Evaluation of preventative and control measures for congenital syphilis in State of Mato Grosso

Abstract

Introduction  Congenital syphilis is an important health problem in Brazil. This study assessed measures aimed at the prevention and control of syphilis in the State of Mato Grosso and its capital, Cuiabá.

Methods  A descriptive study cross-sectional and of time trends assessing the congenital syphilis was performed in Cuiabá and Mato Grosso between 2001 and 2011. We compared maternal sociodemographic characteristics and health care utilization related to cases of congenital syphilis during the periods from 2001 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2011. We assessed the temporal trends in this disease's incidence using a simple linear regression.

Results  Between 2001 and 2006 in Mato Grosso, 86.8% of the mothers who had live births with congenital syphilis received prenatal care, 90.6% presented with a nontreponemal test reagent at delivery, 96.2% had no information regarding a treponemal confirmatory test at delivery, and 77.6% received inadequate treatment for syphilis; additionally, 75.8% of their partners were not treated. There was a statistically significant reduction in prenatal visits (p = 0.004) and an increase in the proportion of mothers reactive to nontreponemal tests at delivery (p = 0.031) between the two periods. No other variables were found to differ significantly between the periods. In Cuiabá, we observed a similar distribution of variables. In the state and in the capital, the increasing trend of congenital syphilis was not statistically significant.

Conclusions  The high incidence of congenital syphilis in Mato Grosso and the low levels of health care indicators for pregnant women with syphilis suggest the need to improve the coverage and quality of prenatal care.

Congenital syphilis; Health evaluation; Prenatal care

INTRODUCTION

Gestational syphilis is a major cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, perinatal death, prematurity, low birth weight, and other problems¹–³. Estimations indicate that from 2008 to 2009, seropositivity for syphilis among pregnant women who attended prenatal consultations ranged from 0.06% in the Mediterranean region to 2.13% in Africa, and approximately 1.4 million pregnant women worldwide are infected with Treponema pallidum⁴. This scenario is indicative of a high incidence of congenital syphilis, which might be asymptomatic or show mild or nonspecific symptoms; alternatively, congenital syphilis might present as a syndrome with various clinical manifestations such as massive sepsis, bone lesions, and cutaneous-mucous and central nervous system lesions. This syndrome could lead to death⁵.

Although some countries, such as Canada, the United States, Chile, and Cuba, already show rates compatible with the elimination of congenital syphilis, in the Americas, between 164,000 and 344,000 children continue to be born with this infection annually, which demonstrates that syphilis continues to be an important public health problem in the region⁶. In Brazil, 14,321 cases of syphilis were reported in pregnant women in 2011; the detection rate was 5.0 in 1,000 live births (LBs), and the incidence rate of congenital syphilis in infants < 1 year old was 3.3 in 1,000 LBs⁷.

The high incidence of syphilis in pregnant women highlights the problems with women's healthcare; this high incidence suggests that basic care for these patients, such as the diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, is being neglected. The occurrence of congenital syphilis is an indicator of poor quality prenatal care, indicating that there are structural and operational weaknesses in health services⁸. Although there are effective and low-cost measures for preventing and controlling this disease, there are behavioral and sociocultural issues that hinder the adoption of such measures, thus contributing to a reduction in the effectiveness of these measures.

With a view toward encouraging countries in the Americas to incorporate strategies aimed at coping with the problem of congenital syphilis into their agendas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) recommended the adoption of a plan to reduce the vertical transmission of syphilis in 1995⁹. In 2005, this organization proposed the goal of reducing the incidence of congenital syphilis, including stillbirths, to a maximum of 0.5 cases per 1,000 LBs by the year 2015¹⁰. In line with these initiatives and to strengthen the Health Pact created in 2006¹¹, Brazil proposed guidelines for congenital syphilis control that same year¹² and the Operational Plan to reduce the vertical transmission of syphilis in the following year¹³. This plan includes increased coverage of syphilis screening during prenatal care, adequate treatment of infected pregnant women and their sexual partners, and actions aimed at the prevention of vertical transmission of syphilis in exposed pregnant women and children.

