Two treatment protocols for parasitic otitis caused by Rhabditis spp. in Gir cattleABSTRACT
Parasitic otitis in cattle is normally caused by nematodes of the genus Rhabditis spp. and is a common problem in Gir breed. Parasitic otitis can cause premature culling and even death of animals. Despite its importance, there is no effective standardized treatment protocol for this condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate two treatments for parasitic otitis caused by Rhabditis spp. in Gir cattle. The external left ear of the animals was washed with 2% boricated alcohol, while the right ear received topical application of Triclorfon, allantoin and zinc oxide paste. The treatments were performed weekly in the first month and monthly over the next two months. Monthly, the ears of all animals were washed under pressure with a physiological solution before treatment. The recovered solution was analyzed, and the number of nematodes counted. Neither treatment was effective in reducing the number of nematodes recovered or the otitis score, but weekly treatment seemed more promising, independent of the drug used.
Keywords: Rhabditis spp.; nematodes; bovine; ear; otitis; Raillietia.
RESUMO
A otite parasitária em bovinos é provocada normalmente por nematoides do gênero Rhabditis spp. e é um problema comum na raça Gir. A otite parasitária pode causar o descarte prematuro e até a morte de animais. Apesar de sua importância, não existe um protocolo de tratamento eficaz padronizado para essa condição. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar dois tratamentos para otite parasitária causada por Rhabditis spp. em gado Gir. Animais afetados tiveram a orelha externa esquerda lavada com álcool boricado a 2%, enquanto a orelha direita recebeu aplicação tópica de triclorfon, alantoína e pasta de óxido de zinco. Os tratamentos foram realizados semanalmente no primeiro mês e mensalmente nos dois meses seguintes. Mensalmente, as orelhas de todos os animais foram lavadas sob pressão com solução fisiológica antes do tratamento. A solução recuperada foi analisada, e o número de nematódeos contado. Nenhum dos tratamentos foi eficaz na redução do número de nematoides recuperados ou do escore de otite, mas o tratamento semanal parece ser mais promissor, independentemente da droga utilizada.
Palavras-chave: Rhabditis spp.; nematoides; bovinos; orelha; otite; Raillietia
INTRODUCTION
Parasitic otitis caused by Rhabditis spp. is a common condition in Gir cattle and is widely distributed in Brazil and other tropical countries (Odongo and D’Souza, 1989; Duarte et al., 2001; Leite et al., 2012). Parasitic otitis can also be caused by mites of the genus Raillietia, and secondary infection by bacteria and fungi can occur, causing inflammation, auditory canal stenosis, and purulent discharge. This condition causes great distress; animals repeatedly shake their heads, and without treatment, progress to internal otitis can lead to neurological symptoms (Leite et al., 2013). Besides its negative impact on the animal’s well-being, parasitic otitis has a great economic impact due to the cost of treatment, use of manpower, and potential culling of the animal. Consequently, it is a persistent problem for dairy producers (Vieira et al., 2006; Leite et al., 2012).
The Gir breed has been commonly used as foundation stock for Girolando breeding for milk production in Brazil and other tropical climate countries. This breed stands out mainly because of its resistance to heat stress and ectoparasite infestation, and higher than average milk production compared to other Zebu breeds (Costa et al., 2015). However, due to the morphological characteristics of the head and ears of the Gir, it is predisposed to parasitic otitis by Rhabditis spp. and mites of the genus Raillietia (Duarte et al., 2001).
A wide variety of methods and products are used for the treatment of parasitic otitis caused by Rhabditis spp., presenting good results with the use of nematophagous fungi associated with ivermectin and dimethyl sulfoxide (Sobral et al., 2019; Ferraz et al., 2019; Sobral et al., 2022). However, other protocols tested have shown inefficiency in parasitic control or inconsistent results (Verocai et al., 2009; Leite et al., 2013, Barbosa et al., 2016). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two types of drug treatments for parasitic otitis caused by Rhabditis spp. in Gir cattle.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research was approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of the Universidade Vila Velha under protocol number 306/2014. The study was conducted at a property in the municipality of Anchieta, Espírito Santo state. The location has a humid, tropical climate and average temperature of 27 °C. We used twenty Gir animals, aged between 4 and 15 years, that were kept on pasture and received supplementation of corn silage and concentrate. The last deworming was done more than 60 days before the start of the study.
All animals received two treatments (T1 and T2), one in each ear. In the T1 group (performed in the left ear), the treatment consisted of washing the ear canal using 50 mL of 2% boric alcohol with the aid of a syringe and an adapted macro dropper as described by Leite and Faccini (1994). The T2 group (performed in the right ear) received a paste applied topically to the external ear canal. This paste contained a Neguvon®-based ointment (Triclorfon, Bayer Health Care®, Germany) mixed with Alantol® (Allantoin/Zinc Oxide, Vetnil®, Brazil) in a 1:1 ratio. In the first month, the treatments were done weekly, and then treatments were done every month for another two months, totaling three months of treatments and seven applications.
