Use of positive pressure in the bariatric surgery and effects on pulmonary function and prevalence of atelectasis: randomized and blinded clinical trial

Abstracts

BACKGROUND:  In surgical procedures, obesity is a risk factor for the onset of intra and postoperative respiratory complications.

AIM:  Determine what moment of application of positive pressure brings better benefits on lung function, incidence of atelectasis and diaphragmatic excursion, in the preoperative, intraoperative or immediate postoperative period.

METHOD:  Randomized, controlled, blinded study, conducted in a hospital and included subjects with BMI between 40 and 55 kg/m², 25 and 55 years, underwent bariatric surgery by laparotomy. They were underwent preoperative and postoperative evaluations. They were allocated into four different groups: 1) Gpre: treated with positive pressure in the BiPAP mode (Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure) before surgery for one hour; 2) Gpos: BIPAP after surgery for one hour; 3) Gintra: PEEP (Positive End Expiratory Pressure) at 10 cmH₂O during the surgery; 4) Gcontrol: only conventional respiratory physiotherapy. The evaluation consisted of anthropometric data, pulmonary function tests and chest radiography.

RESULTS:  Were allocated 40 patients, 10 in each group. There were significant differences for the expiratory reserve volume and percentage of the predicted expiratory reserve volume, in which the groups that received treatment showed a smaller loss in expiratory reserve volume from the preoperative to postoperative stages. The postoperative radiographic analysis showed a 25% prevalence of atelectasis for Gcontrol, 11.1% for Gintra, 10% for Gpre, and 0% for Gpos. There was no significant difference in diaphragmatic mobility amongst the groups.

CONCLUSION:  The optimal time of application of positive pressure is in the immediate postoperative period, immediately after extubation, because it reduces the incidence of atelectasis and there is reduction of loss of expiratory reserve volume.

Obesity, morbid; Bariatric surgery; Pulmonary atelectasis; Continuous positive airway pressure; Physical therapy specialty

RACIONAL:  Em procedimentos cirúrgicos, a obesidade é fator de risco para o surgimento de complicações intra e pós-operatórias.

OBJETIVO:  Determinar qual o momento em que a aplicação de pressão positiva traz melhores benefícios na função pulmonar, prevalência de atelectasias e mobilidade diafragmática, no pré, no intra ou no pós-operatório.

MÉTODO:  Estudo randomizado, controlado e cego, conduzido em hospital e incluídos pacientes com IMC entre 40 e 55 Kg/m², 25 e 55 anos, submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica por laparotomia. Foram avaliados no pré e no pós-operatório. Foram alocados em quatro grupos: 1) Gpré: tratados com pressão positiva no modo BiPAP (Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure) antes da operação por uma hora; 2) Gpós: tratados com BIPAP após a operação, por uma hora; 3) Gintra: aplicação de PEEP (Positive End Expiratory Pressure) de 10cmH₂O durante a cirurgia; 4) Gcontrole: apenas fisioterapia convencional. A avaliação consistiu de coleta de dados antropométricos, teste de função pulmonar e radiografia de tórax.

RESULTADOS:  Foram alocados 40 pacientes, 10 em cada grupo. Houve diferença significativa para o volume de reserva expiratório e respectiva porcentagem do predito, no qual os grupos que receberam tratamento adicional apresentaram menor perda do volume de reserva expiratório do pré ao pós-operatório. A radiografia de tórax pós-operatória mostrou 25% de prevalência de atelectasias para o Gcontrole, 11,1% para o Gintra, 10% para o Gpré, e 0% para o Gpós. Não houve diferença significativa na mobilidade diafragmática entre os grupos.

CONCLUSÃO:  O momento ideal de aplicação da pressão positiva é no pós-operatório imediato, pois reduz a prevalência de atelectasias e há menor perda do volume de reserva expiratório.

Obesidade mórbida; Cirurgia bariátrica; Atelectasia pulmonar; Pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas; Fisioterapia

INTRODUCTION

In surgical procedures, especially in access by laparotomy, obesity is a risk factor for the onset of intra and postoperative respiratory complications when compared to non-obese individuals, especially in surgery of the upper abdomen (Rose et al., 1994; Chung et al., 1999). Postoperatively there may be decreased lung volumes, respiratory muscle dysfunction (Barbalho-Moulim et al., 2011), appearance of atelectasis due to a reduction in the functional residual capacity and increased shunt in the intraoperative stage. These changes are related to the need for a general anesthetic (Lundquist et al., 1995; Perilli et al., 2000; Coussa et al., 2004). Furthermore, the surgical handling can lead to a reflex inhibition of the phrenic nerve and diaphragmatic paresis, aggravating the incidence of atelectasis (Levi et al., 2003). It appears within minutes after the induction of anesthesia in 85-90% of patients, and the adverse effects persist during the postoperative stage, affecting the patient's recovery (Lundquist et al., 1995; Eichenberger et al., 2002; Duggan et al., 2005).