In view of the importance of health assessments in guiding the processes of implementation, consolidation and reshaping of public policies, programs, and public health practices, and considering the need to reduce the vertical transmission of syphilis, it is important to verify that the actions that have been adopted in Brazil for the control of this problem are producing the expected results. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the preventative and control measures for the transmission of syphilis that have been ‘developed in the State of Mato Grosso and its capital, Cuiabá.

METHODS

This is a descriptive study cross-sectional and of time trend that examines confirmed cases of congenital syphilis in LBs from mothers living in the State of Mato Grosso and in Cuiabá between 2001 and 2011.

Data sources

Data on cases of syphilis were taken from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN/DATASUS - Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação/Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde), from the databases from the State Secretariat of Health of Mato Grosso, and from the Municipal Secretariat of Health of Cuiabá. Epidemiological Investigation Datasheets were used for cases of gestational syphilis and congenital syphilis. Data on the number of LBs and on the number of deaths caused by congenital syphilis were obtained from the Live Birth Information System (SINASC - Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos) and the Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade - SIM).

Cross-sectional analysis

Because gestational syphilis became a compulsorily notifiable condition in 2005¹⁵, cases of congenital syphilis were aggregated for the periods 2001-2006 and 2007-2011 to ascertain if there had been changes in the maternal sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., age, education, and race/skin color) or in health care (i.e., diagnosis of infection during prenatal care, management of prenatal care, nontreponemal test at delivery, treponemal confirmatory test at delivery, maternal and partner treatment, and vertical transmission of syphilis). The percentages of each variable were calculated; cases with missing information and cases not registered were excluded from the analysis. To assess differences in the proportions between the two periods, Pearson's chi-squared test and, when indicated, Fisher's exact test were used.

The rate of vertical transmission of syphilis was analyzed beginning in 2007 because information from the first two years after the mandatory reporting of cases of this disease in pregnant women was unreliable.

Time trend analysis

A time series was constructed from the annual incidence rates of congenital syphilis, and its magnitude and fluctuations were described. We evaluated the temporal trend of the series via a simple linear regression analysis using a significance level of 0.05. The calendar year (i.e., independent variable) was centralized to avoid autocorrelation among the regression terms. The statistical analyses were performed using Stata software (Data Analysis and Statistical Software; StataCorp; Texas, USA; Version 12).

Ethical considerations

The Ethics Committee for Research of the Institute of Public Health of the Federal University of Bahia (CEP/ISC/UFBA - Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Instituto de Saúde Coletiva da Universidade Federal da Bahia) approved the study design (registration Number 40/12).

RESULTS

Between 2001 and 2011, 567 cases of congenital syphilis were reported in Mato Grosso, of which 525 (92.6%) cases were confirmed. The majority of the mothers of LBs with syphilis in the 2001-2006 period were between 20 and 34 years old (73.2%) and had 4-7 or 8-11 years of education (42.3% and 35.8%, respectively); 47.9% of these mothers were mixed race, and 40.7% were white. During the period from 2007 to 2011, the distribution of these characteristics remained similar. When comparing the two periods with respect to education and race/skin color, both variables were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Cuiabá contributed 230 (40.6%) cases to the total number of cases reported in the state; 225 (97.8%) of these cases were confirmed. In the capital city, during the earlier period, the highest percentages were found in mothers aged 20-34 (69.9%) and < 20 years (23.3%), in those with 8-11 years of education (53.3%), and in mixed race women (59.7%). The same patterns were observed in all of the variables except race/skin color in the 2007-2011 period; this variable showed a reduction in the proportion of white women and an increase in black women. This was the only variable that exhibited a statistically significant difference (p = 0.038) between the periods. The percentage of unrecorded information was > 37% for race/skin color and 40% for education in both periods (Table 1).

TABLE 1 -
Number and percentage of detected cases* of congenital syphilis stratified by maternal sociodemographic characteristics. State of Mato Grosso and Cuiabá, 2001-2011.

