Nursing care for adult patients with chest drainage: a scoping reviewABSTRACT
Objective: To map the nursing care recommended for adult patients undergoing chest drainage.
Method: Scoping review. Included studies in Portuguese, English and Spanish, with no time frame, which answered the research question: what nursing care is indicated for adult patients with chest drainage admitted to intensive care? Selection in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase/Elsevier, Web of Science/Clarivate, Scopus/Elsevier, CINAHL/Ebsco and LILACS/BVS databases. No data from gray literature was included.
Results: Of the 973 articles identified, 21 were selected. The most frequently cited precautions included: filling the collection bottle with distilled water or saline solution, leaving the distal end of the stem submerged 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters; monitoring vital signs; pain management; and proper positioning of the system. There were differences in the indication for clamping the system and milking the drain/drainage system.
Conclusion: 60 nursing tasks were mapped, 13 of which were carried out prior to inserting the drain, nine during insertion and 38 after insertion of the chest drain.
DESCRIPTORS Nursing Care; Chest Tubes; Intensive Care Units
RESUMEN
Objetivo Mapear los cuidados de enfermería recomendados para pacientes adultos sometidos a drenaje torácico.
Método: Revisión de alcance. Se incluyeron estudios en portugués, inglés y español, sin marco temporal, que respondieran a la pregunta de investigación: ¿qué cuidados de enfermería se recomiendan para pacientes adultos con drenaje torácico ingresados en cuidados intensivos? Selección en las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase/Elsevier, Web of Science/Clarivate, Scopus/Elsevier, CINAHL/Ebsco y LILACS/BVS. No se incluyeron datos de literatura gris.
Resultados: De los 973 artículos identificados, se seleccionaron 21. Las precauciones citadas con más frecuencia incluían: llenar el frasco de recogida con agua destilada o solución fisiológica, dejando el extremo distal del vástago sumergido entre 1,5 y 2,5 centímetros; monitorización de las constantes vitales; tratamiento del dolor; y colocación adecuada del sistema. Hubo diferencias en la indicación de pinzar el sistema y ordeñar el sistema de drenaje/drenaje.
Conclusión: Se mapearon 60 tareas de enfermería, 13 de las cuales se realizaron antes de la inserción del drenaje, nueve durante la inserción y 38 después de la inserción del drenaje torácico.
DESCRIPTORES Atención de Enfermería; Tubos Torácicos; Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos
RESUMO
Objetivo: Mapear os cuidados de enfermagem recomendados aos pacientes adultos submetidos à drenagem torácica.
Método: Revisão de escopo. Incluíram-se estudos em português, inglês e espanhol, sem recorte temporal, que responderam à questão de pesquisa: quais são os cuidados de enfermagem indicados aos pacientes adultos com drenagem torácica internados em terapia intensiva? Seleção nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase/Elsevier, Web of Science/Clarivate, Scopus/Elsevier, CINAHL/Ebsco e LILACS/BVS. Não foram incluídos dados de literatura cinzenta.
Resultados: Dos 973 artigos identificados, selecionaram-se 21. Os cuidados mais citados incluíram: preencher frasco coletor com água destilada ou solução fisiológica deixando extremidade distal da haste submersa 1,5 a 2,5 centímetros; monitorização sinais vitais; manejo da dor; e posicionamento adequado do sistema. Observaram-se divergências na indicação de clampeamento do sistema e na ordenha do dreno/sistema de drenagem.
Conclusão: Mapeados 60 cuidados de enfermagem, sendo 13 no momento pré-inserção do dreno, nove durante a inserção e 38 após a inserção do dreno de tórax.
DESCRITORES Cuidados de Enfermagem; Tubos Torácicos; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva
INTRODUCTION
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is aimed towards improving clinical effectiveness and supporting health professionals in decision-making, adopting three main elements in its approach: scientific evidence, clinical experience and patient preferences(1,2).
The nurses’ role in the development, application and evaluation of health technologies has evolved in the production of protocols and educational materials based on EBP. Ordinance No. 2.510/GM of 2005 defines health technologies as: medicines, materials, equipment and procedures, organizational, educational, information and support systems, programs and care protocols, through which health care is provided to the population(3).
The technologies used by the nursing team to support daily practices are classified as products and/or processes. Products are defined as computerization, information and artifacts; and processes correspond to structured knowledge, such as theories and educational tools. In this way, care protocols are considered health technologies and are indicated in the organization of nursing processes and the provision of appropriate care in a safe and efficient manner(4).
