation of these cells, and later results in an epithelioid granuloma.

The exact mechanism involved in the transformation of mature granulomas into epithelioid granulomas is not clear. Although some authors have suggested that all the epithelioid formations are delayed hypersensitivity reactions, it is known that non-immunogenic substances may elicit this type of reaction. Besides, epithelioid granulomas can be formed in immunosuppressedanimals^{9, 18} or in immunologically privileged sites^{3, 4}.

According to Isaza et al¹⁰, the cells that mediate immune response would actively participate in the formation of the leishmaniotic granuloma, limiting the expansion of the infectious agent and acting in the control of the disease. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis through inoculation of L. mexicana in the cheek pouch of the hamster.

The cheek pouch is an invagination of the oral mucous membrane with no lymphatic drainage⁶ since the specific activities of lymphocytes, such as antigen recognition and interaction with other cells, occur in the secondary lymphoid organs, the absence of lymphatic drainage in the cheek pouch results in a blockage of the afferent branch of the immune response and generates a status of local immunologic tolerance.

In addition to this, the cheek pouch has a reduced number of Langerhan's cells that play a key role in the host immune system interactions, participating in events involving both initiation and maintenance of the T cell specific immune response. In the face of these peculiarities, the cheek pouch of the hamster is an alternative site for the development of studies regarding the host-parasite interactions in the absence of immune response⁵.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Inoculum. A suspension of Leishmania mexicana ssp (Parasitology Department - UNESP - Botucatu) was cultured in LIT medium at 25°C for 30 days²⁰.

Animals. Twenty-four hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), male, eight weeks old, obtained from the laboratory animal facility, UNESP, Botucatu, were used. They were intraperitoneally anesthetized with Sodium Nembutal (Abbot Laboratory of Brazil, 40mg/kg body weight) and inoculated with 5x10⁶ viable Leishmania mexicana/ml in the distal part of right cheek pouch. Groups of three animals were sacrificed by ether inhalation at 20 hours, and 3, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 120 days post inoculation (pi).

Immunological evaluation. The development of cell mediated immune response was evaluated by the FPT¹¹. Thus, 24 hours before the sacrifice, 0.1ml of Montenegro antigen, lot 19 – (Instituto Adolfo Lutz –SP, Brazil) was inoculated in the right footpad of the hamsters, the protein concentration used had 0.02181mg%. The same volume of sterile saline solution (0.85% NaCl) was inoculated in the left footpad of the animals being studied. At the time of sacrifice, samples from the footpads were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Positivity was determined by the presence of mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in the tissue.

Histology. After sacrifice, samples of the inoculated cheek pouches, footpads used in the immunological evaluation, lungs, hearts, livers, spleens and kidneys were collected. All samples were submitted to routine protocol for inclusion in paraffin, and hematoxylin and eosin and/or Giemsa staining.

RESULTS

Lesions from inoculation. Inoculation of L. mexicana in the cheek pouch of the hamster resulted in extensive abscess, with entire and degenerating neutrophiles and mononuclear cells in the periphery at 20 hours (Figure 1); at 3 days, the same histological picture was maintained, however, lesions were less extensive and plasmocytes and mononuclear cells could be observed on the borders of the abscess. At 7 and 14 days lesions were constituted by macrophagic granulomas with evident necrotic centers; many macrophages were vacuolated, others seemed to be modified, showing elongated nuclei and dense cytoplasm, nonetheless, without a definition of epithelioid cells. (Figure 2a) lymphocytes and plasma cell were also observed. Granulation tissue, represented by neovascularization and fibroblast proliferation, were also observed in the periphery of the lesion. From this time on, tissue changes were no longer observed. Amastigote forms of the parasite were observed in the cytoplasm of macrophages in lesions with 14 days of evolution (Figure 2b).

Lesions of dissemination. From the organs examined, only the liver exhibited histological changes. They were present after the 7^th day of inoculation and were constituted by small infiltrates of mononuclear cells dispersed through the hepatic tissue. From the 14^th day on some giant cells were also observed (Figure 3). Amastigote forms were not observed in these lesions.

Immunological evaluation. None of the footpads exhibited mononuclear cell infiltration, and therefore, the animals were considered FPT negative.

DISCUSSION

Leishmaniamajor in the Old World and Leishmania mexicana in the New World can cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. The course of the disease is determined by a complex host-parasite interaction. In spite of the participation of the immune system in the infection caused by L. major being well established, the immunological mechanisms that modulate the infection by L. mexicana need to be better characterized.