Characteristics	Mato Grosso				p value	Cuiabá				p value
	2001-2006 (n = 212)		2007-2011 (n = 313)			2001-2006 (n = 119)		2007-2011 (n = 106)
	n	%a	n	%a		n	%a	n	%a
Age (in years)
< 20	38	20.8	90	30.2	0.060	24	23.3	40	37.0	0.075
20–34	134	73.2	188	63.1		72	69.9	64	59.3
35–49	11	6.0	20	6.7		7	6.8	4	3.7
Ign/NRegb	29	13.7	15	4.8		3	2.8	11	9.2
Race/skin color
white	68	40.7	48	19.3	0.000	19	30.6	10	13.3	0.038
mixed race	80	47.9	173	69.5		37	59.7	57	76.0
black	13	7.7	28	11.2		7	11.3	8	10.7
asian	2	1.2	—	—		1	1.6	—	—
indigenous	4	2.4	—	—		1	1.6	—	—
Ign/NRegb	45	21.2	64	20.4		41	38.7	44	37.0
Education (in years)
illiterate	1	0.8	5	2.6	0.000	—	—	3	4.5	0.095
1-3	23	18.7	13	6.7		3	6.7	7	10.4
4-7	52	42.3	84	43.5		19	42.2	21	31.3
8-11	44	35.8	66	34.2		24	53.3	25	37.3
≥ 12	3	2.4	25	12.9		2	4.4	11	16.4
Ign/NRegb	89	42.0	120	38.3		58	54.7	52	43.7

• Ign/NReg: ignored/not registered;
• ^*
  Confirmed cases.
• ^a
  Percentage excluding those without information;
• ^b
  Percentage in relation to total cases.
• Source: Brazilian Case Registry Database (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN); Epidemiological Research Forms; State Secretariat of Mato Grosso and Cuiabá Municipal Secretariat Databases.

As shown in Table 2, in Mato Grosso, during the first period of the study, 86.8% of the mothers of LBs with congenital syphilis received prenatal care. Of these mothers of LBs with congenital syphilis, 90.6% were reactive to the nontreponemal test reagent at delivery, 96.2% had no recorded information regarding receiving a treponemal confirmatory test at delivery, 77.6% received treatment that was considered inadequate, and 75.8% had partners who were not treated. Between 2007 and 2011, 75.6% of the mothers received prenatal care, 50.3% received a prenatal diagnosis of maternal syphilis, 95.9% exhibited reactivity to the nontreponemal test reagent, 58.2% did not undergo a confirmatory treponemal test at delivery, 78.2% received inadequate treatment, and 77.2% did not have partners who were treated concurrently. In > 37% of the cases from both analyzed periods, there was no record of the variable of the treatment of partners. A statistically significant difference in the distribution of the variables between time periods was only observed in the proportion of mothers who underwent prenatal visits (p = 0.004) and in the proportion of those who were reactive to the nontreponemal test at delivery (p = 0.031).

TABLE 2 -
Number and percentage of detected cases* of congenital syphilis stratified by variables relating to maternal health care. State of Mato Grosso and Cuiabá, 2001-2006 and 2007-2011.

