Evaluation of phenotypic stability of resistance to Phytophthora spp. in cacao clones

Avaliação da estabilidade fenotípica da resistência a Phytophthora spp. em clones de cacaueiro

Abstracts

Resistance of fourteen Theobroma cacao clones to Phytophthora spp. was evaluated using stem inoculations on grafted seedlings. Concepts of phenotypic stability were used to interpret the results and to express horizontality of the resistance. The linear regression coefficient 'b', the determination coefficient (R²) and average lesion size were used to determine the level of horizontal resistance, the phenotypic stability and the predictability of all clones. The results indicated that clones P 7 and MA 15 present highest levels of horizontal resistance and stability, but with moderate predictability. Clones CAS 1 and CEPEC 13 were classified as those with high horizontal resistance, stability and predictability, while clones PA 30, UF 650 and SIAL 88 and EET 59 showed intermediate resistance and stability and high predictability. Clones SPA 17, OC 61, PA 150, SIAL 505, ICS 1 and R 41 presented high susceptibility and intermediate or low stability and moderate or high predictability.

Theobroma cacao; genotypes; black pod disease

A resistência de quatorze clones de Theobroma cacao a Phytophthora spp. foi avaliada utilizando inoculações em hastes de mudas enxertadas de cacau. Utilizaram-se os conceitos de estabilidade fenotípica para interpretar os resultados e expressar a horizontalidade da resistência. O coeficiente 'b' da regressão linear, o coeficiente de determinação (R²) e a média das lesões foram utilizadas para determinar o nível de resistência horizontal, a estabilidade fenotípica e a previsibilidade de comportamento dos clones. Os resultados indicaram que os clones P 7 e MA 15 apresentaram os níveis mais altos de resistência e estabilidade, porém com previsibilidade moderada. Os clones CAS 1 e CEPEC 13 foram classificados como de alta resistência horizontal, estabilidade e previsibilidade enquanto que os clones PA 30, UF 650, SIAL 88 e EET 59 apresentaram resistência intermediária e alta previsibilidade. Os clones SPA 17, OC 61, PA 150, SIAL 505, ICS 1 e R 41 apresentaram altas suscetibilidades associadas à estabilidade baixa ou intermediária e previsibilidade moderada ou alta.

Theobroma cacao; genótipos; podridão parda

ARTIGOS ARTICLES

Evaluation of phenotypic stability of resistance to Phytophthora spp. in cacao clones

Avaliação da estabilidade fenotípica da resistência a Phytophthora spp. em clones de cacaueiro

Luiz Roberto M. Pinto^I; Stela Dalva V.M. Silva^II; Milton M. Yamada^III

^IDepartamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, CEP 45662-000, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil, e-mail: [e-mail]

^IISeção de Fitopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Cx. Postal 07, CEP 45.600-970, Itabuna, BA, Brazil

^IIISeção de Genética, Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Cx. Postal 07, CEP 45.600-970, Itabuna, BA, Brazil

ABSTRACT

Resistance of fourteen Theobroma cacao clones to Phytophthora spp. was evaluated using stem inoculations on grafted seedlings. Concepts of phenotypic stability were used to interpret the results and to express horizontality of the resistance. The linear regression coefficient 'b', the determination coefficient (R²) and average lesion size were used to determine the level of horizontal resistance, the phenotypic stability and the predictability of all clones. The results indicated that clones P 7 and MA 15 present highest levels of horizontal resistance and stability, but with moderate predictability. Clones CAS 1 and CEPEC 13 were classified as those with high horizontal resistance, stability and predictability, while clones PA 30, UF 650 and SIAL 88 and EET 59 showed intermediate resistance and stability and high predictability. Clones SPA 17, OC 61, PA 150, SIAL 505, ICS 1 and R 41 presented high susceptibility and intermediate or low stability and moderate or high predictability.

Additional keywords:Theobroma cacao, genotypes, black pod disease.

RESUMO

A resistência de quatorze clones de Theobroma cacao a Phytophthora spp. foi avaliada utilizando inoculações em hastes de mudas enxertadas de cacau. Utilizaram-se os conceitos de estabilidade fenotípica para interpretar os resultados e expressar a horizontalidade da resistência. O coeficiente 'b' da regressão linear, o coeficiente de determinação (R²) e a média das lesões foram utilizadas para determinar o nível de resistência horizontal, a estabilidade fenotípica e a previsibilidade de comportamento dos clones. Os resultados indicaram que os clones P 7 e MA 15 apresentaram os níveis mais altos de resistência e estabilidade, porém com previsibilidade moderada. Os clones CAS 1 e CEPEC 13 foram classificados como de alta resistência horizontal, estabilidade e previsibilidade enquanto que os clones PA 30, UF 650, SIAL 88 e EET 59 apresentaram resistência intermediária e alta previsibilidade. Os clones SPA 17, OC 61, PA 150, SIAL 505, ICS 1 e R 41 apresentaram altas suscetibilidades associadas à estabilidade baixa ou intermediária e previsibilidade moderada ou alta.

