Influência da crosta superficial nas taxas de infiltração de água medidas com simulador de chuva e anéis concêntricos

Levien, R.; van Lier, Q. de Jong; Alves, A. G. C.

doi:10.1590/S0100-06832000000300001

Resumos

A taxa de infiltração de água no solo, conjuntamente com a taxa de chuva, determina a taxa de enxurrada, constituindo medida importante para a previsão de erosão e estudos de conservação do solo. Pode-se medir a taxa de infiltração por meio de um infiltrômetro de cilindros concêntricos (CC) ou de um simulador de chuva (SC). A utilização do CC requer menos trabalho do que o SC, mas os resultados obtidos com o CC comumente estão em desacordo com as taxas de infiltração que ocorrem em situações de chuva natural, possivelmente por causa da formação de uma crosta superficial sob chuva. A formação dessa crosta procede tanto de fatores independentes do manejo do solo, como a intensidade da chuva e a textura do solo, quanto de fatores dependentes do manejo, principalmente a resistência ao cisalhamento e a cobertura vegetal. Em situações favoráveis à ocorrência de formação de crosta, espera-se que taxas de infiltração medidas com o CC superestimem as taxas reais durante uma chuva. Para verificar a correlação entre o manejo do solo e a razão das taxas de infiltração obtidas com CC e SC, essas taxas foram medidas por ambos os métodos em dois Podzólicos (Ultissolos) da região sul do Brasil. Os tratamentos diferiram com a cobertura vegetal e com a existência de crosta superficial. Medidas da taxa de infiltração com SC foram realizadas com um simulador de chuva com bicos aspersores Veejet 80100, em parcelas de 3,5 x 11,0 m, gerando chuva de intensidade de 64,2 mm h-1, durante 100 a 150 minutos. As parcelas foram delimitadas com chapas de metal e a enxurrada foi coletada no lado inferior por três segundos a cada três minutos. O CC consistiu de dois cilindros (diâmetros de 0,30 e 0,60 m), cravados no solo até 0,10 m pouco antes da determinação com o SC. A área dentro dos anéis foi inundada e as taxas de infiltração foram registradas dentro do anel interior, em intervalos de tempo regulares, com três repetições por parcela. Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de infiltração final, quando medida com o CC, foi de cinco a 10 vezes superior à medida com o SC. Medidas da taxa de infiltração com o CC diferiram menos das do SC, quando uma cobertura do solo estava presente. Taxas instantâneas de infiltração diferiram menos quando a crosta preexistente foi removida anterior aos testes. Esses resultados mostram que as taxas de infiltração determinadas pelo CC e SC não podem ser utilizadas em estudos de conservação do solo sem correção e que essa correção deve considerar as condições de manejo, especialmente aquelas relacionadas com a existência e formação de crosta superficial e com a presença de cobertura vegetal.

infiltrômetro de duplos cilindros; degradação superficial; erosão

Soil water infiltration rate, together with rainfall rates determine runoff rates, being an important parameter for erosion estimation and soil conservation studies. Measurement of infiltration rates can be performed using a double-cylinder device (CD) or a rotating-boom rainfall simulator (RS). The use of CD is less laborious in comparison with RS instruments, but results often do not agree with rates occurring in real rainfall situations, possibly due to surface crust formation. Crust formation depends both on factors that do not depend on soil management, such as rainfall intensity and soil texture and on factors that do depend on soil management, mainly soil strength and crop residue cover. In situations where crust formation is likely to occur, infiltration rates measured by CD will probably overestimate real infiltration rates occurring during rainfall events. To verify if there is a correlation between soil management and the ratio between infiltration rates determined using RS and CD, infiltration rates were measured by both methods on two Ultisols in southern Brazil. Plot treatments differed in crop residue cover and removal or not of preexisting crust. RS measurements were made using a rotating-boom rainfall simulator with a Veejet 80100 nozzle over 3.5 x 11.0 m plots, generating a rainfall intensity of 64.2 mm h-1 during 100 to 150 minutes. Plots were bordered by steel plates and runoff was collected at the lower border for 3 seconds every 3 minutes. The CD was composed of an inner and an outer cylinder (diameter 0.30 m and 0.60 m, respectively), driven into the soil to a depth of 0.10 m, shortly before RS determinations. The area inside the cylinders was flooded and infiltration rates within the inner cylinder were registered at regular time intervals, making three replicates per plot. Results showed CD measured final infiltration rates to be five to tenfold greater than RS. CD measurements are closer to RS measurements when soil cover is present. Instant infiltration rates are more similar when no preexisting surface crust exists. These results show that infiltration rates determined by CD and RS cannot be used in soil conservation studies without correction and that correction factors should consider management conditions, especially those related to soil crust existence and formation, and presence of residue cover.