Considered a health technology, thoracic drainage (TD) consists of installing a tubular drain in the pleural cavity connected to a water seal system, with the aim of draining the anomalous contents of the pleural space, in order to re-expand the lungs. If necessary, a second bottle can be attached to the system and connected to a continuous suction network, with the aim of controlled and continuous suctioning, helping to maintain the balance of negative intrathoracic pressure(5,6). TD is considered a safe and effective technology, widely used in elective and/or emergency procedures to treat pulmonary complications such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, complicated pleural effusion, empyema, chylothorax(7) and in the postoperative period of thoracic and mediastinal surgeries(6).
Despite being a common technology in the hospital setting, TD is not without its complications. A descriptive study carried out in Brazil with the aim of identifying the predictors of TD complications in trauma patients found a complication rate of 26.3%(8). The main complications associated with the procedure include: poor positioning of the drain, requiring a new procedure; residual hemothorax/pneumothorax; pneumonia and infection; and the orifice remaining outside the chest cavity(8).
Nursing is involved in all stages of patient care, and it is essential to implement evidence-based care that promotes patient safety, with a view to effective treatment and the prevention of complications(9).
Researchers at the Nigerian Semi-urban University Hospital, who sought to assess the level of knowledge about chest tube care among nurses, covering everything from anatomical aspects to post-procedure care, found that nursing professionals believe in the importance of training in chest tube care, but the majority (66.7%) had not received refresher training on the subject(10). In addition, around 45% of nurses did not know or were not sure that the level of floating fluid in the drainage tube was indicative of the device working properly(10). It is therefore essential to produce scientific evidence that can support the construction of nursing care protocols for patients using TDs, promoting the qualification of care and making care safer.
Faced with this problem, this study aimed to map out the nursing care applied to adult patients undergoing TD.
METHOD
Type of Study
This is a scoping review, following the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute(11,12), a course of action indicated for mapping out concepts and presenting a broad view of the evidence pertaining to a given topic, a strategy that demonstrated affinity with the objective of the study(11,12). The protocol for this review was registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform under DOI: 10.17605/osf.io/T8RW9 and previously published(13). The following review question was defined: “What nursing care is indicated for adult patients with TD admitted to intensive care?”.
In order to guarantee the quality and transparency of the writing, we used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) Checklist(14,15).
Selection Criteria
The review included publications with no time frame, quantitative and qualitative studies, review articles, clinical guidelines and therapeutic protocols that meet the acronym PCC, where: P (population) adult patients with chest drainage; C (concept) nursing care; and C (context) intensive care.
Editorials, letters to the editor, opinion articles and narrative reviews were excluded because, although they play a fundamental role in continuing education, they do not have a methodology that allows data to be reproduced, nor do they provide answers to more specific research questions(16). Other sources of gray literature were not evaluated, as it was considered that the recurrence of data would indicate information saturation(17).
Data Collection
The search strategies were developed by the researchers and reviewed by a librarian. Initially, a search strategy was developed for MEDLINE/PubMed and adaptations were made for the other databases, namely: Embase/Elsevier, Web of Science/Clarivate, Scopus/Elsevier, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)/Ebsco and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS)/Virtual Health Library (VHL). The search terms were defined using the Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS)/Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and non-controlled descriptors, combined using the Boolean operators AND and OR (Chart 1).
The studies were imported on January 29, 2023, in files using reference manager format (RIS or NBIB), into the Covidence® software, a tool that helps to stratify the items according to each selection stage, meeting the methodological recommendations of this study. The studies were blindly selected by two independent reviewers with experience in the subject. Disagreements were resolved by discussion between the reviewers, and in cases where no consensus was reached, a third reviewer was consulted.
At first, articles identified as duplicates were excluded. The titles, abstracts and full articles were then read, respectively. In addition, on October 19, 2023, the reference lists of the selected studies were checked in order to identify potential publications that were not identified by the initial search strategy adopted and/or publications that may have occurred after the initial date of importing the studies(11).
Data analysis and Processing
To extract the data, Microsoft Excel® software was used to characterize the studies in the final sample, with the following information: study title, year of publication, country of origin, objective, design and population. The recommendations were extracted into three temporal sub-themes: before, during and after chest tube insertion. The studies were identified using the sequential code E1 to E26 and, after sequential coding, the additional ones with the acronym “AD”.
Scoping reviews are generally conducted to provide an overview of existing evidence, regardless of methodological quality or risk of bias(11). The analysis of the data extracted was descriptive in nature. The characterization data of the included studies was analyzed using descriptive statistics. These recommendations were then described in detail(18). The results are presented in tables and narrative summaries. The discussion section synthesizes the evidence found during the review in order to explore it and compare it to the existing literature(19).