Characteristics	Mato Grosso				p value	Cuiabá				p value
	2001-2006 (n = 212)		2007-2011 (n = 313)			2001-2006 (n = 106)		2007-2011 (n = 119)
	n	%a	n	%a		n	%a	n	%a
Antenatal consultation
yes	145	86.8	201	75.6	0.004	72	81.8	64	74.4	0.238
no	22	13.2	65	24.4		16	18.2	22	25.6
ignoredb	45	21.2	47	15.0		18	17.0	33	27.7
Diagnostic period of maternal syphilis
during prebirth consultation	—	—	144	50.3	—	—	—	47	48.4	—
during delivery	—	—	108	37.8		—	—	42	43.3
after delivery	—	—	34	11.9		—	—	8	8.3
not performedb	—	—	1	0.3		—	—	1	0.8
ignoredb	—	—	26	8.3		—	—	21	17.7
Nontreponemal tests during delivery
reactive	126	90.6	259	95.9	0.031	73	91.2	95	96.0	0.223
nonreactive	13	9.4	11	4.1		7	8.8	4	4.0
not performedb	18	8.5	14	4.5		5	4.7	2	1.7
ignoredb	55	25.9	29	9.3		21	19.8	18	15.1
Treponemal confirmatory test during delivery/dilation
reactive	7	87.5	68	85.0	1.000	—	—	14	66.7	—
nonreactive	1	12.5	12	15.0		—	—	7	33.3
not performedb	—	—	182	58.2		—	—	70	58.8
Ign/NRegb	204	96.2	51	16.3		106	100.0	28	23.5
Maternal treatment scheme
adequate	28	22.4	33	21.8	0.913	14	19.4	5	8.8	0.089
inadequate	97	77.6	118	78.2		58	80.6	52	91.2
not performedb	19	9.0	95	30.4		6	5.7	28	23.5
Ign/NRegb	68	32.1	67	21.4		28	26.4	34	28.6
Partner treated
yes	29	24.2	45	22.8	0.787	13	23.2	6	10.0	0.055
no	91	75.8	152	77.2		43	76.8	54	90.0
Ign/NRegb	92	43.4	116	37.1		50	47.2	59	49.6

• Ign/NReg: ignored/not registered;
• ^*
  Confirmed cases.
• ^a
  Percentage excluding those without information;
• ^b
  Percentage in relation to total cases.
• Source: Brazilian Case Registry Database (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN); Epidemiological Research forms; State Secretariat of Mato Grosso and Cuiabá Municipal Secretariat Databases.

Table 2 indicates that in Cuiabá, between 2001 and 2006, 81.8% of the mothers of LBs with congenital syphilis received prenatal care, and 91.2% were reactive to a nontreponemal test at delivery; the maternal treatment scheme was inadequate in 80.6% of the cases, and in 76.8%, the partner was not treated. In the later period, 25.6% of women did not receive prenatal care and 43.3% were found to have syphilis at delivery. At delivery, 96% and 66.7% showed reactivity to the nontreponemal test and to the confirmatory treponemal test, respectively. For the majority of the analyzed variables, the proportion of entries with missing data ranged from 15% to 28.6%. The differences observed between the two periods were not statistically significant and were borderline (p = 0.055) for partner treatment.

From 2007 to 2011 in Mato Grosso, the frequency of vertical transmission of syphilis was 24.6% (average). In Cuiabá, the rate of vertical transmission of syphilis ranged from 100% in 2009 to 36.8% in 2011 (Table 3). Among the detected cases of congenital syphilis, the proportions classified as recent were 70.7% and 70% in Mato Grosso and 96.1% and 91.1% in Cuiabá during the first and second periods, respectively.

TABLE 3 -
Number of cases of gestational syphilis and congenital syphilis (in infants < 1 year old) and the rate of vertical transmission of syphilis*. State of Mato Grosso and Cuiabá, 2007-2011.

Year	Mato Grosso			Cuiabá
	gestational syphilis	congenital syphilis (< 1 year)	vertical transmission of syphilis (%)	gestational syphilis	congenital syphilis (< 1 year)	vertical transmission of syphilis (%)
2007	132	39	29.6	25	21	84.0
2008	159	41	25.8	31	22	71.0
2009	180	38	21.1	15	15	100.0
2010	256	64	25.0	54	20	37.0
2011	275	59	21.5	38	14	36.8

• ^*
  Ratio of newborns with congenital syphilis in comparison with the total number of pregnant women with syphilis.
• Source: Brazilian Case Registry Database (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN); State Secretariat of Mato Grosso and Cuiabá Municipal Secretariat Databases.