Infiltration rate; double cylinder device; rainfall simulator; surface crust, surface degradation, erosion

SEÇÃO I - FÍSICA DO SOLO

R. Levien^I; Q. de Jong van Lier^II; A. G. C. Alves^III

^IProfessor do Departamento de Solos, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS. Caixa Postal 776, CEP 90001-970 Porto Alegre (RS)

^IIProfessor do Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ. Caixa Postal 9, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba (SP), Brasil. Bolsista do CNPq. E-mail: qdjvlier@carpa.ciagri.usp.br

^IIIProfessor do Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRP. Av. D. Manoel de Medeiros s/n, CEP 52171-900 Recife (PE)

SUMMARY

Soil water infiltration rate, together with rainfall rates determine runoff rates, being an important parameter for erosion estimation and soil conservation studies. Measurement of infiltration rates can be performed using a double-cylinder device (CD) or a rotating-boom rainfall simulator (RS). The use of CD is less laborious in comparison with RS instruments, but results often do not agree with rates occurring in real rainfall situations, possibly due to surface crust formation. Crust formation depends both on factors that do not depend on soil management, such as rainfall intensity and soil texture and on factors that do depend on soil management, mainly soil strength and crop residue cover. In situations where crust formation is likely to occur, infiltration rates measured by CD will probably overestimate real infiltration rates occurring during rainfall events. To verify if there is a correlation between soil management and the ratio between infiltration rates determined using RS and CD, infiltration rates were measured by both methods on two Ultisols in southern Brazil. Plot treatments differed in crop residue cover and removal or not of preexisting crust. RS measurements were made using a rotating-boom rainfall simulator with a Veejet 80100 nozzle over 3.5 x 11.0 m plots, generating a rainfall intensity of 64.2 mm h^-1 during 100 to 150 minutes. Plots were bordered by steel plates and runoff was collected at the lower border for 3 seconds every 3 minutes. The CD was composed of an inner and an outer cylinder (diameter 0.30 m and 0.60 m, respectively), driven into the soil to a depth of 0.10 m, shortly before RS determinations. The area inside the cylinders was flooded and infiltration rates within the inner cylinder were registered at regular time intervals, making three replicates per plot. Results showed CD measured final infiltration rates to be five to tenfold greater than RS. CD measurements are closer to RS measurements when soil cover is present. Instant infiltration rates are more similar when no preexisting surface crust exists. These results show that infiltration rates determined by CD and RS cannot be used in soil conservation studies without correction and that correction factors should consider management conditions, especially those related to soil crust existence and formation, and presence of residue cover.

Index terms: Infiltration rate; double cylinder device; rainfall simulator; surface crust, surface degradation, erosion.

RESUMO

A taxa de infiltração de água no solo, conjuntamente com a taxa de chuva, determina a taxa de enxurrada, constituindo medida importante para a previsão de erosão e estudos de conservação do solo. Pode-se medir a taxa de infiltração por meio de um infiltrômetro de cilindros concêntricos (CC) ou de um simulador de chuva (SC). A utilização do CC requer menos trabalho do que o SC, mas os resultados obtidos com o CC comumente estão em desacordo com as taxas de infiltração que ocorrem em situações de chuva natural, possivelmente por causa da formação de uma crosta superficial sob chuva. A formação dessa crosta procede tanto de fatores independentes do manejo do solo, como a intensidade da chuva e a textura do solo, quanto de fatores dependentes do manejo, principalmente a resistência ao cisalhamento e a cobertura vegetal. Em situações favoráveis à ocorrência de formação de crosta, espera-se que taxas de infiltração medidas com o CC superestimem as taxas reais durante uma chuva. Para verificar a correlação entre o manejo do solo e a razão das taxas de infiltração obtidas com CC e SC, essas taxas foram medidas por ambos os métodos em dois Podzólicos (Ultissolos) da região sul do Brasil. Os tratamentos diferiram com a cobertura vegetal e com a existência de crosta superficial. Medidas da taxa de infiltração com SC foram realizadas com um simulador de chuva com bicos aspersores Veejet 80100, em parcelas de 3,5 x 11,0 m, gerando chuva de intensidade de 64,2 mm h^-1, durante 100 a 150 minutos. As parcelas foram delimitadas com chapas de metal e a enxurrada foi coletada no lado inferior por três segundos a cada três minutos. O CC consistiu de dois cilindros (diâmetros de 0,30 e 0,60 m), cravados no solo até 0,10 m pouco antes da determinação com o SC. A área dentro dos anéis foi inundada e as taxas de infiltração foram registradas dentro do anel interior, em intervalos de tempo regulares, com três repetições por parcela. Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de infiltração final, quando medida com o CC, foi de cinco a 10 vezes superior à medida com o SC. Medidas da taxa de infiltração com o CC diferiram menos das do SC, quando uma cobertura do solo estava presente. Taxas instantâneas de infiltração diferiram menos quando a crosta preexistente foi removida anterior aos testes. Esses resultados mostram que as taxas de infiltração determinadas pelo CC e SC não podem ser utilizadas em estudos de conservação do solo sem correção e que essa correção deve considerar as condições de manejo, especialmente aquelas relacionadas com a existência e formação de crosta superficial e com a presença de cobertura vegetal.