In the present study we evaluated the participation of the immune response in the leishmaniotic lesion induced experimentally through inoculation of the parasite in the cheek pouch of hamsters. The animals used in this study were always FPT negative, which confirms that lesions developed in the absence of immune response.

Clinically, the lesions of inoculation showed a rapid initial development manifested as a nodule that reached its maximum size at 14 days pi, and after that coalesced. This model of clinical evolution is similar to the one described in hamsters inoculated with L. braziliensis and L. mexicana through subcutaneous and/or intratesticular and/or intraperitoneal via. All together, these results suggest that the absence of immune response does not interfere with the clinical evolution of infection induced through experimental subcutaneous inoculation of L. mexicana in hamsters.

Histologically, lesions were present until the 14^th day of infection, exhibited a compact granulomatous aspect, with multivacuolated macrophages harboring many amastigote forms in their cytoplasm. In some cases, there were foci of necrosis. Focal necrotizing inflammation was also observed in the cheek pouch of hamsters inoculated with L. brasiliensis¹⁹ Coutinho & Coelho⁸ obtained similar results in hamsters subcutaneously inoculated with L. mexicana in the dorsum, nose and base of the tail. These authors stated that foci of abscessed necrosis and parasitized macrophages are common findings in hamsters inoculated with L. mexicana. Observing a great number of eosinophils associated with this picture Tafuri et al¹⁹ suggested that the necrotizing changes observed in the cheek pouch could be due to products liberated from eosinophilic degranulation.

Andrade et al², comparing lesions observed in sensitive and resistant strains of mice challenged with L. mexicana, described that necrosis was a late event in the course of the disease, and it was associated with delayed hypersensitivity. Susceptible animals exhibited coagulation type necrosis that appeared in focal areas and had no cellular infiltrate. A similar picture was observed in our animals and therefore, in lesions that developed in the absence of delayed hypersensitivity.

As has been observed in resistant mice², the lesions in our animals also exhibited fibroblast proliferation among histiocytes and in the periphery of the lesion, producing a pseudo-capsule. Thus, the lesions observed in the cheek pouch of the hamster demonstrated some characteristics that were already observed in strains of resistant mice and others observed in susceptible mice. Lesion that developed in hamsters in the absence of immune response can therefore be characterized as borderline.

The bases of susceptibility or resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis are not well understood. The macrophages indeed phagocytose the Leishmania, and in spite of the lysossome and phagossome fusion, the parasite survives and multiplies intracellularly^{7 13} Electron microscopy studies could not detect the differences between parasitized macrophages from susceptible and resistant animals, but suggest that tissue destruction of parasitized cells was much more frequent in resistant than in susceptible animals.

It has been suggested that macrophage activation and consequent restraining and/or elimination of the parasite could be related to production of cytokines, mainly release of IFNg (gamma interferon) in the first week of infection. According to Laskay et al¹², the main source of IFNg in this period is the NK cell (natural killer). Considering that our animals apparently recovered from infection in the absence of immune response, it is possible that release of IFNg by NK cells may have been sufficient to eliminate parasites under the experimental conditions performed.

Similarly to what was observed in the cheek pouch, the inoculation of L. mexicana amazonensis and L. brasiliensis through subcutaneous² and intradermic via¹⁵ in BALB/c mice and hamster, results in lesions that evolve to resolution. Thus, development of immune response does not seem to be preponderant for the control of infection by L. mexicana subcutaneously inoculated. It is also suggested that macrophages that constitute leishmaniotic granulomas are capable of eliminating the parasite, regardless of the presence of immune response.

We investigated the dissemination of L. mexicana inoculated in the cheek pouch, Michalick et al¹⁴ in a similar study suggested that the parasites of the mexicana complex are not able to infect golden hamster by cheek pouch route. In the present study, from all the organs examined, only the liver showed changes, which were nodular accumulations of mononuclear cells. However, hepatic lesions have also been observed in BALB/c mice inoculated with L. mexicana amazonensis subcutaneously. Solis et al¹⁷ inoculating this parasite in the nose of hamsters reported that none of the animals used presented visceral lesions, with the parasites remaining circumscribed to the site of inoculation.

The possible visceral dissemination of this parasite from the initial lesion has raised some discussion. Some researchers have mentioned that we may find the parasite in several organs in the hamster model, however, others question these findings since Leishmania is very susceptible to temperatures over 36ºC. It should be considered that in the present study we did not observe amastigote forms in any hepatic lesion, therefore these lesions may not be specific.