Ethical Aspects
All the fundamental ethical and scientific requirements for carrying out the study were respected, based on the guidelines and provisions contained in Law No. 12,853, of August 14, 2013, which provides for the collective management of copyright and makes other provisions, ensuring the authorship of the studies used, as well as the authenticity of the authors’ ideas, concepts and definitions, in order to preserve copyright(20).
RESULTS
The selection process began with 973 studies mapped in the databases, from which 21 studies were selected for the extraction of recommendations. The studies included were in Portuguese, English and Spanish, and five were added by manual search, through evaluation of the reference lists, because they answered the review question (Figure 1). It should be noted that among the excluded studies, there were a total of 110 studies whose full texts could not be found for evaluation, even after attempting to contact the authors.
Of the studies selected, eight were literature reviews, eight observational cross-sectional studies, two systematic reviews, two randomized studies and one content validation study. In terms of origin, seven were produced in South America, three in the United States, three in Europe, three in the Middle East, two in Egypt, two in Asia and one in Australia (Chart 2).
A total of 60 recommendations were extracted, divided into 13 before, nine during and 38 after insertion of the TD. All the recommendations were organized according to the respective studies, the source of the information and the total number of studies covering each item (Chart 3).
DISCUSSION
Pre-Admission Recommendations
Double patient identification consists of implementing defenses and barriers, seeking to reduce the occurrence of incidents, ensuring that care is provided to the person for whom it is intended, protecting against risks and reducing the consequences of human failures or problems with equipment(41). The use of resources that can identify the patient and adequately signal the allergic patient also seems to be in line with current patient safety and health risk management policies(42).
Communication with the patient is an essential element that deserves attention from nurses, in order to ensure that the patient has no doubts. Implementing care strategies by providing educational material for patients can help reduce complications(37).
In Brazil, the Informed Consent Form is usually applied by the doctor, as recommended by the Federal Council of Medicine(43). However, it is up to the nurse to make sure that the patient has no doubts about what will be done and to make sure that the form has been duly signed(37).
The preparation of appropriate material is fundamental to the organization of care(37), so assembling the water seal system and, where appropriate, filling the suction bottle before inserting the drain, guarantees that the system will be ready for connection as soon as it is inserted. These recommendations consolidate the importance of nurses’ knowledge regarding the preparation of the chest drainage system. It should be emphasized that the level of suction applied to the suction drainage system is determined by the level of water in the bottles and not by the amount of vacuum applied. On the contrary, excessive bubbling, in addition to annoying the patient, can cause the fluid to evaporate more quickly and therefore reduce the level of suction. When connecting the drainage system to the suction system, slowly open the vacuum until a slight bubbling is observed in the suction bottle(29).
Despite being a relatively simple procedure, TD can be painful. It is therefore up to the nursing team to administer appropriate analgesia, as prescribed by the doctor, in order to properly prepare the patient for the procedure(27).
In addition, it is important to record the volume of solution added to the collection bottle, as well as the date, time and name of the person responsible for the preparation, in order to keep proper track of the volume drained and the period planned for changing the water seal(29).
Recommendations During Chest Tube Insertion
Current research shows that non-drug therapies, such as distraction techniques, music therapy, breathing techniques, acupuncture, among others, help to reduce pain and reduce the patient’s anxiety(44,45). The importance of the nursing team’s role during the insertion of the chest tube should be emphasized. It is the nurse’s role to monitor signs of discomfort, hemodynamic aspects and the instructions that should be given during the procedure(46,47).
Nurses should be responsible for handling the TD immediately after insertion, in accordance with Decree 94.406 of June 8, 1987, which states in Article 8: “nurses are responsible for: nursing care of greater technical complexity and requiring adequate scientific knowledge and the ability to make immediate decisions”(47). In addition, Technical Chamber Opinion No. 22/2014/CTLN/COFEN, which addresses Good Practices in the care of chest drains, discusses that “nursing care with the chest drain includes various aspects relating to its insertion, handling, maintenance and removal”(48). This care should therefore be carried out using the Systematization of Nursing Care (SNC), in order to reduce the risk of damage caused by negligence, malpractice or recklessness(49).
Recommendations After Chest Tube Insertion
There are a number of recommendations for care after insertion of the drain, ranging from monitoring the proper functioning of the system, maintaining permeability, proper positioning of the system, dressings and care during removal of the TD.