Palavras-chave adicionais:Theobroma cacao, genótipos, podridão parda.

INTRODUCTION

Black pod disease, caused by Phytophthora spp., is one of the most serious diseases of cacao worldwide. In Bahia , crop losses of 70-80% were reported in highly affected areas under disease-favorable conditions where chemical control was not conveniently applied (Luz & Silva, 2001). High chemical control costs, the occurrence of heavy rains in the cacao producing areas or variations in rainfall frequency and intensity from one region to another have highlighted the need to investigate more effective measures for disease control, such as the search for resistant genotypes in the cacao plantations.

Primary research into resistance to black pod disease only considered the species Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler . Since 1976, the taxonomy of Phytophthora on cacao has widely changed, and now at least two other species are recognized as the causal agent of the disease in Brazil , P. capsici Leonian and P. citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian (Campêlo & Luz, 1981).

Most phenotypic stability studies on cacao have been based on yield (Jolly & De Verteuil, 1960; Cruickshank & Murray, 1967; Martin & Lockwood, 1979; Cilas et al., 1985; Mariano et al., 1988; Pinto et al., 1993). Prabhu & Morais (1993) suggested the use of theories proposed by Yates & Cochran (1938) and Plaisted & Peterson (1959) to evaluate disease resistance in plants.

Several authors have used the concepts of phenotypic stability to express horizontal resistance (Nayak & Chakrabarti, 1986). On cacao, these concepts for studying horizontal resistance to Phytophthora spp. have already been applied (Pinto & Silva, 1987; Pinto et al., 1987; Pinto et al., 1995). The objective of this work is to identify possible sources of horizontal resistance to Phytophthora spp. among clones of T. cacao L., for further inclusion in breeding programs.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The clones used in this experiment were: CAS 1, CEPEC 13, EET 59, ICS 1, MA 15, OC 61, P 7, PA 30, PA 150, R 41, SIAL 88, SIAL 505, SPA17 and UF 650. These genotypes were grafted on seven-month-old Catongo cultivar and the inoculations were done eight months later. Three isolates of the species of Phytophthora were used for inoculation. Isolates 23, 26 and 62, from P.capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora, respectively, were obtained from the Cocoa Research Center (CEPEC-CEPLAC) collection (Camp êlo & Luz, 1981, Campêlo et al., 1982). They were cultivated on a carrot-agar medium for ten days at a temperature of 27 °C and under constant light (40 watts). Stem inoculations were carried out by making small vertical cuts with a scalpel and inserting three-millimeter diameter discs collected from ten-day-old cultures of Phytophthora spp. as proposed by Lawrence , 1978. These cuts were duly bound with adhesive tape and the bark was removed 18 days later when the area of lesion was determined.

The experiment was established in a randomized block design with 42 treatments in a factorial scheme, where the two factors are represented by the 14 clones and the three Phytophthora isolates, using four replications and 10 plants per plot. The lesion areas were submitted to analysis of variance according to the model, where the clone effects were considered as fixed, and isolate effects as random. Both isolates and interactions clone vs. isolate sum of squares were partitioned to measure the effect of isolates within clones. This enabled us to compare different isolates of Phytophthora within each clone and also to quantify how much of this variance is explained by linear regression or random effects as well.

The methodologies proposed by Finlay & Wilkinson (1963) and Eberhart & Russel (1966) were used to determine the phenotypic stability and the predictability of clone performance in relation to horizontal resistance. The statistical model adopted was: Y_jk = U_j+B_jI_k+ D_jk where: Y_jk = the observed mean size of lesion of the j clone for the isolate k; Uj = the j clone mean size of lesion over all isolates; B_j = the coefficient of regression that measures the functional relationship between jth clones and the ith isolates; I_k = the environmental indexes; and D_jk= the regression deviation effects of clone j for isolate k.