Our data inidcates that the introduction of L. mexicana in the cheek pouch leads initially to abscess formation; and then courses to a granulomatous reaction, rich in amastigote forms, and posteriori to resolution, even in the absence of immune response detectable by the FPT. Our results agree with the description of other authors who used a different strain of Leishmania and other experimental models¹⁶, which demonstrates that the cheek pouch of the hamster is an alternative site for studies involving the role of the lymphatic drainage and the immune response in the modulation of the leishmaniotic lesion.

References

• 1. Adams DO. The granulomatous inflammatory response. A review. American Journal of Pathology 84:164-191, 1976.
• 2. Andrade ZA, Steve GR, Roters SB, Sadigursky M. Immunopathology of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. American Journal of Pathology 114: 137-48, 1984.
• 3. Arruda MSP, Coelho KI, Montenegro MR. Experimental paracoccidioidomycosis in Syrian hamster inoculated in the cheek pouch. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 128:67-73, 1994.
• 4. Arruda MSP, Fleury RN, Nogueira MES. Inoculation of the Mycobacterium leprae into the hamster cheek pouch. Leprosy Review 65: 399-400, 1994.
• 5. Arruda MSP, Montenegro MR. The hamster cheek pouch: an immunologically privileged site suitable to the study of granulomatous infections. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 37:303-309, 1995.
• 6. Barker F, Billigham RE. Immunologically privileged sites. Advances in Immunology 25: 1-54, 1977.
• 7. Berman JD, Dwyer DM, Wyler DJ. Multiplication of Leishmania in human macrophages in vitro. Infection and Immunology 26: 375-379, 1979.
• 8. Coutinho E, Coelho MV. Leishmaniose Tegumentar Experimental. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 14: 12-29, 1972.
• 9. Epstein WL, Furuyama K, Dannok K, Kwan-Wong E. Granulomatous inflammation in normal and athymic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni: an ultrastructural study. Journal of Pathology 127: 207-215, 1979.
• 10. Isaza DM, Restrepo M, Restrepo R, Caceres-Dittmar G, Tapia FJ. Immunocytochemical and histopathologic characterization of lesions from patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania panamensis. American Journal of Medicine and Hygiene 55: 365-369, 1996.
• 11. Kong YM, Savage D, Kong LNL. Delayed dermal hypersensitivity in mice to spherule and mycelial extracts of Coccidioides immitis Journal of Bacteriology 91: 876-83, 1966.
• 12. Laskay T, Rollinghoff, M, Sollach W. Natural killer cells participate in the early defense against Leishmania major infection in mice. European Journal of Immunology 23:2237-2241, 1993.
• 13. Lewis DH, Peters W. The resistance of intracellular Leishmania parasites to digestion by lysossomal enzymes. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 71: 295-312, 1977.
• 14. Michalick MSM, Tafuri WL, Aguiar SS, Melo MN, Costa CA, Mayrink W. Development of Leishmania of the mexicana and braziliensis in the golden hamster cheek pouch. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 87 (supl): 104, 1992.
• 15. Sinagra A, Riarte A, Luna C, Campanini A, Segura EL. Leishmania (viannia) braziliensis: Biological behavior in golden hamsters of isolates from argentine patients. American Journal of Medicine 14: 115-118, 1997.
• 16. Sinhorini IL, Merusse JL, Mariano M. Role of lymphatic drainage on the development of Calmette-Guerin Bacillus-induced granulomas in the hamster. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 103: 166-174, 1994.
• 17. Solis SM, Carmona MC, Duran BT. Estudio histopatológico de la leishmaniasis cutanea experimental en animales sensibles y resistentes. Patologia 33: 143-148, 1995.
• 18. Suya H, Fujioka A, Pincelli C, Fukuyama K, Epstein W. Skin granuloma formation in mice immunosuppressed by cyclosporine. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 90: 430-433, 1988.
• 19. Tafuri WL, Michalick MSM, Genaro O, Melo MN, Rios-Leite V, Barbosa AJA, Dias M, Costa CA, Mayrink W. Possible allergic inflammatory reaction in hamster alimentary pouch after inoculation with M-2903 strain of leishmania brasiliensis brasiliensis Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 82 (supl): 61, 1987.
• 20. Yoshida ELA, Cuba CAC, Pacheco RS, Cupolillo E, Tavares CC, Machado GMC, Momen H, Grimaldi Junior G. Description of Leishmania (Leishmania) Foratinii sp. n., a new parasite infecting opossums and rodents in Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 88: 397-406, 1993.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 Aug 2002
• Date of issue
  Aug 2002

History

• Received
  21 Dec 2000