Careful and frequent monitoring helps in the early detection of complications(46,47), considering that patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are more likely to develop more aggressive complications related to the use of TD(10,33).
Controlling the volume drained is essential for maintaining the patient’s hemodynamic stability, especially in the first three hours after surgery(10). Studies(33,50) suggest that drainage can be checked by marking the collection bottle, avoiding opening the system in order to reduce the risk of contamination. However, it is important to note that excessive accumulation of drainage (greater than 500 ml) in the collection bottle causes an increase in the system’s hydrostatic pressure, exceeding the transpulmonary gradient of expiration, making drainage difficult(10,33) and potentially damaging the system’s permeability(33).
Improper positioning of the system is one of the main non-standard practices in the care of TD systems(19). Angles or folds in the system can, in addition to hindering drainage, facilitate the formation of clots and obstruction(33).
Systematic assessment of fluid oscillation in the drainage tube, as well as the absence of air infiltration (subcutaneous emphysema) around the tube insertion, seem to be good indicators of system permeability(51). These recommendations address precautions that should not only be used during the nurse’s routine assessment, but should also be well consolidated among the interdisciplinary team in order to detect possible complications as soon as possible(51).
Some recommendations are controversial among the different studies, including those dealing with aspects related to clamping the system. It seems clear that clamping the system should be avoided as much as possible. However, if it is necessary, it should be done for as short a time as possible, using the hands and avoiding the use of clamps, so as not to run the risk of forgetting the occluded tube. In addition, it is not recommended to clamp the system for transportation, as clamping during pneumothorax treatment or in cases of air leakage can lead to increased intrapleural pressures, cardiac instability and the risk of tension pneumothorax in a short period of time(10).
The creation of a checklist or tools that can support daily practice has had a positive impact on the qualification of care(50). These tools can help nurses check items that may go unnoticed during the assessment, such as checking the fluid level in the collection bottles and/or the suction bottle, or the vacuum pressure being applied to the drainage system.
The use of a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter(36) in the drainage system is specifically indicated for patients in isolation, owing to the risk of aerosolization, a strategy that was widely adopted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. A small observational cohort study found that connecting two closed underwater drainage systems in series with an air filter connected to the second system was associated with a decrease in the spread of coronavirus particles(52).
Another care course of action that showed a discrepancy between recommended practices is the most appropriate dressing, as well as the frequency with which it should be changed. It was observed that the most frequent recommendation is to use gauze and saline solution once a day or whenever necessary. At this point, the insertion site should be checked for signs of phlogiston and the device should be properly positioned(38). However, it should be noted that dressing with transparent film has proven to be effective, as it reduces the risk of infection and the need for daily changes.
It is clear that mobilizing the patient facilitates drainage, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary action between physiotherapy and the nursing team to encourage mobilization and proper positioning of the patient(51). In addition, bed rest can increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis and embolism, and decrease intestinal peristalsis(34).
If the chest tube is accidentally pulled, it is advisable to immediately cover the site with gauze and apply pressure to prevent negative inspiratory pressure from allowing air to enter the chest. In addition, the doctor should be informed immediately so that the tube can be reinserted(53).
Nurses play a key role and have major responsibilities in all the stages involving the installation and maintenance of the TD. Therefore, monitoring the volume and characteristics of the fluid, controlling the level of suction, observing the permeability of the system and observing and controlling signs of infection have a direct impact on the recovery process(37).
There seems to be a consensus among studies that patient and family education, with precise and easy guidance, reduces recovery time and increases positive outcomes. In addition, it is the nurse’s duty to educate the technical team in order to promote patient safety(54).
There are also inconsistencies in the literature about milking, in which this practice is not widely recommended, especially as a method of preventing obstruction. In these cases maintenance of the drain in the correct position, avoiding the formation of angles that could cause fluid to accumulate in the system, seems to be sufficient(33). This issue is also addressed in a contradictory way in Technical Chamber Opinion No. 22/2014/CTLN/COFEN, which states: “given the lack of scientific evidence to support the practice of milking the drainage system as a routine procedure to prevent the occurrence of obstruction, this practice should not be adopted. However, in the event of obstruction of the system, milking is necessary”(48). One practice that is widely observed in daily practice is the use of pressure between the fingers of the hand on some segments of the drainage system, in an attempt to dislodge any clots or fibrin from the system, moving them to the collection bottle and enabling them to be removed, which has been shown to be a scientifically validated practice(29,30).