Clonal characterization was based on the following three parameters: 1) average lesion size; 2) coefficient of linear regression related to environmental indexes; and 3). regression deviations, expressed in terms of R². The genotypes were classified in regard to horizontality of the resistance according to the following parameters: 1) the mean size of lesion - according to this, the genotypes were separated into three categories:i) susceptible - the ones with the largest mean values in the experiment; ii) moderately resistant - the ones with intermediate mean values; and iii)) highly resistant - those with lowest mean values in the experiment; 2) the 'b' coefficients of linear regression - the magnitude of b coefficients was used to identify genotypes in respect to the stability of horizontal resistance and separate them into three categories: i) Stable - the ones with b values lower than the unit; ii) Moderately stable - those with b values near to the unit; and iii) Unstable - the genotypes with b coefficients greater than the unit and 3) The coefficient of determination (R²). Stable and predictable genotypes with a high level of horizontal resistance were those that presented the following characteristics: smaller lesion sizes, b coefficients lower than the unit or about zero and high R² coefficients.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The mean values for the lesion size on different clones according to each isolate are presented in Table 1. The lesion size values were observed to be higher for P. palmivora than P. citrophthora. This can be explained by the average temperature, which was found to be quite high during the experiment (Luz & Campêlo, 1983). The size of lesions was twice for clones EET 59 and SPA 17. On other clones such as MA 15, P 7 and R 41, the lesions caused by P. citrophthora were larger than those caused by P. palmivora, but the differences were not statistically significant. Differences were also observed for the lesion sizes caused by P. citrophthora and P. capsici. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences for clones and isolates at the level of 1% (Table 2). This means that clones differ in relation to resistance, and isolates differ in aggressiveness.

The interaction clones vs. isolates was also significant at the level of 1% by the F test, indicating that clones present different behavior according to isolate type. The partitioning of the interaction sum square and subsequent F test shows that clones manifest a different performance from isolates. Clones CAS 1, CEPEC 13, MA 15, and P 7 presented uniform reactions to the three isolates, but the other clones did not.

When evaluating the genetic potential of clones it is very important to consider also the horizontal resistance. Since cacao is a perennial crop, it is frequently submitted to different strains of a given pathogen in several environments. Thus, the phenotypic stability of plants was used as a parameter to characterize horizontality of resistance in relation to species of Phytophthora (Van der Plank, 1963). The significance of linear effects can be attributed either to differential responses of clones to pathogen isolates or the variation in aggressiveness among isolates, or even to the interactions that form vertical resistance (Table 2) (Van der Plank, 1963).

Occasionally the regression deviation effects were significant and, consequently, small coefficients of determination (R²) were observed indicating that these linear models were not good enough to explain the total variation in resistance. The regression coefficient estimates 'b' are presented in Table 3. The average b coefficient is equal to the unit. Every clone that presents b value greater than 1, responds to increasing indexes of environment. The smallest b values were observed for P7 and MA 15 clones and they were not significant. These clones also presented the smallest lesion sizes and can be classified as the ones with a high level of stable horizontal resistance and moderate predictability (low R²) (Table 3; Figure 1).

Clones CAS 1 and CEPEC 13 also showed some stable horizontal resistance and high predictability (R²= 99.93 and 99.62, respectively). These four clones can be regarded as the most promising ones and should be included in breeding programs. Clones PA 30, UF 650, SIAL 88 and EET 59 manifested stable and intermediate horizontal resistance and high predictability (Figure 1). The remaining clones (SPA 17, OC 61, PA 150, SIAL 505, ICS 1 and R 41) performed as highly susceptible and unstable, but some of these, such as ICS 1, PA 150 and SIAL 550, presented other interesting agronomic traits that also justify their inclusion in breeding programs, since their resistance can be improved.

Previous studies carried out at CEPEC-CEPLAC showed some similarities in performance for clone MA 15, but not for CAS 1, which presented lower values for lesion size and more stability (Pinto et al., 1995). The explanation for these conflicting results relies on the type of genetic material used. Previous studies were carried out with progenies that had a common male parent (SIC 802). The heritability of resistance seemed to be different in the progenies of CAS 1 and MA 15. Later on, another set of 82 cacao clones was evaluated for resistance to the same Phytophthora isolates (isolates 23, 26 and 62) using inoculation on unripe attached pods, without wounding (Luz et al., 1996). Two scales for classifying clones were used, according to the lesion sizes (1 to 4) and percentage of infected pods (0 to 3). Clones PA 30 and PA 150 presented the lowest scores for lesion size and infected pods, but PA 150 presented the largest lesions on the stems. Luz et al. (1996) have already made comments on inconsistency of results. An agreement was observed in relation to both CEPEC 13, which manifested a good resistance level in this work, and also to R 41, which showed the worst performance. This clone is normally used as the standard genotype for susceptibility in pod inoculations. The differences observed for pod and stem inoculations can be attributed to several factors, such as the seasonal effects of temperature, different rating scales and other methodologies.

Received 18 May 2007

Accepted 18 December 2007

Author for correspondence: Luiz Roberto Martins Pinto

References

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  29 Feb 2008
• Date of issue
  Dec 2007

History

• Accepted
  18 Dec 2007
• Received
  18 May 2007