It was decided that the experiment should be performed with a positive control because of animal well-being and not deny treatment to any animal. Furthermore, studies have shown that Rhabditis spp. infestation is not related to climatic factors with no variation in time (Duarte et al., 2001; Leite et al., 2013).
Parasite quantification was done initially, and then monthly by washing the external ear canal with 50mL of saline solution, totaling four samples. The recovered liquid was stored in Falcon tubes. The tubes were transported to the laboratory, then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for five minutes. The supernatant was discarded and the remaining 3mL was homogenized and 10µL was pipetted on a microscope slide. Rhabditis spp. were counted under a 4x objective microscope. The otitis score was also evaluated as defined by Leite et al. (2013) with minor modifications, as described in Table 1. The first recording, to quantify initial nematode infestation and otitis score, occurred before the beginning of treatment (D0), and other collections were then made monthly, always before the next application of the treatment.
The data obtained were tabulated in spreadsheets and statistical analysis was performed using SAEG software (Viçosa, Brazil) using the chi-square test to compare otitis scores between ears (T1/T2) and between monthly and weekly treatments, and the Tukey test to compare the amount of Rhabditis spp. recovered at each collection time, between treatments T1 and T2 and at the different intervals of administration of the interventions.
Otitis clinical classification (score 0 to 3) used for Gir cattle. Adapted from Leite et al. (2013)
RESULTS
All animals presented Rhabditis spp. in both ears during the entire observation period, but no sample presented mites of the genus Raillietia.
No statistical differences were observed between the time intervals and the number of Rhabditis spp. recovered, or the otitis score (p>0.05; Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The mean number of Rhabditis spp. recovered before the beginning of treatment was 49 ± 46.8 (mean±standard deviation) and 45±42.1 for groups T1 and T2, respectively. After one month of weekly treatments, the mean number of Rhabditis spp. recovered was 32±29.5 and 26 ± 25.7 for group T1 and T2, respectively. At the end of the treatment period 51 ± 57.7 and 39±64.4 mean Rhabditis spp. were recovered from groups T1 and T2, respectively (Fig. 1).
Number of nematodes of Rhabditis spp. recovered at each experimental time interval after washing the external ear canal of Gir cattle with a saline solution after 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of treatment with Treatment 1 (T1; otitis treated with 50 mL of 2% boric alcohol) and Treatment 2 (T2; otitis treated with topical paste containing Triclorfon, allantoin and zinc oxide in a1:1 ratio).
Otitis score (0 to 3) frequency observed in Gir cattle with parasitic otitis after 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of treatment with Treatment 1 (T1; otitis treated with 50 mL of 2% boric alcohol) and Treatment 2 (T2; otitis treated with topical paste containing Triclorfon, allantoin and zinc oxide in a 1:1 ratio).
The frequencies of the different otitis scores (on a scale of 1 to 3) are presented in Fig. 2. The mean otitis scores in the T1 group were 1.90, 1.55, 1.67, and 1.76, for the initial score, and then after one, two and three months of treatment, respectively. In T2 group, the mean score was 1.75 before treatment and 1.55, 1.67, and 1.76 after one, two and three months of treatment. There was no statistical difference in the otitis score between treatments at any moment or between monthly and weekly treatments.
DISCUSSION
Both proposed treatments were ineffective in reducing the number of Rhabditis spp. recovered from the ears and in reducing the otitis score, independently of the frequency of the two treatments offered. This result is similar to Leite (2013) and Vieira et al. (2006) who both describe an unsuccessful outcome using Triclorfon® paste and Leite and Faccini (1994) had no success with boricated alcohol. The treatment for parasitic otitis caused by Rhabditis spp. is controversial and presents inconsistent results (Odongo and D’Souza, 1989; Verocai et al., 2009; Leite et al., 2013; Barbosa et al., 2016).
It is important to clarify that the authors decided to perform the study only with a positive control due to animal well-being implications, in order not to leave any animal untreated. Additionally, no correlation was observed between temporal or climatic changes and infestation by Rhabditis spp. in studies that followed the dynamics of auricular parasitosis in Gir cattle for up to one year in Minas Gerais (Duarte et al., 2001; Leite et al., 2013), a state next to where this study was performed.
All animals (100%) in the current study were parasitized by Rhabditis spp., which is higher than the proportion reported by Leite et al. (2013), who reported a prevalence of 52% in Gir cattle between 13 and 33 months of age, and Duarte et al. (2001) who found 60%. This is probably because all animals enrolled in the study were older with at least 4 years old, and the frequency of infestation by Rhabditis spp. increases with age (Duarte et al., 2001; Leite et al., 2013). In the present study, the parasitic otitis was caused by rhabditiform nematodes while no mites of the genus Raillietia spp. were observed. This is similar to results reported by Duarte et al., (2001) and Leite et al. (2012), who found that parasitic otitis by Rhabditis spp. was much more common than that caused by Raillietia spp.