The incidence coefficients of congenital syphilis ranged from 0.35 in 1,000 LBs in 2004 to 1.66 in 1,000 LBs in 2010 in the State of Mato Grosso and from 0.54 in 1,000 LBs in 2004 to 4.06 in 1,000 LBs in 2006 in Cuiabá (Figure 1). In Mato Grosso (β = 0.114, p = 0.06) and in Cuiabá (β = 0.027, p = 0.925), the growth trend of congenital syphilis was not statistically significant. The fatality rate for this disease in the state was 15.4% in 2007 and 5.1% in 2011; in the capital city, the fatality rate was 9.5% and 7.1% in 2007 and 2011, respectively.

FIGURE 1 -
Incidence (per 1,000 LBs) of congenital syphilis in children < 1 year of age according to the place of residence and year of occurrence. State of Mato Grosso (MT) and Cuiabá, 2002-2011.

Source: Brazilian Case Registry Database (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN); State Secretariat of Mato Grosso and Cuiabá Municipal Secretariat Databases. LBs: live births.

DISCUSSION

The high frequency of pregnant women infected with T. pallidum who were not diagnosed while receiving prenatal care in Mato Grosso between 2001 and 2011 and the high frequency of women who had a laboratory diagnosis of this disease only at birth and who received inappropriate treatment or no treatment at all are important pieces of evidence indicating failures in the process of care for pregnant women by the health services network in this state. It is known that even at birth, serological screening is an important measure. This screening represents a new opportunity to treat pregnant women with syphilis and children with congenital syphilis who do not have clinical signs or symptoms of the infection at birth and who constitute approximately two-thirds of infected children¹². Thus, these findings indicate that several opportunities were missed to diagnose and treat a disease that could cause various adverse outcomes for pregnant women, as well as prevent congenital syphilis, a disease that has serious consequences for the fetus.

Although the coverage of antenatal consultations among these pregnant women with syphilis was greater than 70%, this value cannot be considered to be satisfactory because the ideal should be close to 100%. Moreover, this indicator decreased during the period analyzed and does not reveal the number of antenatal consultations nor whether these consultations took place during the period recommended by the protocol of the Brazilian Ministry of Health¹⁶. According to data from the SINASC in the State of Mato Grosso, fewer than 65% of live births in the period from 2007 to 2011 were from mothers who received seven or more antenatal consultations¹⁷. The average coverage of the Family Health Strategy in 2009 and 2010 was 45.7%, whereas the target coverage was approximately 66.3%¹⁸. Therefore, these data suggest the possibility that the results found in this study might apply to the entire pregnant population of that state.

In Mato Grosso, the increase during the later study period in live births with congenital syphilis whose mothers were under 20 years could not be attributed to better record keeping because the proportion of women with no recorded age increased in Cuiabá. If these results are real, this growth might indicate that adolescents are more vulnerable to pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease at early ages. The association between teenage mothers and congenital syphilis¹⁸ strengthens this hypothesis.

In accordance with the results of previous investigations¹⁹,²⁰, more black and brown women were diagnosed with gestational syphilis in Mato Grosso. This finding might reflect the racial composition of the population of that state because, in the 2010 Census, more than 65% of the population was reported as having this skin color²¹. The finding could also be due to the low economic status of the black population in the country. However, the high rate of underreporting of this variable demands caution in interpreting this finding. The low educational level observed for most pregnant women with syphilis in this study and in other studies¹⁹,²⁰ also indicates that these women are from disadvantaged populations.

The marked temporal variation in the incidence of congenital syphilis throughout the study suggests the existence of underreporting, which is also noted in other municipalities²²,²³; the underreporting might be compounded by the difficulty of determining a clinical diagnosis of this disease in newborns. It is noteworthy that underreporting of health information could be considered to be an indirect indicator of poor quality of health care. The high incidence of congenital syphilis, coupled with the magnitude of the risk of vertical transmission of this infection, which was higher than the target of less than 1/1,000 LBs proposed by Ministry of Health¹², suggests that the efforts being undertaken by the Unified Health System (SUS - Sistema Único de Saúde) for the improvement of primary health care have been insufficient to achieve the desired effect on the occurrence of this disease.