Several studies have reported the benefits of respiratory physiotherapy in the pre and postoperative stages of these patients (Barbalho-Moulim et al., 2009) thus preventing the pulmonary complications related to bariatric surgery and other abdominal surgeries. The physical therapy resources used include positive pressure, which promotes a rapid recovery of lung function and prevents atelectasis (Ricksten et al., 1986; El-Solh et al., 2006; Lawrence et al., 2006; Gaszynski et al., 2007; Souza et al., 2009).

There are studies in the literature that demonstrate the benefits of applying positive pressure at various isolated times from hospitalization for bariatric surgery. However, there are no studies that compare the best time of intervention with positive pressure therapy for these patients.

Therefore the objective of this study was to determine what moment of application of positive pressure brings better benefits on lung function, incidence of atelectasis and diaphragmatic excursion, in the preoperative, intraoperative or immediate postoperative period.

METHODS

This was a randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial approved by the Ethics in Research Committee of the Methodist University of Piracicaba under protocol nº 54/11.

Individuals with body mass index (BMI) between 40 and 55 kg/m², aged between 25 and 55 years, were submitted to Roux-en-Y type gastric bypass by laparotomy were included. Patients showing abnormal preoperative pulmonary function test, with postoperative hemodynamic instability, a hospital stay longer than three days or the presence of postoperative complications were excluded.

The initial screening of the volunteers was carried out at the Bariatric Clinic by examining the patient's medical records for possible inclusion in the study and, subsequently, conducted at the hospital.

The calculation of sample size was based on a pilot study, considering the difference of the values ​​of the expiratory reserve volume (ERV) obtained between the pre and postoperative. Was used a least significant difference (0.18) and standard error (0.11) and the ANOVA test, adopting a statistical power of 80% and an alpha of 0.05. Thus, was determined a 10 per group volunteers. Processing the sample size calculation was performed using the software BioEstat version 5.3.

After verifying patient eligibility, block randomization was carried out using the Microsoft Excel 2007^(r) program, for allocation into the groups. The volunteers were divided into four different groups: 1) Gpre: subjects treated with positive pressure in the BiPAP mode (Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure) for one hour before surgery; 2) Gpos: individuals treated with positive pressure (BiPAP) for one hour after surgery; 3) Gintra: individuals treated with 10 cmH₂O of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) during the surgical procedure; 4) Gcontrol: individuals treated with conventional physiotherapy according to the routine service of physiotherapy of the hospital, including the techniques of pulmonary re-expansion, breathing exercises (deep breaths or fractional), the use of incentive spirometry (Respiron^(r)) and assisted ambulation.

The BiPAP Synchrony II - Respironics^(r) equipment was used for the groups treated with non-invasive positive pressure (Gpre and Gpos). The inspiratory positive airway pressure was initially set at 12 cmH₂O, and adjusted according to the individual's tolerance, while maintaining a respiratory rate below 30 and a tidal volume of about 8 to 10 ml/kg, using the ideal weight. The expiratory positive airway pressure was set at 8 cmH₂O.

All the patients underwent bariatric surgery with the same surgical team, under general anesthesia and standard mechanic ventilation. The preoperative evaluation (same day as surgery) and postoperative (second day after surgery) of all the volunteers was carried out by the same blinded investigator.

Before starting the postoperative evaluation, the degree of pain was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale with a score from 0 to 10 (Downie et al., 1978; Scott et al., 1976). When the pain was ≤4, the evaluation was started normally, but when the pain was >4, an analgesic (dipyrone) was given, and the pain classified again after 30 minutes (Gaszynski et al., 2007).

Outcome measures

Anthropometric data

The collection of body mass was performed using a digital scale (Filizola^(r) Brazil) duly calibrated, with a maximum capacity of 300 kg and a resolution of 100 g, it is possible to calculate the BMI, ideal body weight (Metropolitan Life Foundation 1983) and body mass in excess. Height was verified by a wall stadiometer.