The ineffective results of both topical treatments in the current study could be caused by many factors. More than 50% of the ears presented purulent secretions (scores 2 and 3) at most of the recorded treatment intervals, demonstrating the presence of a secondary infection. In this case, the use of antibiotics would be indicated to reduce the otitis score.
Between D0 and D30, when the treatment was performed weekly, the T1 and T2 groups presented a reduction of 35% and 42% in recovered Rhabditis spp., respectively, but no statistical difference was found. Between D30 and D60, the treatment was made monthly, and the number of recovered Rhabditis spp. increased by 56% and 46% in T1 and T2, respectively. Again, no statistical difference was found. Based on these results, weekly treatment is promising, and it may require a longer period of treatment and a larger number of animals to observe a statistical difference. This is especially true when we observe the large standard deviation found, what accounted for the non-statistical significance between treatments and intervals. Thereafter, future studies are needed to address these observations.
Another possible cause of treatment failure is the high frequency of reinfection (Duarte et al., 2001; Leite et al., 2013). Because the entire herd was not treated, it is possible that the animals were re-infected between treatments. Thus, it is possible that the treatment protocol should address all animals in the herd.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, both treatments were ineffective in reducing the number of Rhabditis spp. and in reducing the otitis score in Gir cattle. Other studies are necessary to develop a treatment protocol because parasitic otitis is a challenge for Gir breeders. This study should specifically address the frequency of treatments, the inclusion of antibiotics if a secondary infection is present, and the necessity of treating the entire herd.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the owner, herdsmen, and staff of the farms who kindly welcomed and us support our work. We also acknowledge the Vila Velha University and the Federal University of Minas Gerais and pro rectory for their support.
REFERENCES
- BARBOSA, J.D.; DA SILVA; J.B.; LIMA, D.H.S. et al. Detecção e tratamento de otite por Rhabditis blumi em bovinos da região Norte do Brasil. Pesqui. Vet. Bras.,v.36, p.605-610, 2016.
- COSTA, A.N.L.; FEITOSA, J.V.; JUNIOR, P.A.M. et al. Rectal temperatures, respiratory rates, production, and reproduction performances of crossbred Girolando cows under heat stress in northeastern Brazil. Int. J. Biometeorol., v.59, p.1647-1653, 2015.
- DUARTE, E.R.; MELO, M.M.; HAMDAN, J.S. Epidemiological aspects of bovine parasitic otitiscaused by Rhabditis spp. and/or Raillietia spp. in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Vet. Parasitol., v.101, p.45-52, 2001.
- FERRAZ, M.C.; SOBRAL, S.A.; SENNA, C.C. et al. Combined use of ivermectin, dimethyl sulfoxide, mineral oil and nematophagous fungi to control Rhabditis spp. Vet. Parasitol., v.275, p.1-4, 2019.
- LEITE, P.V.; LEITE, L.B.; CUNHA, A.P.D. et al. Clinical aspects and dynamics of auricular parasitosis in Gir cattle. Pesqui. Vet. Bras., v.33, p.319-325, 2013.
- LEITE, P.V.B.; CUNHA, L.M.; OLIVEIRA, P.R. et al. Farmers’ perception about parasitic otitis in Gyr breed from three states of Brazil, Pesqui. Vet. Bras., v.32, p.855-858, 2012.
- LEITE, R.C.; FACCINI, J.L.H. Diagnóstico e tratamento da otite parasitária por nematoides rhabditiformes em bovinos. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., v.3, p.69-70, 1994.
- ODONGO, M.O.; D’SOUZA, F.C. Prevalence and treatment of bovine parasitic otitis in Olkarkar group ranch of Kajiado district. Kenya. Bull Anim. Health Prod. Afr., v.37, p.191-194, 1989.
- SOBRAL, S.A.; FERRAZ, C.M.; SOUZA, R.I.L. et al. Association between Duddingtonia flagrans, dimethylsulfoxide and ivermectin for the control of Rhabditis spp. in cattle. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., v.54, p.198, 2022.
- SOBRAL, S.A.; FERREIRA, B.S.; SENNA, C.C. et al. Rhabditis spp., in the Espírito Santo, State of Brazil and evaluation of biological control. Vet. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., v.28, p.333-337, 2019.
- VEROCAI, G.G.; FERNANDES, J.I.; CORREIA, T.R. et al. Inefficacy of albendazole sulphoxide and ivermectin for the treatment of bovine parasitic otitis caused by rhabditiform nematodes. Pesqui. Vet. Bras., v.29, p.910-912, 2009.
- VIEIRA, M.C.D.M.; SILVA, L.A.F.; ARAÚJO, J.L.D.B. et al. Otites parasitárias por nematódeos rabditiformes em bovinos: avaliação de tratamentos. Ciênc. Anim. Bras., v.2, p.51-55, 2006.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
09 Feb 2024 -
Date of issue
Jan-Feb 2024
History
-
Received
27 July 2023 -
Accepted
15 Sept 2023