This scenario for congenital syphilis in Mato Grosso is also found in other areas of Brazil¹⁹,²⁰,²⁴,²⁵. A national survey conducted in this country revealed a high (1.7%) prevalence of positive serology for syphilis in a random sample of postpartum women in the maternity reference index from the sexually transmitted disease/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (STD/AIDS) National Program. The index also revealed that only 43% of these women received six or more prenatal visits, and 3% underwent the recommended diagnostic and therapeutic procedures to prevent the vertical transmission of syphilis.

Therefore, it is understood that, despite the poor quality of secondary data and the fact that the analyzed indicators were only for pregnant women with syphilis, these findings are evidence of possible weaknesses in the quality of prenatal care in Mato Grosso. This situation emphasizes the importance of immediate interventions aimed at addressing this problem by health managers. These initiatives should include expanding the coverage of care provided; better training of human resources involved in prenatal care, especially with regard to prevention of the vertical transmission of syphilis and health promotion and prevention activities; and improving the organization of health services, in particular with regard to facilitating the flow of all phases of medical management from the request for laboratory tests to the receipt of the results in a timely manner to proceed with appropriate treatment.

In this process, health service professionals and users of health services must be made aware of the benefits of fully adopting and implementing the simple and effective procedures that should be provided to pregnant women.

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• ²⁰ Melo NGDO, Melo Filho DA, Ferreira LOC. Diferenciais intraurbanos de sífilis congênita no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil (2004-2006). Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2011; 20:213-222.
• ²¹ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Censo 2010. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. [Cited 2013 November 6]. Available from: http://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/resultados/.
  » http://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/resultados/
• ²² Saraceni V, Vellozo V, Leal MC, Hartz ZMA. Estudo de confiabilidade do SINAN a partir das Campanhas para a Eliminação da Sífilis Congênita no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2005; 8:419-424.
• ²³ Magalhães DMS, Kawaguchi IAL, Dias A, Calderon IMP. Sífilis materna e congênita: ainda um desafio. Cad Saude Publica 2013; 29:1109-1120.
• ²⁴ Campos ALA, Araujo MAL, Melo SP, Gonçalves MLC. Epidemiologia da sífilis gestacional em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: um agravo sem controle. Cad Saude Publica 2010; 26:1747-1755.
• ²⁵ Domingues RMSM, Saraceni V, Hartz ZMA, Leal MC. Congenital syphilis: a sentinel event in antenatal care quality. Rev Saude Publica 2013; 47:147-157.
• ²⁶ Rodrigues CS, Guimarães MDC. Grupo Nacional de Estudo sobre Sífilis Congênita. Positividade para Sífilis em puérperas: ainda um desafio para o Brasil. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2004; 16:168-175.

Data availability

Data citations

Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPAS). Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Eliminación de la Sífilis Congénita en las Américas; 1995. [Cited 2013 November 9]. Available from: http://hist.library.paho.org/Spanish/GOV/CD/20775.pdf.

Organização Panamericana de Saúde. Plano Regional para HIV/AIDS e DST 2006-2015. CSP28/INF/3 (Port.), p. 20-26; 2005. [Cited 2012 October 16]. Available from: http://www.paho.org/english/ad/fch/ai/HIV_Regional_Plan_2006-2015_english.pdf

Ministério da Saúde. Portaria n° 399/GM DE 22 de fevereiro de 2006. Divulga o Pacto pela Saúde 2006-Consolidação do SUS e aprova as Diretrizes Operacionais do referido Pacto. 2006; 1-23. [Cited 2012 October 14]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/prtgm399_20060222.pdf/.

Ministério da Saúde. Departamento de Informática do SUS-DATASUS. Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos/SINASC. [Cited 2013 November 8]. Available from: http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php?area=0205&VObj=http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exe?sinasc/cnv/nv/.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  May-Jun 2014

History

• Received
  6 Feb 2014
• Accepted
  18 June 2014