Termos de indexação: infiltrômetro de duplos cilindros, degradação superficial, erosão.

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LITERATURE CITED

Recebido para publicação em setembro de 1999

Aprovado em maio de 2000

Referências bibliográficas

AGASSI, M.; MORIN, J. & SHAINBERG, I. Effect of raindrop impact energy and water salinity on infiltration rates of sodic soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49:186-190, 1985.
BAUMHARDT, R.L. & LASCANO, R.J. Rain infiltration as affected by wheat residue amount and distribution in ridged tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60:1908-1913, 1996.
BEN-HUR, M.; SHAINBERG, I.; BAKKER, D. & KERREN, R. Effect of soil texture and CaCO3 content on water infiltration in crusted soil as related to water salinity. Irrig. Sci., 6:281-294, 1985.
BEN-HUR, M.; SHAINBERG, I. & MORIN, J. Variability of infiltration in a field with surface-sealed soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51:1299-1302, 1987.
BOUWER, H. Intake rate: Cylinder infiltrometer. In: KLUTE, A., ed. Methods of soil analysis, Madison, American Society of Agronomy, 1986. p.825-844.
BUSSCHER, W.J.; REEVES, D.W.; KOCHHANN, R.A.; BAUER, P.J.; MULLINS, G.L.; CLAPHAM, W.M.; KEMPER, W.D. & GALERANI, P.R. Conservation farming in southern Brazil: using cover crops to decrease erosion and increase infiltration. J. Soil Water Conser., 51:188-192, 1996.
CHIANG, S.C.; RADCLIFFE, D.E. & MILLER, W.P. Hydraulic properties of surface seals in Georgia soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 57:1418-1426, 1993.
DULEY, F.L. Surface factors affecting the rate of intake of water by soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 4:60-69, 1939.
GIMENEZ, D.; DIRKSEN, C.; MIEDEMA, R.; EPPINK, L.A.A.J. & SCHOONDERBEEK, D. Surface sealing and hydraulic conductances under varying-intensity rains. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56:234-242, 1992.
KIM, K.H. & MILLER, W.P. Effect of rainfall electrolyte concentration and slope on infiltration and erosion. Soil Technol., 9:173-185, 1996.
KOSTIAKOV, A.N. On the dynamics of the coefficient of water-percolation in soils and on the necessity for studying it from a dynamic point of view for purposes of amelioration. Trans. 6^th Comm. Intern. Soc. Soil. Sci., p.17-21, 1932.
LINDSTROM, M.J.; VOORHEES, W.B. & ONSTAD, C.A. Tillage system and residue cover effects on infiltration in northwestern Corn Belt soils. J. Soil Water Conser., 39:64-67, 1984.
MOSS, A.J. Rain-impact soil crust. I. Formation of on a granite-derived soil. Aust. J. Soil Res., 29:271-289, 1991.
MUALEM, Y.; ASSOULINE, S. & ELTAHAN, D. Effect of rainfall-induced soil seals on soil water regime: wetting processes. Water Res. Res., 29:1651-1659, 1993.
PETERSON, A.E. & BUBENZER, G.D. Intake rate: Sprinkler infiltrometer. In: KLUTE, A., ed. Methods of soil analysis, Madison, American Society of Agronomy, 1986. p.845-870.
SAKAI, K.; UPADHYAYA, S.K. & SIME, M. Variability of a double ring infiltration test. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 35:1221-1226, 1992.
SHARMA, P.P.; GUPTA, S.C. & RAWLS, W.J. Soil detachment by single raindrops of varying kinetic energy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 55:301-307, 1991.
SIDIRAS, N. & ROTH, C.H. Infiltration measurements with double-ring infiltrometers and a rainfall simulator under different surface conditions on an Oxisol. Soil Till. Res., 9:161-168, 1987.
SWANSON, N.P. A rotating-boom rainfall simulator. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 8:437-440, 1965.
UNGER, P.W. Infiltration of simulated rainfall: tillage system and crop residue effects. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56:283-289, 1992.
VIEIRA, S.R.; NIELSEN, D.R. & BIGGAR, J.W. Spatial variability of field-measured infiltration rate. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45:1040-1048, 1981.