One of the limitations of this study is the scarcity of studies addressing the care recommendations applicable to the drain removal process, despite the fact that they are frequently observed in daily practice. It is therefore suggested that more in-depth research be carried out into these practices, so that they can be widely implemented. In addition, the lack of consensus among the authors regarding some practices and the scarcity of studies with a high level of evidence that can support these practices are noteworthy.
CONCLUSION
A total of 60 nursing care measures were mapped, 13 of which were applicable to the pre-insertion of the chest tube, nine during insertion and 38 after insertion. However, studies still address the lack of standardization of nursing actions in the care of patients with TD and emphasize the need for robust research that can support the implementation of EBP. This may be associated with the restriction on carrying out clinical trials in situations known to be harmful to patients.
The variables surrounding the problem encourage the importance of the link between academic institutions and hospitals for the purpose of qualified scientific production, in order to generate innovations and subsidies applicable to care. This review made it possible to trace the weakness of the evidence on the care provided to patients with TD, identifying gaps and topics of interest to be addressed in new studies. Among the gaps identified is the lack of recommendations for the angle of the head of the bed that should be maintained while the patient is using the TD. However, it is routinely observed that patients with respiratory dysfunctions are kept with the head elevated to 30° or 45°. In addition, there is a need for further studies to support the use of HEPA filters in patients in isolation due to the risk of aerosolization.
REFERENCES
-
1. Schneider LR, Pereira RPG, Ferraz L. Evidence-Based Practice and sociocultural analysis in Primary Care. Physis. 2020;30(2):e300232. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-73312020300232.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-73312020300232 -
2. Sanglard LF, Zina LG, Thomes CR. Prática de saúde baseada em evidências: ao alcance da graduação [Internet]. Vitória: Editora da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 21]. Available from: https://edufes.ufes.br/items/show/677
» https://edufes.ufes.br/items/show/677 -
3. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Portaria n° 2.510, de 19 de dezembro de 2005. Institui Comissão para Elaboração da Política de Gestão Tecnológica no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (CPGT). Brasília, DF: Ministério da Saúde; 2005 [cited 2023 Nov 21]. Available from: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2005/prt2510_19_12_2005.html
» https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2005/prt2510_19_12_2005.html -
4. Salbego C, Nietsche EA, Teixeira E, Girardon-Perlini NMO, Wild CF, Ilha S. Care-educational technologies: an emerging concept of the praxis of nurses in a hospital context. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(Suppl 6):2666–74. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0753.PubMed PMID: 30540042.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0753 - 5. Martins GS, Turrissi L, Spaziani AO, Chalub LDR, Abílio C, Barbosa TC, et al. Spontaneous pneumothorax in a young patient: case report. Rev Med Minas Gerais. 2020;30:6.
-
6. Kruse T, Wahl S, Guthrie PF, Sendelbach S. Place Atrium to Water Seal (PAWS): assessing wall suction versus no suction for chest tubes after open heart surgery. Crit Care Nurse. 2017;37(4):17–28. doi: http://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2017269.PubMed PMID: 28765351.
» https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2017269 -
7. Reinaldo LGC, Alencar AS, Leite CBC, Silva IM, Martins TBP, Lima MFBCN, et al. Drainage of the thorax in patients with COVID-19. J Cienc Saude HU-UFPI [Internet]. 2021;4(1):14–23. doi: http://doi.org/10.26694/jcshuufpi.v4i1.844.
» https://doi.org/10.26694/jcshuufpi.v4i1.844 -
8. Mendes CA, Hirano ES. Predictors of chest drainage complications in trauma patients. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2018;45(2):e1543. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/0100-6991e-20181543.PubMed PMID: 29668810.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-6991e-20181543 -
9. Anderson D, Chen SA, Godoy LA, Brown LM, Cooke DT. Comprehensive Review of chest tube management: a review. JAMA Surg. 2022;157(3):269–74. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.7050.PubMed PMID: 35080596.
» https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.7050 -
10. Hasselmann BNO, Ranção CS, Tavares GS, Almeida LF, Camerini FG, Paula VG. Good practices in nursing in the use of chest tubes: an integrative review. Glob Acad Nurs [Internet]. 2021;2(2):e173. doi: http://doi.org/10.5935/2675-5602.20200173.
» https://doi.org/10.5935/2675-5602.20200173 -
11. Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, et al. Scoping Reviews (2020 version). In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Adelaide: JBI; 2020. chapter 11; p. 407–452. doi: http://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12.
» https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12 -
12. Munn Z, Pollock D, Khalil H, Alexander L, Mclnerney P, Godfrey CM, et al. What are scoping reviews? Providing a formal definition of scoping reviews as a type of evidence synthesis. JBI Evid Synth [Internet]. 2022;20(4):950–2. doi: http://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-21-00483.PubMed PMID: 35249995.