Pulmonary function test

Spirometry was carried out according to the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society (2005) using the equipment MicroQuark Pony-FC (Cosmed^(r), Roma, Itália). The predicted values were calculated using the equation proposed by Pereira et al. (1992 e 2002).

Chest radiography

The chest X-ray was made using two radiographic exposures. The first was taken at the end of a maximal inspiration, and the second in profound exhalation without changing the position of the film or the patient.

The radiological report on the inspiration radiography, issued by the hospital radiologist, was used to analyze the presence of atelectasis. The diaphragmatic mobility was analyzed by superimposing the two radiological films, and calculating the distance between the highest point of the diaphragm in expiration and the highest point of the dome on bilateral inspiration.

Data analysis

The data analysis calculation was performed using the software SPSS 17.0. For intragroup analysis normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk and variables with normality was applied Student's t test for related data, and the variables that was not normal was applied the Wilcoxon test. For comparison between groups, if the assumptions for normality and homoscedasticity were not satisfied using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied with a post-hoc Dunn. A significance level of 5% was adopted.

RESULTS

During the 20 week study period, 271 patients underwent surgery, and of these, 228 were excluded according to the previously established criteria. Thus 43 patients were studied, and of these, three were excluded, leaving 40 patients, 10 in each group, as shown in the flowchart (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Flowchart of patients included

There were no statistical differences in the distribution of the voluntary groups (Table 1).

Table 1
Means and standard deviations for the ages and anthropometric characteristics of the 40 volunteers, distributed in the four groups

	Gpre	Gpos	Gintra	Gcontrol
Gender (F/M)	8/2	8/2	9/1	8/2
Age (years)	42 ± 11.2	38.8 ± 9.6	37.3 ± 11.4	42.6 ± 11.6
Body mass (kg)	120.9 ± 17.0	125.2 ± 22	119.7 ± 17.8	116 ± 16.7
Height (cm)	163.9 ± 9.07	162.9 ± 7.7	163.1 ± 8.2	161.2 ± 9.1
BMI (kg/m2)	44.8 ± 2.8	46.8 ± 4.6	44.8 ± 4.7	44.4 ± 2.8
Ideal body mass (kg)a	60.9 ± 6.1	59.9 ± 4.5	60.6 ± 4.9	60.6 ± 4.3

• F=female; M=male; BMI=body mass index; avalue based on the Metropolitan Life Foundation (1983); Gpre=group treated with positive pressure before surgery; Gpos=group treated with positive pressure after surgery; Gintra=group treated with positive pressure during the surgical procedure; Gcontrol=group treated with conventional physiotherapy.

There was a statistically significant difference for ERV and for the percentage of predicted ERV, in which the groups that received the treatment showed a smaller loss of ERV from the preoperative to postoperative periods (Table 2).

Table 2
Spirometric values for each group before and after treatment, expressed as median, 1st quartile and 3rd quartile

		Gpre		Gpos		Gintra		Gcontrol
		Pre	Pos	Pre	Pos	Pre	Pos	Pre	Pos
SVC (L)	1st quartile	2.81	2.23	2.71	2.26	2.97	1.76	2.50	1.72
	Median	3.25	2.52*	3.30	2.83*	3.58	2.48*	3.39	2.19*
	3rd quartile	3.55	2.85	4.04	3.45	4.31	2.84	3.69	2.83
SVC (%pred)	1st quartile	89.95	61.12	78.62	59.72	87.9	47.75	85.95	54.02
	Median	91.15	72.6*	97.85	82.6*	100.75	73.2*	91.15	70.6*
	3rd quartile	98.22	83.2	102.75	95.77	113.0	82.62	101.15	75.57
ERV (L)	1st quartile	0.17	0.14	0.24	0.24	0.15	0.32	0.25	0.06
	Median	0.38	0.29∞	0.40	0.40∞	0.56	0.37∞	0.54	0.14*
	3rd quartile	0.52	0.51	0.58	0.76	0.70	0.50	1.09	0.31
ERV (%pred)	1st quartile	15.2	16.32	21.92	23.95	16.2	28.12	25.4	5.77
	Median	33.4	30.0∞	34.25	31.7∞	47.2	30.55∞	45.4	13.7*
	3rd quartile	44.5	37.6	48.12	67.92	54.1	45.27	83.5	28.25
IRV (L)	1st quartile	2.05	1.38	1.58	1.33	1.94	0.94	1.72	1.27
	Median	2.34	1.72*	2.23	1.61*	2.21	1.50*	2.14	1.53
	3rd quartile	2.43	1.86	2.64	2.20	2.83	1.89	2.42	2.03
FVC (L)	1st quartile	2.83	2.35	2.91	2.38	3.15	1.85	2.38	1.71
	Median	3.31	2.62*	3.55	2.90*	3.42	2.53*	3.36	2.40*
	3rd quartile	3.66	2.95	4.34	3.55	4.27	3.02	3.89	2.75
FVC (%pred)	1st quartile	89.65	67.45	83.7	64.42	94.9	52.12	88.5	58.47
	Median	93.35	75.3*	101.15	85.15*	101.5	75.3*	92.0	68.3*
	3rd quartile	96.10	82.27	111.1	95.95	108.52	81.9	102.5	78.57