Influence of surface crust on water infiltration rates measured by a rotating-boom rainfall simulator and a double-cylinder device

Influência da crosta superficial nas taxas de infiltração de água medidas com simulador de chuva e anéis concêntricos

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
06 Out 2014
Data do Fascículo
Set 2000

Histórico

Aceito
Maio 2000
Recebido
Set 1999

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] AGASSI, M.; MORIN, J. & SHAINBERG, I. Effect of raindrop impact energy and water salinity on infiltration rates of sodic soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49:186-190, 1985.

[2] BAUMHARDT, R.L. & LASCANO, R.J. Rain infiltration as affected by wheat residue amount and distribution in ridged tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60:1908-1913, 1996.

[3] BEN-HUR, M.; SHAINBERG, I.; BAKKER, D. & KERREN, R. Effect of soil texture and CaCO3 content on water infiltration in crusted soil as related to water salinity. Irrig. Sci., 6:281-294, 1985.

[4] BEN-HUR, M.; SHAINBERG, I. & MORIN, J. Variability of infiltration in a field with surface-sealed soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51:1299-1302, 1987.

[5] BOUWER, H. Intake rate: Cylinder infiltrometer. In: KLUTE, A., ed. Methods of soil analysis, Madison, American Society of Agronomy, 1986. p.825-844.

[6] BUSSCHER, W.J.; REEVES, D.W.; KOCHHANN, R.A.; BAUER, P.J.; MULLINS, G.L.; CLAPHAM, W.M.; KEMPER, W.D. & GALERANI, P.R. Conservation farming in southern Brazil: using cover crops to decrease erosion and increase infiltration. J. Soil Water Conser., 51:188-192, 1996.

[7] CHIANG, S.C.; RADCLIFFE, D.E. & MILLER, W.P. Hydraulic properties of surface seals in Georgia soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 57:1418-1426, 1993.

[8] DULEY, F.L. Surface factors affecting the rate of intake of water by soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 4:60-69, 1939.

[9] GIMENEZ, D.; DIRKSEN, C.; MIEDEMA, R.; EPPINK, L.A.A.J. & SCHOONDERBEEK, D. Surface sealing and hydraulic conductances under varying-intensity rains. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56:234-242, 1992.

[10] KIM, K.H. & MILLER, W.P. Effect of rainfall electrolyte concentration and slope on infiltration and erosion. Soil Technol., 9:173-185, 1996.

[11] KOSTIAKOV, A.N. On the dynamics of the coefficient of water-percolation in soils and on the necessity for studying it from a dynamic point of view for purposes of amelioration. Trans. 6^th Comm. Intern. Soc. Soil. Sci., p.17-21, 1932.

[12] LINDSTROM, M.J.; VOORHEES, W.B. & ONSTAD, C.A. Tillage system and residue cover effects on infiltration in northwestern Corn Belt soils. J. Soil Water Conser., 39:64-67, 1984.

[13] MOSS, A.J. Rain-impact soil crust. I. Formation of on a granite-derived soil. Aust. J. Soil Res., 29:271-289, 1991.

[14] MUALEM, Y.; ASSOULINE, S. & ELTAHAN, D. Effect of rainfall-induced soil seals on soil water regime: wetting processes. Water Res. Res., 29:1651-1659, 1993.

[15] PETERSON, A.E. & BUBENZER, G.D. Intake rate: Sprinkler infiltrometer. In: KLUTE, A., ed. Methods of soil analysis, Madison, American Society of Agronomy, 1986. p.845-870.

[16] SAKAI, K.; UPADHYAYA, S.K. & SIME, M. Variability of a double ring infiltration test. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 35:1221-1226, 1992.

[17] SHARMA, P.P.; GUPTA, S.C. & RAWLS, W.J. Soil detachment by single raindrops of varying kinetic energy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 55:301-307, 1991.

[18] SIDIRAS, N. & ROTH, C.H. Infiltration measurements with double-ring infiltrometers and a rainfall simulator under different surface conditions on an Oxisol. Soil Till. Res., 9:161-168, 1987.

[19] SWANSON, N.P. A rotating-boom rainfall simulator. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 8:437-440, 1965.

[20] UNGER, P.W. Infiltration of simulated rainfall: tillage system and crop residue effects. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56:283-289, 1992.

[21] VIEIRA, S.R.; NIELSEN, D.R. & BIGGAR, J.W. Spatial variability of field-measured infiltration rate. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45:1040-1048, 1981.