» https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-21-00483 -
13. Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Khalil H, Larsen P, Marnie C, et al. Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols. JBI Evid Synth [Internet]. 2022;20(4):953–68. doi: http://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-21-00242. PubMed PMID: 35102103.
» https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-21-00242 -
14. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien K, Colquhoun H, Kastner M, et al. A scoping review on the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16(15):15. doi: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-016-0116-4.PubMed PMID: 26857112.
» https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-016-0116-4 -
15. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–73. doi: http://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850.PubMed PMID: 30178033.
» https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850 -
16. Andrade MCR. O papel das revisões de literatura na produção e síntese do conhecimento científico em psicologia. Gerais Rev Interinst Psicol. 2021;14(spe):1–5. doi: http://doi.org/10.36298/gerais202114e23310.
» https://doi.org/10.36298/gerais202114e23310 -
17. Horsley T, Dingwall O, Sampson M. Checking reference lists to find additional studies for systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2011(8):MR000026. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000026.pub2.PubMed PMID: 21833989.
» https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000026.pub2 -
18. Pollock D, Peters MDJ, Khalil H, McInerney P, Alexander L, Tricco AC, et al. Recommendations for the extraction, analysis, and presentation of results in scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 2023;21(3):520–32. doi: http://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-22-00123.PubMed PMID: 36081365.
» https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-22-00123 -
19. Abuejheisheh A, Qaddumi JAS, Darawad MW. Chest drains: prevalence of insertion and ICU nurses’ knowledge of care. Heliyon. 2021;7(8):e07719. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07719.PubMed PMID: 34430730.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07719 -
20. da República P. (BR). Lei n° 12.853, de 14 de agosto de 2013. Altera os arts. 5°, 68, 97, 98, 99 e 100, acrescenta arts. 98-A, 98-B, 98-C, 99-A, 99-B, 100-A, 100-B e 109-A e revoga o art. 94 da Lei n° 9.610, de 19 de fevereiro de 1998, para dispor sobre a gestão coletiva de direitos autorais, e dá outras providências. Brasília, DF: Casa Civil; 2013 [cited 2023 Nov 21]. Available from: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2013/lei/l12853.htm
» https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2013/lei/l12853.htm -
21. Charnock Y, Evans D. Nursing management of chest drains: a systematic review. Aust Crit Care. 2001;14(4):156–60. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S1036-7314(05)80058-X.PubMed PMID: 11806513.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S1036-7314(05)80058-X -
22. Parra AV, Amorim RC, Wigman SE, Baccaria LM. Withdrawal of thorax drain in postoperative of cardiac surgery. Arq Ciênc Saúde [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2023 Nov 21];12(2):116–119. Available from: https://repositorio-racs.famerp.br/racs_ol/Vol-12-2/10.pdf
» https://repositorio-racs.famerp.br/racs_ol/Vol-12-2/10.pdf -
23. Halm MA. To strip or not to strip? Physiological effects of chest tube manipulation. Am J Crit Care. 2007;16(6):609–12. doi: http://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2007.16.6.609.PubMed PMID: 17962505.
» https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2007.16.6.609 -
24. Sullivan B. Nursing management of patients with a chest drain. Br J Nurs. 2008;17(6):388–93. doi: http://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2008.17.6.28906.PubMed PMID: 18414310.
» https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2008.17.6.28906 -
25. Lima AG, Rocha ERF, Seabra JCT, et al. The influence of clamp usage on clot deposit formation inside thoracic drains. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2008;35(2):79–82. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69912008000200003.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69912008000200003 -
26. Demir Y, Kborsbid L. The effect of cold application in combination with standard analgesic administration on pain and anxiety during chest tube removal: a single-blinded, randomized, double-controlled study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2010;11(3):186–96. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2009.09.002.PubMed PMID: 20728068.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2009.09.002 -
27. Lúcio VV, Araújo APS. Nursing Care in Thoracic Drainage: a Literature Review. UNOPAR Cient Ciênc Biol Saúde. 2011 ; [cited 2023 Nov 21];13:307–14. Available from: https://journalhealthscience.pgsskroton.com.br/article/download/1079/1034
» https://journalhealthscience.pgsskroton.com.br/article/download/1079/1034 -
28. Rashmi TR. Analytical Study on Practices Related to Care of Water Sealed Chest Drainage System. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012 [cited 2023 Nov 21];4(2):177:182. Available from: https://ijone.org/scripts/IJONE%20JOURNAL.July-Dec%2012.pdf
» https://ijone.org/scripts/IJONE%20JOURNAL.July-Dec%2012.pdf -
29. Mohammed HM. Chest tube care in critically ill patient: a comprehensive review. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc. 2015;64(4):849–55. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcdt.2015.06.002.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcdt.2015.06.002 -
30. Silva LDC, Brito LL. Mediastinal and pleural drains handling: is there scientific evidence? J Manag Prim Heal Care [Internet]. 2015;6(1):86–102. doi: http://doi.org/10.14295/jmphc.v6i1.236.