• SVC=slow vital capacity; ERV=expiratory reserve volume; IRV=inspiratory reserve volume; FVC=forced vital capacity; Gpre=group treated with positive pressure before surgery; Gpos=group treated with positive pressure after surgery; Gintra=group treated with positive pressure during the surgical procedure; Gcontrol=group treated with conventional physiotherapy
• ^*
  statistically significant difference intragroup
• ⁸
  statistically significant difference compared to Gcontrol.

The analysis of the preoperative chest radiographies showed no abnormalities for any of the patients. However, in the postoperative radiographies, there was a prevalence of 25% atelectasis in the control group, 11.1% for Gintra, 10% for Gpre and 0% for Gpos (Figure 2). There was no significant difference in diaphragmatic mobility between the groups (Table 3).

Figure 2
Prevalence of atelectasis in the respective groups

Table 3
Diaphragmatic mobility (cm) in the radiological images obtained preoperatively and postoperatively, presented as median (1st quartile - 3rd quartile)

	Right dome mobility (cm)			Left dome mobility (cm)
	Pre	Pos	p-valuea	Pre	Pos	p-valuea
Gpre	4.1 (3.8-5.0)	2.2 (1.9-3.2)	0.71	4.0 (3.5-5.2)	2.5 (2.0-3.3)	0.53
Gpos	3.9 (2.6-5.5)	2.4 (1,9-3.0)		4.3 (3.2-5.5)	2.4 (2.0-3.1)
Gintra	4.0 (2.3-5.0)	3.1 (2.5-3.1)		4.2 (3.1-5.5)	3.1 (2.4-3.4)
Gcontrol	3.3 (2.2-4.4)	2.9 (1.3-3.0)		4.3 (3.1-6.7)	2.1 (0.6-3.5)*

• Gpre=group treated with positive pressure before surgery; Gpos=group treated with positive pressure after surgery; Gintra=group treated with positive pressure during the surgical procedure; Gcontrol=group treated with conventional physiotherapy
• ^*
  statistically significant difference intragroup
• ap-value of comparison between groups.

DISCUSSION

Blouw et al. (2003) found a prevalence of 14% of respiratory failure in patients with a BMI above 43 kg/m² after bariatric surgery. Studies such as this highlight the need for prophylactic interventions to prevent respiratory complications in patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

The results of the study with ERV were similar to those of Barbalho-Moulim et al. (2009) in which a comparison was made between incentive spirometry and the use of expiratory positive airway pressure. They concluded that incentive spirometry increased the inspiratory volumes and expiratory positive airway pressure prevented early airway collapse. So, since the BiPAP mode had two pressure levels both in the inspiratory phase and in the expiratory phase, it can be supposed there is a combination of the benefits provided by both incentive spirometry and expiratory positive airway pressure.

The improvement in ERV found in Gintra can be explained by the fact that the induction of anesthesia and manipulation of the abdominal cavity during surgery resulted in cephalic displacement of the diaphragm, reducing the functional residual capacity (Levi et al., 2003). With the addition of PEEP at 10 cmH₂O, the collapsed areas could be expanded, and remain as such in the postoperative period. Expanded lungs associated with conventional physiotherapy can generate an increase in alveolar ventilation and consequently an increase in ERV.

Concerning the other spirometric variables, there is often a decrease in lung function after surgical procedures, since there are numerous factors that influence the performance of the maneuvers, such as pain and the fear to take a deep breath (Smith et al., 2000). In this study care was taken in the orientation and the use of analgesia in the procedure, to minimize the interference of pain in the measurements. In fact, major changes in lung function were not expected.

The respiratory therapy in patients undergoing bariatric surgery also aims to prevent atelectasis, often found in these patients, and the usual cause of respiratory failure and postoperative complications (Eichenberger et al., 2002; Blouw et al., 2003).