» https://doi.org/10.14295/jmphc.v6i1.236 -
31. Morais ACC, Lemos MM, Marques VD, Bandeira COP. Institutional protocol to standardize the chest drainage system management, from surgery to nursing care, at a regional hospital in northern Paraná. Acta Sci [Internet]. 2016;38(2):173–7. doi: http://doi.org/10.4025/actascihealthsci.v38i2.26972.
» https://doi.org/10.4025/actascihealthsci.v38i2.26972 -
32. Elfaki BA, Mustafa HE, Ahmed AH. Nurses’ knowledge and Practice regard Care of Patient with Chest Drains in Sudan Heart Center, Khartoum, Sudan. IOSR-JNHS. 2016 [cited 2023 Nov 21], 5(6):1–6. Available from: https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jnhs/papers/vol5-issue6/Version-4/A0506040106.pdf
» https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jnhs/papers/vol5-issue6/Version-4/A0506040106.pdf -
33. Lu C, Jin YH, Gao W, Shi YX, Xia X, Sun WX, et al. Variation in nurse self-reported practice of managing chest tubes: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(5-6):1013–21. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14127.PubMed PMID: 29076204.
» https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14127 -
34. Almeida RC, Souza PA, Santana RF, Luna AA. Nursing intervention: post-operative care with chest tube in adults. Rev Rene. 2018;19:e3332. doi: http://doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.2018193332.
» https://doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.2018193332 -
35. Wood MD, Powers J, Rechter JL. Comparative evaluation of chest tube insertion site dressings: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Crit Care. 2019;28(6):415–23. doi: http://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2019645.PubMed PMID: 31676515.
» https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2019645 -
36. Gan KLJ, Tan M. Evidence-based management of patients with chest tube drainage system to reduce complications in cardiothoracic vascular surgery wards. Int J Evid-Based Healthc. 2015;13(2):58–65. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000041.PubMed PMID: 26057649.
» https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000041 -
37. Ghazali DA, Ilha-Schuelter P, Barbosa SS, Truchot J, Ceccaldi P, Tourinho F, et al. Interdisciplinary teamwork for chest tube insertion and management: an integrative review. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2021;53(5):456–65. doi: http://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2021.111349.PubMed PMID: 34870385.
» https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2021.111349 -
38. Seyma ZK, Meral YC, Atiye E. Nurses’ Knowledge Levels About the Care of the Patients with Chest Tube. Int J Caring Sci. 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 21];14(2):1334–42. Available from: https://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/58_zeyrek_original_14_2.pdf
» https://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/58_zeyrek_original_14_2.pdf -
39. Ghazali DA, Ilha-Schuelter P, Barreyre L, Stephan O, Barbosa SS, Oriot D, et al. Development and validation of the frst performance assessment scale for interdisciplinary chest tube insertion: a prospective multicenter study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(5):4069–78. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-022-01928-9.PubMed PMID: 35376968.
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-022-01928-9 -
40. Pollock D, Davies EL, Peters MDJ, Tricco AC, Alexander L, McInerney P, et al. Undertaking a scoping review: a practical guide for nursing and midwifery students, clinicians, researchers, and academics. J Adv Nurs. 2021;77(4):2102–13. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14743.PubMed PMID: 33543511.