Some studies have reported that atelectasis arises at the time of induction of anesthesia in all patients, but only persists in the postoperative period in obese patients (Eichenberger et al., 2002). Thus one of the hypotheses of this study was that the use of PEEP at 10 cmH₂O throughout the surgical procedure would be sufficient to reduce the prevalence of atelectasis in these patients (Woodring et al., 1996; Sood 2009). In fact, when compared to the control group, PEEP decreased the prevalence of postoperative atelectasis, but the most effective treatment for this purpose was observed with the use of positive pressure immediately after surgery (Gpos), in which case the incidence of atelectasis was null.

In the present study, the volunteers in the Gpos group were treated with positive pressure in the post-anesthesia recovery room after extubation. The favorable results obtained with the use of this equipment may have been due to the correction of hypoventilation in the obese patients. One of the characteristics of the morbidly obese is alveolar hypoventilation, due to the accumulation of abdominal fat and also to changes in the ventilation mechanics (Shah et al., 2009; Chau et al., 2012), and after being under a general anesthetic, the hypoventilation may be aggravated in the early hours in the recovery room (Moore et al., 2011; Schumann 2011). Thus the positive pressure pressurizes the airways in the first hours after anesthesia and improves alveolar ventilation in possibly collapsed areas after the surgical procedure, preventing postoperative atelectasis (Schumann 2011).

Several authors have demonstrated beneficial effects of using noninvasive ventilation during the postoperative stage of bariatric surgery (Ricksten et al., 1986; El-Solh et al., 2006; Yee et al., 2006; Gaszynski et al., 2007; Neligan et al., 2009). In this study, a group treated with noninvasive positive pressure in the preoperative stage was included, with the hypothesis that previously expanded lungs could influence the surgical procedure and general anesthesia by reducing the prevalence of atelectasis and postoperative complications. In fact, the use of positive pressure for one hour immediately before the surgical procedure was able to reduce the prevalence of atelectasis and improve ERV in the postoperative stage, resembling the benefits of using PEEP during surgery and non-invasive positive pressure in the postoperative stage.

Other studies have shown the beneficial effects of using the alveolar recruitment maneuver in these patients (Souza et al., 2009; Remístico et al., 2011) using PEEP levels up to 30 cmH₂O. But there is still controversy in clinical practice with respect to the use of values ​​greater than 10 cmH₂O for obese individuals, since they can cause significant hemodynamic changes (García et al., 2012) or pulmonary overdistension (Rama-Maceiras 2010), and in addition can decrease the venous return by increasing intrathoracic pressure (Luecke et al., 2005), which can generate venous stasis, especially in the lower limbs, increasing the risk of deep vein thrombosis.

However, in the study presented here, better results were obtained when using higher levels of PEEP (10 cmH₂O), when compared ​​to the use of lower values in the control group (5 cmH₂O). Coussa et al. (2004) also ventilated the patients with PEEP at 10 cmH₂O during surgery, and observed the prevention of intraoperative atelectasis. However, there was no follow-up of these patients in the postoperative period. The present study confirmed that high levels of PEEP during surgery can maintain lung expansion for up to 48 hours after extubation, as confirmed by the decreased prevalence of atelectasis shown on the chest radiographies on the second day after surgery.

Finally, in relation to diaphragmatic mobility, this was not modified by the treatments, with no differences between the groups. Barbalho-Moulim et al. (2009) also evaluated diaphragmatic mobility by radiological imaging, before and after bariatric surgery, and showed the least loss of mobility in the group treated with incentive spirometry versus expiratory positive airway pressure, justified by the fact that incentive spirometry works with deep breaths, requesting the use of the diaphragmatic muscles. In the present study, there was a loss of diaphragmatic mobility in all the groups, but no difference between them. This can be explained by the fact that the control group carried out incentive spirometry postoperatively as part of the hospital routine, which helped ensure diaphragmatic mobility.

CONCLUSION

The application of positive pressure at any time contributes to a reduction in the loss of expiratory reserve volume. However, when applied postoperatively, decreases the incidence of atelectasis. There is no interference of positive pressure on the diaphragmatic mobility. Therefore, the optimal time of application of positive pressure is in the postoperative period, immediately after extubation, because it reduces the incidence of atelectasis and there is reduction of loss of expiratory reserve volume.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES/PROSUP) and Lumiar Saúde - Terapia Respiratória.

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• Financial source: none

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2014

History

• Received
  20 Mar 2014
• Accepted
  13 June 2014