» https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14743 -
41. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Documento de referência para o Programa Nacional de Saúde do Paciente [Internet]. Brasília, DF: Ministério da Saúde; 2014 [cited 2023 Nov 21]. Available from: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/pnsp/materiais-de-apoio/arquivos/documento-de-referencia-para-o-programa-nacional-de-seguranca-do-paciente/view
» https://www.gov.br/ebserh/pt-br/hospitais-universitarios/regiao-nordeste/hujb-ufcg/acesso-a-informacao/gestao-documental/superintendencia/PRT.STGQ.002IdentificaodoPacientev.4.pdf -
42. Universidade Federal de Campina Grande; Hospital Universitário Júlio Bandeira de Mello. Protocolo de identificação do paciente [Internet]. Cajazeiras: EBSERH; 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 21]. Available from: https://www.gov.br/ebserh/pt-br/hospitais-universitarios/regiao-nordeste/hujb-ufcg/acesso-a-informacao/gestao-documental/superintendencia/PRT.STGQ.002IdentificaodoPacientev.4.pdf
» https://www.gov.br/ebserh/pt-br/hospitais-universitarios/regiao-nordeste/hujb-ufcg/acesso-a-informacao/gestao-documental/superintendencia/PRT.STGQ.002IdentificaodoPacientev.4.pdf -
43. Conselho Federal de Medicina (BR). Recomendação CFM N° 1/2016. Dispõe sobre o processo de obtenção de consentimento livre e esclarecido na assistência médica [Internet]. Brasília: CFM; 2016 [cited 2023 Nov 21]. Available from: https://portal.cfm.org.br/images/Recomendacoes/1_2016.pdf
» https://portal.cfm.org.br/images/Recomendacoes/1_2016.pdf -
44. Mascarenhas VHA, Lima TR, Silva FMD, et al. Scientific evidence on non-pharmacological methods for relief of labor pain. Acta Paul Enferm. 2019;32(3):350–7. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201900048.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201900048 -
45. Nascimento NS, Santos Neto AT, Alves PGJM. Non-pharmacological methods and techniques in the treatment of cancer pain: literature systematic review. Rev Bras Cancerol. 2022;64(8):e172667. doi: http://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2022v68n4.2667.
» https://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2022v68n4.2667 -
46. Lima EL, Silva GL, Silva MR. Skills and abilities of nurses in the Intensive Care Unit: an integrative review. Braz J Health Rev [Internet]. 2023;6(3):13654–67. doi: http://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv6n3-411.
» https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv6n3-411 -
47. Brasil. Câmara dos Deputados. Decreto N° 94.406, de 8 de junho de 1987. Regulamenta a Lei n° 7.498, de 25 de junho de 1986, que dispõe sobre o exercício da enfermagem, e dá outras providências. 1987 [cited 2023 Nov 21]. Available from: https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94406-8-junho-1987-444430-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html
» https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1980-1987/decreto-94406-8-junho-1987-444430-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html -
48. Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. Parecer de Câmara Técnica N° 22/2014/CTLN/COFEN [Internet]. Brasília, DF: COFEN; 2014 [cited 2023 Nov 21]. Available from: https://www.cofen.gov.br/parecer-n-222014cofenctln/
» https://www.cofen.gov.br/parecer-n-222014cofenctln/ -
49. Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. Resolução COFEN-358/2009. Dispõe sobre a Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem e a implementação do Processo de Enfermagem em ambientes, públicos ou privados, em que ocorre o cuidado profissional de Enfermagem, e dá outras providências [Internet]. Brasília: COFEN; 2009 [cited 2023 Nov 21]. Available from: https://www.cofen.gov.br/resoluo-cofen-3582009/
» https://www.cofen.gov.br/resoluo-cofen-3582009/ - 50. Amaya MR, Paixão DPSS, Sarquis LMM, Cruz EDA. Construction and content validation of checklist for patient safety in emergency care. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2016;37(spe):e68778.PubMed PMID: 28640335.
-
51. Duarte MP, Rosa LLD, Pinheiro EM, et al. Influence of physical therapy rehabilitation of patients to submit thoracic drainage in hospital of emergency legal amazon. Rev Eletr Acervo Saúde [Internet]. 2020;45:e2959. doi: http://doi.org/10.25248/reas.e2959.2020.
» https://doi.org/10.25248/reas.e2959.2020 -
52. Gedik İE, Alar T. Protective measures undertaken during chest tube thoracostomy in COVID-19 outbreak. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg [Internet]. 2021;37(2):211–4. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-020-01090-0.PubMed PMID: 33250592.
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-020-01090-0 -
53. Andrade-Filho LO, Campos JRM, Haddad R. Pneumothorax. J Bras Pneumol. 2006;32(Suppl 4):S212–6. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132006000900008.PubMed PMID: 17273626.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132006000900008 -
54. Tufail S, Ali A, Begum F. Knowledge of nurses regarding chest drain care at public tertiary care hospital lahore. Saudi J Nurs Health Care [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 21];1(3):211–6. Available from: https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/395840
» https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/395840
Edited by
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
30 Sept 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
-
Received
29 Jan 2024 -
Accepted
06 Aug 2024
